17- Thalamus Limbic System.ppt
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The document provides an overview of the thalamus, its structure, and its functions, emphasizing its role as the gateway to the cerebral cortex, integrating sensory information, and connecting various brain regions. Additionally, it discusses the limbic system, detailing its components, such as the hippocampus and amygdala, and their involvement in emotions, memory, and behavioral responses. It highlights important connections and pathways within these brain structures and their implications for memory disorders.
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17- Thalamus Limbic System.ppt
- 1. 1 Prof. Saeed Abuel Makarem
- 2. 2 THALAMUS It is the largest nuclear mass of the whole body. It is the largest part of the diencephalon It is formed of two oval masses of grey matter. It is the gateway to the cortex. Resemble a small hen. Together with the hypothalamus they form the lateral wall of the 3rd ventricle. PONS Thalamus Corpus callosum Midbrain
- 3. 3 It sends received information from different brain regions to the cerebral cortex. Axons from every sensory system (except olfaction) synapse in the thalamus as the last relay site 'last pit stop' before the information reaches the cerebral cortex. There are some thalamic nuclei that receive input from: 1. Cerebellar nuclei, 2. Basal ganglia- and 3. Limbic-related brain regions. Thalamus
- 4. It has 4 surfaces & 2 ends. Surfaces Lateral:(L) Posterior limb of the internal capsule Medial: (3) The 3rd ventricle In some people it is connected to the thalamus of the opposite side by the interthalamic connexus, (adhesion) or Massa intermedia. Superior: (s) Lateral ventricle and fornix. Inferior: Hypothalamus, anteriorly & Subthalamus posteriorly. 4 Relations I S L 3 T T
- 5. Anterior end: Forms a projection, called the anterior tubercle. It lies just behind the interventricular foramen. Posterior end: Broad Forms a projection called Pulvinar which lies above the superior colliculus and the lateral & medial Geniculate bodies. 5
- 6. Internal Structure White matter: External medullary lamina: Covers the lateral surface. It consists of thalamocortical & corticothalamic fibers. Internal medullary lamina: Bundle of Y- shaped myelinated (afferent & efferent) fibers. It divides the thalamus into: anterior , medial, lateral nuclear groups. Each of these group is subdivided into a number of named nuclei. 6
- 7. Internal Structure Embedded within the internal medullary lamina lie intralaminar nuclei. The external medullary lamina covers the lateral surface, in which lies thin reticular nucleus. 7
- 8. 8 It is divided into: Dorsal & Ventral tiers. Dorsal tier: which contains: 1. Lateral Dorsal (LD). 2. Lateral Posterior (LP). 3. Pