18
Download as DOCX, PDF0 likes3 views
The document describes a catastrophic dam failure that occurred in 1959 in Malpasset, France. On December 2nd, the dam's arch burst and released a 40-meter high wall of water down the narrow valley at 70 km/h, destroying everything in its path and claiming over 423 lives. Although the dam's design was sound, it was found to be a geological fault that caused the failure, not a design flaw. The disaster prompted engineers worldwide to re-evaluate dam safety and led to improved drainage and monitoring of rock structures to prevent water buildup and pressure. It remains the worst civil engineering disaster of the 20th century but has significantly enhanced dam safety standards.
1 of 1
Download to read offline
![and faults
then on december 2nd 1959
the damn burst
at around 9 pm a 40 meter highway rushed
into the narrow valley
at a speed of 70 kilometers an hour
sweeping away everything in its path
breaking on frasier's 20 minutes later
before flowing into the sea
the damage was catastrophic claiming
more than 423 victims
france was in shock andre coyne took
full responsibility for the tragedy
when everything was checked there was
not a single miscalculation
in fact the arch was well designed it
wasn't a design fault it was a
geological fault
the malpass tragedy prompted a rethink
with engineers
all over the world they realized they
didn't understand what was happening
in the rock something we have learned is
that the rock
must be allowed to drain by drilling
into it and tunneling to ensure there's
no build up of pressure
inside the rock much of what we know
about drainage and rock mechanics
stems from alpacity but that doesn't
mean it wasn't a dreadful
tragedy
the biggest civil engineering disaster
of the 20th century has significantly
improved the safety of dams
all are now equipped with drainage
systems
with ever large constructions being
erected security is an essential element
and the energy potential is immense
[Music]
water is an asset widely exploited in
south america particularly in paraguay
which is one of the few countries in the
world
that is 100 hydroelectric
frederick vestano went to this small
state sandwich between argentina bolivia
and brazil
although landlocked the country is
crossed by one of the largest rivers in
latin america
the parana river which forms a natural
border between brazil and paraguay
driven by several waterfalls such as
celtus del monde
it drains an immense volume of water
with unparalleled power
a few kilometers away this resource has
allowed paraguay and brazil to jointly
build the bi-national
itaipudam](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/18-210918165015/85/18-1-320.jpg)
Recommended
Hoover Dam
Hoover DamNaushad Meedin
油
The document discusses the construction of Hoover Dam on the Colorado River between 1931 and 1936. Some key points:
1) Hoover Dam was built during the Great Depression to provide hydroelectric power, water storage, and flood control for the growing cities of Los Angeles, Phoenix, and Las Vegas.
2) Construction was a massive project that involved transporting equipment long distances with few roads, working in extreme heat and wind, and diverting the Colorado River, resulting in some worker casualties.
3) The dam cost $49 million to build and created Lake Mead, which holds 35 trillion gallons of water and provides billions of kilowatt-hours of electricity annually. Engineering Ethics
Engineering EthicsYokimura Dimaunahan
油
If you want to help or donate please donate at my paypal:
dyokimura@gmail.com
https://www.paypal.me/yokimuraDimaunahan
GCASH:
09955158438
https://www.buymeacoffee.com/dyokimura6
Engineering EthicsThe Vajont disaster
The Vajont disasterKaterina Zagorova
油
The Vajont disaster was a catastrophic landslide in Italy in 1963 that caused over 2,000 deaths. A hydroelectric dam was built in the Vajont river valley in the Italian Dolomites despite warnings of landslide risks. On October 9, 1963, a massive landslide caused a wave that overtopped the dam, destroying nearby villages and killing most residents who had no time to escape. The landslide was 260 million cubic meters in volume and filled the dam's reservoir in under a minute, generating a wave over 46 meters high. While the dam itself survived, the disaster was the deadliest landslide in European history and raised questions about whether it could have been prevented through heeding geological research.Engineering mistakes in the world
Engineering mistakes in the worldAnishaJalathota
油
The document discusses several major engineering mistakes throughout history. It describes the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in 1940 due to unexpected wind forces. It also discusses the St. Francis Dam failure in 1928, the worst US civil engineering disaster of the 20th century, which was caused by inadequate foundation work. The 20 Fenchurch Street skyscraper in London was criticized for focusing design on aesthetics without considering safety, as its reflective glass caused overheating on nearby streets. The Kinzua Bridge collapsed in 2003 after over 100 years when a tornado struck, highlighting the risks of not properly maintaining and updating old structures. These mistakes provided important lessons that improved engineering safety standards and practices.Dam failure
Dam failuresajad behnajad
油
The document discusses the failure of the St. Francis Dam in 1928 near Los Angeles, California. It provides background on the dam's design and construction. On March 12, 1928, the dam catastrophically failed, releasing a flood wave that killed an estimated 450 people and destroyed over 1,000 homes and buildings. The failure was likely due to cracks and leaks that were dismissed by the dam's designer. The document recommends lessons for disaster management, including early warning systems and emergency preparedness.PROLOGUE ATLANTISAFTER THE HURRICANE hit Miami in 2037, .docx
PROLOGUE ATLANTISAFTER THE HURRICANE hit Miami in 2037, .docxbriancrawford30935
油
PROLOGUE: ATLANTIS
AFTER THE HURRICANE hit Miami in 2037, a foot of sand covered the famous bow-tie floor in the lobby of the Fontainebleau Hotel in Miami Beach. A dead manatee floated in the pool where Elvis had once swum. Most of the damage came not from the hurricanes 175-mile-an-hour winds, but from the twenty-foot storm surge that overwhelmed the low-lying city. In South Beach, historic Art Deco buildings were swept off their foundations. Mansions on Star Island were flooded up to their cut-glass doorknobs. A seventeen-mile stretch of Highway A1A that ran along the famous beaches up to Fort Lauderdale disappeared into the Atlantic. The storm knocked out the wastewater-treatment plant on Virginia Key, forcing the city to dump hundreds of millions of gallons of raw sewage into Biscayne Bay. Tampons and condoms littered the beaches, and the stench of human excrement stoked fears of cholera. More than three hundred people died, many of them swept away by the surging waters that submerged much of Miami Beach and Fort Lauderdale; thirteen people were killed in traffic accidents as they scrambled to escape the city after the news spreadfalsely, it turned outthat one of the nuclear reactors at Turkey Point, an aging power plant twenty-four miles south of Miami, had been heavily damaged by the surge and had sent a radioactive cloud floating over the city.
The president, of course, said that Miami would be back, that Americans did not give up, that the city would be rebuilt better and stronger than it had been before. But it was clear to those not fooling themselves that this storm was the beginning of the end of Miami as a booming twenty-first-century city.
The president, of course, said that Miami would be back, that Americans did not give up, that the city would be rebuilt better and stronger than it had been before. But it was clear to those not fooling themselves that this storm was the beginning of the end of Miami as a booming twenty-first-century city.
All big hurricanes are disastrous. But this one was unexpectedly bad. With sea levels more than a foot higher than theyd been at the dawn of the century, much of South Florida was wet and vulnerable even before the storm hit. Because of the higher water, the storm surge pushed deeper into the region than anyone had imagined it could, flowing up drainage canals and flooding homes and strip malls several miles from the coast. Despite newly elevated runways, Miami International Airport was shut down for ten days. Salt water shorted out underground electrical wiring, leaving parts of Miami-Dade County dark for weeks and contaminated municipal drinking-water wells, leaving thousands of displaced people scrambling for bottled water that was air-dropped by the National Guard. In soggy neighborhoods, mosquitoes carrying Zika and dengue fever viruses hatched (injecting male mosquitoes with the Wolbachia bacteria, which public health officials had once hoped would inhibit the mosquitoes .15
15RoelCarpio
油
This document discusses experiments conducted at a facility that uses wave generators in various pools and basins to simulate ocean currents and waves. This allows scientists to study how materials are transported by water currents and the resistance of dikes over the long term and during extreme situations. Researchers have built a 300 meter long canal to reproduce the gradual formation of waves up to 4.5 meters high. The large basins are essential for studying how to better protect coastlines that are increasingly threatened by global warming and rising sea levels.16
16RoelCarpio
油
The document discusses flood risks and sea level rise in the Netherlands. The Dutch government launched a new Delta Plan in 2015 to strengthen flood barriers in response to predictions of sea level rise between 65-130 cm by 2100 and up to 4 meters by 2200, exacerbated by soil subsidence and coastal erosion. It also discusses hydroelectric dams, which produce 80% of the world's renewable energy. The document highlights French engineer Andre Coyne as the master of arch dams, describing some of his innovations to spillways and dam safety, as well as his view of incorporating beauty and empathy with nature into dam design.17
17RoelCarpio
油
The document discusses the process of building dams. It explains that engineers must interrupt the natural flow of water by diverting it through temporary channels or tunnels in order to construct dams. The excavated rock is used to build coffer dams and dikes to drain the construction area. Once drained, excavation can begin and the foundations are reinforced with concrete. After construction is finished, the coffer dams are dismantled and the dam is filled with water to create its reservoir. The quality of the underlying rock is important, and filling a dam with water for the first time is a serious moment for engineers due to the potential dangers if failures occur.19
19RoelCarpio
油
The Itaipu Dam is one of the largest dams in the world, located on the Paran叩 River between Brazil and Paraguay. It is 225 meters tall and nearly 7.5 kilometers long, generating up to 14,000 megawatts of electricity which supplies 90% of Paraguay's demand and 50% of some regions of Brazil. The dam was built at the optimal location to harness the river's flow and extract the most energy, forming a massive 1,350 square kilometer reservoir.20
20RoelCarpio
油
This document discusses the Itaipu Dam located on the Paran叩 River between Brazil and Paraguay. It describes the dam's massive scale, standing on 81 billion tons of reinforced concrete and supported by buttresses. The dam is equipped with 20 gigantic penstocks that discharge 700 cubic meters of water per second directly into turbines to produce electricity in the largest hydroelectric plant in the world. While hydroelectric dams provide clean energy, they also displace populations and modify water ecosystems.21
21RoelCarpio
油
The document discusses producing a large amount of clean energy that would be equivalent to 500,000 barrels of oil per day, allowing the avoidance of 85 million tons of CO2. It also talks about controlling water by using it in the best way possible, understanding the water cycle, treating water well, and not spoiling it.13
13RoelCarpio
油
The document discusses the history of land reclamation in the Netherlands. It describes how the country has reclaimed over 220,000 hectares of land from the sea since the Middle Ages. However, this left much of the country below sea level. In 1953, a devastating storm flooded over 200,000 hectares, killing over 1,800 people. This led the Netherlands to embark on the massive Delta Project over 30 years to build strong dikes, dams, and barriers to protect against future floods.12
12RoelCarpio
油
The document discusses the MOSE flood barrier project in Venice, Italy and flood control techniques used in the Netherlands. It states that the gates of the MOSE project are placed at 45 degrees instead of vertically to allow them to reposition naturally with gravity. It also notes that global warming was taken into account in the project's design and that rising sea levels of up to 60 cm in 100 years were planned for. Additionally, it explains that over centuries the Dutch have become skilled hydraulic engineers through reclaiming large areas of land from the sea using techniques like surrounding marshes, planting reeds, installing canals and windmills to pump water.11
11RoelCarpio
油
Forces like high pressure systems push down sea levels while low pressure systems cause sea levels to rise by up to 30 centimeters. Strong winds blowing towards land can raise water levels by up to a meter. In 1966 in Venice, a storm with strong southeast winds caused water levels to rise to 194 centimeters above normal, flooding 5000 homes. To protect Venice from flooding, the MOSE project was constructed, consisting of a system of floating gates attached to the bottom of the lagoon that can close when water levels reach 1.10 meters above normal to block high waters from entering the lagoon.10
10RoelCarpio
油
Venice, Italy is built on hundreds of thousands of wooden poles in a lagoon, as the hostile marshy islands were specifically chosen by Venetians to escape invasions. The poles provided a stable foundation to build the city that transformed the landscape. Today, Venice is an architectural treasure and UNESCO World Heritage Site with its canals and palaces, showcasing mankind's ability to master water by building on unstable muddy ground through techniques like bonification and wooden poles.9
9RoelCarpio
油
The Panama Canal relies on water from Gatun Lake to fill its locks and allow ships to pass through. However, each ship that passes through also releases millions of liters of fresh water into the ocean. To address this, engineers implemented water saving basins that recycle 60% of the water per chamber, using 7% less water than the existing locks. This system helps conserve the canal's fresh water supply, which is also an important source of drinking water for Panama's major cities.8
8RoelCarpio
油
This document discusses the expansion of the Panama Canal locks. Some key points:
- The new locks can accommodate much larger ships, up to 366 meters long, compared to the previous limit of 49.5 meters.
- The construction of a third set of locks was the biggest challenge and involved reinforcing the concrete walls, which required as much steel as building 19 Eiffel Towers.
- The new locks took 9 years to construct and opened in 2016, tripling the capacity of cargo ships that can now carry nearly 14,000 containers each.
- An innovation was replacing traditional miter gates with larger sliding gates that are easier to operate due to using Archimedes' principle of buoyancy7
7RoelCarpio
油
This document discusses the expansion of the Panama Canal locks. Some key points:
- The new locks can accommodate much larger ships, up to 366 meters long, compared to the previous limit of 49.5 meters.
- The construction of a third set of locks was the biggest challenge and involved reinforcing the concrete walls, which required as much steel as building 19 Eiffel Towers.
- The new locks took 9 years to construct and opened in 2016, tripling the capacity of cargo ships that can now carry nearly 14,000 containers.
- An innovation was replacing traditional miter gates with larger sliding gates that are easier to operate due to using Archimedes' principle of buoyancy to6
6RoelCarpio
油
The document summarizes the history and expansion of the Panama Canal. It describes the original canal that opened in 1914 after 30 years of construction and 27,000 lives lost. The canal cut shipping distances between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. In 2000, Panama gained control of the canal from the U.S. To accommodate increasingly larger ships, Panama recently completed a major expansion project that included new locks twice as wide and 1600 feet longer than the original locks.5
5RoelCarpio
油
Ferdinand de Lesseps' Panama Canal project fell into bankruptcy after seven years and spending a billion francs with little progress, as they were unable to control a disease epidemic or address the region's unsuitable landscape for a sea-level canal. The United States later took over the project, first focusing on eliminating mosquitos to curb yellow fever and malaria, then entrusting the army to finish the canal using a lock system like the abandoned French plan, constructing a dam to create Lake Gatun for water supplies and allowing ships to cross the isthmus at a higher elevation.4
4RoelCarpio
油
1) Frederic Gristeno went to Panama in the late 19th century to oversee the construction of a canal connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans through the narrow Central American isthmus.
2) The project proved much more difficult than anticipated due to underestimating the climatic, geological, and economic challenges of building through the dense jungle and mountainous terrain.
3) Thousands of workers died from diseases like yellow fever and malaria spread by mosquitoes, as the doctors at the time did not understand how to prevent the transmission of these illnesses.3
3RoelCarpio
油
Locks are used to raise and lower boats between waterways of different elevations. They work by filling or emptying sections to equalize water levels on each side of gates. In the 19th century, the development of large canals was vital for trade as it reduced transport distances for goods. This led to massive infrastructure projects like the Suez and Panama Canals, led by Ferdinand de Lesseps. The construction of the Suez Canal began in 1859 and involved digging a 162 kilometer trench through the desert to connect Europe and Asia without needing to go around Africa.1
1RoelCarpio
油
Man's ambition to control water has led to incredible construction projects like dams, canals, and polders to reclaim land from the sea. Frederick Rustagno, a physicist and fluid dynamics expert, examines the work of engineers who have shaped history by tackling immense infrastructure projects to harness water's power and protect against its devastating effects, redrawing the landscapes of the planet. One example is the Corinth Canal, dug nearly 3,000 years after first being proposed to cut an over 400 km detour around the Peloponnese, avoiding a difficult sea passage.2
2RoelCarpio
油
The Corinth Canal in Greece was completed in 1882 after over 12 million cubic meters of earth and rock were excavated by more than 2,000 workers over 10 years. The simple sea-level canal design allowed saltwater from the Ionian Sea and Gulf of Corinth to constantly feed the canal without needing locks. Locks became necessary for canals with long distances and significant elevation changes to guide ships and divert freshwater rivers and streams into the artificial channels.
IObit Driver Booster Pro Crack v11.2.0.46 & Serial Key [2025]![IObit Driver Booster Pro Crack v11.2.0.46 & Serial Key [2025]](https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/lect5-250227155726-618fad5f-250301095444-eebe0061-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds)
IObit Driver Booster Pro Crack v11.2.0.46 & Serial Key [2025]shahban786ajmal
油
https://crackedios.com/after-verification-click-go-to-download-page/
The best free driver updater for Windows 11/10. Fully detect and update all your old drivers for graphics, USB, audio, display, network, printer, mouse,ETHNIC-GROUPS-IN-THE-PHILIPPINES-Philippines women university
ETHNIC-GROUPS-IN-THE-PHILIPPINES-Philippines women universityricardopacionwork
油
The Philippines is home to a diverse range of ethnic groups, each with its own distinct culture, language, and traditions. The major ethnic groups include:
Major Ethnolinguistic Groups:
1. Tagalog Predominantly in Luzon, especially in Metro Manila, Batangas, and Bulacan.
2. Cebuano (Bisaya/Binisaya) Largest group in the Visayas and parts of Mindanao.
3. Ilocano Mainly in Northern Luzon (Ilocos Region and parts of Cagayan Valley and Cordillera).
4. Hiligaynon (Ilonggo) Mostly in Western Visayas, particularly Iloilo and Negros Occidental.
5. Bikolano (Bicolano) Found in the Bicol Region.
6. Waray In Eastern Visayas, particularly Samar and Leyte.
7. Kapampangan Predominantly in Pampanga and parts of Tarlac.
8. Pangasinense In Pangasinan province.
Indigenous and Ethnic Minority Groups:
1. Igorot Tribes Includes Kankanaey, Ifugao, Bontoc, Ibaloi, and others in the Cordillera region.
2. Mangyan Indigenous people of Mindoro, composed of subgroups like Iraya, Alangan, and Hanunuo.
3. Aeta (Ati, Dumagat, Agta) Negrito groups in Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.
4. Lumad A collective term for non-Muslim indigenous groups in Mindanao, including Manobo, T'boli, and Bagobo.
5. Badjao (Sea Gypsies) Nomadic seafaring people in Mindanao, Sulu, and Sabah.
Muslim Ethnic Groups (Moro People):
1. Maranao Found around Lake Lanao in Mindanao.
2. Maguindanao Predominantly in Maguindanao province.
3. Tausug Primarily in Sulu and parts of Mindanao.
4. Yakan Native to Basilan.
5. Sama-Bajau Found in Tawi-Tawi, Sulu, and Zamboanga.
These ethnic groups have contributed to the rich cultural heritage of the Philippines through their languages, traditions, and customs. Would you like more details on a specific group?
>IObit Driver Booster Pro 12.3.0.549 Crack 2025?
>IObit Driver Booster Pro 12.3.0.549 Crack 2025?crackstore786
油
COPY & PASTE LINK https://crackedstore.co/after-verification-click-go-to-download-page/
Ensures compatibility with various hardware components. Updates outdated, missing, or faulty drivers automatically. One-Click Update. Simplifies ...
More Related Content
More from RoelCarpio (17)
17
17RoelCarpio
油
The document discusses the process of building dams. It explains that engineers must interrupt the natural flow of water by diverting it through temporary channels or tunnels in order to construct dams. The excavated rock is used to build coffer dams and dikes to drain the construction area. Once drained, excavation can begin and the foundations are reinforced with concrete. After construction is finished, the coffer dams are dismantled and the dam is filled with water to create its reservoir. The quality of the underlying rock is important, and filling a dam with water for the first time is a serious moment for engineers due to the potential dangers if failures occur.19
19RoelCarpio
油
The Itaipu Dam is one of the largest dams in the world, located on the Paran叩 River between Brazil and Paraguay. It is 225 meters tall and nearly 7.5 kilometers long, generating up to 14,000 megawatts of electricity which supplies 90% of Paraguay's demand and 50% of some regions of Brazil. The dam was built at the optimal location to harness the river's flow and extract the most energy, forming a massive 1,350 square kilometer reservoir.20
20RoelCarpio
油
This document discusses the Itaipu Dam located on the Paran叩 River between Brazil and Paraguay. It describes the dam's massive scale, standing on 81 billion tons of reinforced concrete and supported by buttresses. The dam is equipped with 20 gigantic penstocks that discharge 700 cubic meters of water per second directly into turbines to produce electricity in the largest hydroelectric plant in the world. While hydroelectric dams provide clean energy, they also displace populations and modify water ecosystems.21
21RoelCarpio
油
The document discusses producing a large amount of clean energy that would be equivalent to 500,000 barrels of oil per day, allowing the avoidance of 85 million tons of CO2. It also talks about controlling water by using it in the best way possible, understanding the water cycle, treating water well, and not spoiling it.13
13RoelCarpio
油
The document discusses the history of land reclamation in the Netherlands. It describes how the country has reclaimed over 220,000 hectares of land from the sea since the Middle Ages. However, this left much of the country below sea level. In 1953, a devastating storm flooded over 200,000 hectares, killing over 1,800 people. This led the Netherlands to embark on the massive Delta Project over 30 years to build strong dikes, dams, and barriers to protect against future floods.12
12RoelCarpio
油
The document discusses the MOSE flood barrier project in Venice, Italy and flood control techniques used in the Netherlands. It states that the gates of the MOSE project are placed at 45 degrees instead of vertically to allow them to reposition naturally with gravity. It also notes that global warming was taken into account in the project's design and that rising sea levels of up to 60 cm in 100 years were planned for. Additionally, it explains that over centuries the Dutch have become skilled hydraulic engineers through reclaiming large areas of land from the sea using techniques like surrounding marshes, planting reeds, installing canals and windmills to pump water.11
11RoelCarpio
油
Forces like high pressure systems push down sea levels while low pressure systems cause sea levels to rise by up to 30 centimeters. Strong winds blowing towards land can raise water levels by up to a meter. In 1966 in Venice, a storm with strong southeast winds caused water levels to rise to 194 centimeters above normal, flooding 5000 homes. To protect Venice from flooding, the MOSE project was constructed, consisting of a system of floating gates attached to the bottom of the lagoon that can close when water levels reach 1.10 meters above normal to block high waters from entering the lagoon.10
10RoelCarpio
油
Venice, Italy is built on hundreds of thousands of wooden poles in a lagoon, as the hostile marshy islands were specifically chosen by Venetians to escape invasions. The poles provided a stable foundation to build the city that transformed the landscape. Today, Venice is an architectural treasure and UNESCO World Heritage Site with its canals and palaces, showcasing mankind's ability to master water by building on unstable muddy ground through techniques like bonification and wooden poles.9
9RoelCarpio
油
The Panama Canal relies on water from Gatun Lake to fill its locks and allow ships to pass through. However, each ship that passes through also releases millions of liters of fresh water into the ocean. To address this, engineers implemented water saving basins that recycle 60% of the water per chamber, using 7% less water than the existing locks. This system helps conserve the canal's fresh water supply, which is also an important source of drinking water for Panama's major cities.8
8RoelCarpio
油
This document discusses the expansion of the Panama Canal locks. Some key points:
- The new locks can accommodate much larger ships, up to 366 meters long, compared to the previous limit of 49.5 meters.
- The construction of a third set of locks was the biggest challenge and involved reinforcing the concrete walls, which required as much steel as building 19 Eiffel Towers.
- The new locks took 9 years to construct and opened in 2016, tripling the capacity of cargo ships that can now carry nearly 14,000 containers each.
- An innovation was replacing traditional miter gates with larger sliding gates that are easier to operate due to using Archimedes' principle of buoyancy7
7RoelCarpio
油
This document discusses the expansion of the Panama Canal locks. Some key points:
- The new locks can accommodate much larger ships, up to 366 meters long, compared to the previous limit of 49.5 meters.
- The construction of a third set of locks was the biggest challenge and involved reinforcing the concrete walls, which required as much steel as building 19 Eiffel Towers.
- The new locks took 9 years to construct and opened in 2016, tripling the capacity of cargo ships that can now carry nearly 14,000 containers.
- An innovation was replacing traditional miter gates with larger sliding gates that are easier to operate due to using Archimedes' principle of buoyancy to6
6RoelCarpio
油
The document summarizes the history and expansion of the Panama Canal. It describes the original canal that opened in 1914 after 30 years of construction and 27,000 lives lost. The canal cut shipping distances between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. In 2000, Panama gained control of the canal from the U.S. To accommodate increasingly larger ships, Panama recently completed a major expansion project that included new locks twice as wide and 1600 feet longer than the original locks.5
5RoelCarpio
油
Ferdinand de Lesseps' Panama Canal project fell into bankruptcy after seven years and spending a billion francs with little progress, as they were unable to control a disease epidemic or address the region's unsuitable landscape for a sea-level canal. The United States later took over the project, first focusing on eliminating mosquitos to curb yellow fever and malaria, then entrusting the army to finish the canal using a lock system like the abandoned French plan, constructing a dam to create Lake Gatun for water supplies and allowing ships to cross the isthmus at a higher elevation.4
4RoelCarpio
油
1) Frederic Gristeno went to Panama in the late 19th century to oversee the construction of a canal connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans through the narrow Central American isthmus.
2) The project proved much more difficult than anticipated due to underestimating the climatic, geological, and economic challenges of building through the dense jungle and mountainous terrain.
3) Thousands of workers died from diseases like yellow fever and malaria spread by mosquitoes, as the doctors at the time did not understand how to prevent the transmission of these illnesses.3
3RoelCarpio
油
Locks are used to raise and lower boats between waterways of different elevations. They work by filling or emptying sections to equalize water levels on each side of gates. In the 19th century, the development of large canals was vital for trade as it reduced transport distances for goods. This led to massive infrastructure projects like the Suez and Panama Canals, led by Ferdinand de Lesseps. The construction of the Suez Canal began in 1859 and involved digging a 162 kilometer trench through the desert to connect Europe and Asia without needing to go around Africa.1
1RoelCarpio
油
Man's ambition to control water has led to incredible construction projects like dams, canals, and polders to reclaim land from the sea. Frederick Rustagno, a physicist and fluid dynamics expert, examines the work of engineers who have shaped history by tackling immense infrastructure projects to harness water's power and protect against its devastating effects, redrawing the landscapes of the planet. One example is the Corinth Canal, dug nearly 3,000 years after first being proposed to cut an over 400 km detour around the Peloponnese, avoiding a difficult sea passage.2
2RoelCarpio
油
The Corinth Canal in Greece was completed in 1882 after over 12 million cubic meters of earth and rock were excavated by more than 2,000 workers over 10 years. The simple sea-level canal design allowed saltwater from the Ionian Sea and Gulf of Corinth to constantly feed the canal without needing locks. Locks became necessary for canals with long distances and significant elevation changes to guide ships and divert freshwater rivers and streams into the artificial channels.Recently uploaded (20)
IObit Driver Booster Pro Crack v11.2.0.46 & Serial Key [2025]
IObit Driver Booster Pro Crack v11.2.0.46 & Serial Key [2025]shahban786ajmal
油
https://crackedios.com/after-verification-click-go-to-download-page/
The best free driver updater for Windows 11/10. Fully detect and update all your old drivers for graphics, USB, audio, display, network, printer, mouse,ETHNIC-GROUPS-IN-THE-PHILIPPINES-Philippines women university
ETHNIC-GROUPS-IN-THE-PHILIPPINES-Philippines women universityricardopacionwork
油
The Philippines is home to a diverse range of ethnic groups, each with its own distinct culture, language, and traditions. The major ethnic groups include:
Major Ethnolinguistic Groups:
1. Tagalog Predominantly in Luzon, especially in Metro Manila, Batangas, and Bulacan.
2. Cebuano (Bisaya/Binisaya) Largest group in the Visayas and parts of Mindanao.
3. Ilocano Mainly in Northern Luzon (Ilocos Region and parts of Cagayan Valley and Cordillera).
4. Hiligaynon (Ilonggo) Mostly in Western Visayas, particularly Iloilo and Negros Occidental.
5. Bikolano (Bicolano) Found in the Bicol Region.
6. Waray In Eastern Visayas, particularly Samar and Leyte.
7. Kapampangan Predominantly in Pampanga and parts of Tarlac.
8. Pangasinense In Pangasinan province.
Indigenous and Ethnic Minority Groups:
1. Igorot Tribes Includes Kankanaey, Ifugao, Bontoc, Ibaloi, and others in the Cordillera region.
2. Mangyan Indigenous people of Mindoro, composed of subgroups like Iraya, Alangan, and Hanunuo.
3. Aeta (Ati, Dumagat, Agta) Negrito groups in Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.
4. Lumad A collective term for non-Muslim indigenous groups in Mindanao, including Manobo, T'boli, and Bagobo.
5. Badjao (Sea Gypsies) Nomadic seafaring people in Mindanao, Sulu, and Sabah.
Muslim Ethnic Groups (Moro People):
1. Maranao Found around Lake Lanao in Mindanao.
2. Maguindanao Predominantly in Maguindanao province.
3. Tausug Primarily in Sulu and parts of Mindanao.
4. Yakan Native to Basilan.
5. Sama-Bajau Found in Tawi-Tawi, Sulu, and Zamboanga.
These ethnic groups have contributed to the rich cultural heritage of the Philippines through their languages, traditions, and customs. Would you like more details on a specific group?
>IObit Driver Booster Pro 12.3.0.549 Crack 2025?
>IObit Driver Booster Pro 12.3.0.549 Crack 2025?crackstore786
油
COPY & PASTE LINK https://crackedstore.co/after-verification-click-go-to-download-page/
Ensures compatibility with various hardware components. Updates outdated, missing, or faulty drivers automatically. One-Click Update. Simplifies ...International womens day 2025 submissions (1).pdf
International womens day 2025 submissions (1).pdfHebaBakr6
油
International womens day 2025 submissions (1).pdfBetternet VPN Premium 8.6.0.1290 Full Crack [Latest]![Betternet VPN Premium 8.6.0.1290 Full Crack [Latest]](https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/slidsahre-file-250220164342-7ea7fa5f-250303081849-fb582ea0-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds)
Betternet VPN Premium 8.6.0.1290 Full Crack [Latest]abbaskanju3
油
Direct License file Link Below https://click4pc.com/after-verification-click-go-to-download-page/
Betternet VPN Crack is an impressive application that can be used to browse the Internet anonymously or use other IP addresses and have the opportunity to visit any website. This application enables you to connect to a VPN server and enjoy the protection of IP trackers on the Internet.
Download MiniTool Partition Wizard 12.9 Crack For Now Latest 2025
Download MiniTool Partition Wizard 12.9 Crack For Now Latest 2025abidkhan77g77
油
https://crackedios.com/after-verification-click-go-to-download-page/
MiniTool partition manager software offers two perfect solutions for data recovery. Partition Recovery Wizard can find and recover the lost partitions while Data Recovery feature can recognize and recover lost/deleted files from damaged, formatted, inaccessible FAT/NTFS/exFAT drives and Desktop.Driver Easy Pro Crack 2025 Latest Version
Driver Easy Pro Crack 2025 Latest Versionandrewmargaret40
油
COPY & PASTE LINK https://up-community.pro/dld/
Driver Easy Pro is an impressive application that you can use to find missing drivers and then download them to your computer.Wondershare Filmora Crack 2025 For Windows Free
Wondershare Filmora Crack 2025 For Windows Freeabbaskanju3
油
Direct License file Link Below https://click4pc.com/after-verification-click-go-to-download-page/Wondershare Filmora is a user-friendly video editing software designed for both beginners and intermediate users. It offers a wide range of tools and ...Adobe After Effects 瑞稲 (2025) + 稲駒駒腫
Adobe After Effects 瑞稲 (2025) + 稲駒駒腫crackstore786
油
COPY & PASTE LINK https://crackedstore.co/after-verification-click-go-to-download-page/
Download the full official version of Adobe After Effects for free. Create incredible motion graphics and the best visual effects with a free trial today!BUKTI JP MEMBER SINGASLOT TANPA BASA-BASI LANGSUNG DIKASIH !
BUKTI JP MEMBER SINGASLOT TANPA BASA-BASI LANGSUNG DIKASIH !singaslot.live
油
MEMBER BARU GAK PAKE LAMA LANGSUNG JP DI SINGASLOT , GAME BARU PG SOFT SEDANG GACOR-GACOR NYA
Cek sekarang di : heylink.me/singaslot.net
promotion-of-indian-languages-art-culture-by-madan-kumar-singh-arms-aizawl.pptx
promotion-of-indian-languages-art-culture-by-madan-kumar-singh-arms-aizawl.pptxShashikant Tewary
油
Promotion of Indian Languages Art Culture by Madan Kumar Singh Arms Aizawl
Disk Drill Pro Crack Free Download Free Download
Disk Drill Pro Crack Free Download Free Downloadcrackstore786
油
COPY & PASTE LINK https://crackedstore.co/after-verification-click-go-to-download-page/
Disk Drill Pro Crack is a professional-grade data recovery software designed to help users recover lost or deleted files from various ...Janhvi Kapoor Birthday: Janhvi Kapoor entered the film world without Sridevi'...
Janhvi Kapoor Birthday: Janhvi Kapoor entered the film world without Sridevi'...SEOExecutive1
油
Today, on 6 March, Bollywood actress Janhvi Kapoor is celebrating her 28th birthday. Janhvi Kapoor is the elder daughter of late actress Sridevi. It has been 7 years since she entered the film industry.Download Capcut Pro 5.7.1.2152 Crack Latest Version
Download Capcut Pro 5.7.1.2152 Crack Latest Versionabbaskanju3
油
Direct License file Link Below https://click4pc.com/after-verification-click-go-to-download-page/
CapCut 5.7.1 Crack is an advanced version of the popular CapCut PC video editing app, offering premium features for professional-quality ...
18
- 1. and faults then on december 2nd 1959 the damn burst at around 9 pm a 40 meter highway rushed into the narrow valley at a speed of 70 kilometers an hour sweeping away everything in its path breaking on frasier's 20 minutes later before flowing into the sea the damage was catastrophic claiming more than 423 victims france was in shock andre coyne took full responsibility for the tragedy when everything was checked there was not a single miscalculation in fact the arch was well designed it wasn't a design fault it was a geological fault the malpass tragedy prompted a rethink with engineers all over the world they realized they didn't understand what was happening in the rock something we have learned is that the rock must be allowed to drain by drilling into it and tunneling to ensure there's no build up of pressure inside the rock much of what we know about drainage and rock mechanics stems from alpacity but that doesn't mean it wasn't a dreadful tragedy the biggest civil engineering disaster of the 20th century has significantly improved the safety of dams all are now equipped with drainage systems with ever large constructions being erected security is an essential element and the energy potential is immense [Music] water is an asset widely exploited in south america particularly in paraguay which is one of the few countries in the world that is 100 hydroelectric frederick vestano went to this small state sandwich between argentina bolivia and brazil although landlocked the country is crossed by one of the largest rivers in latin america the parana river which forms a natural border between brazil and paraguay driven by several waterfalls such as celtus del monde it drains an immense volume of water with unparalleled power a few kilometers away this resource has allowed paraguay and brazil to jointly build the bi-national itaipudam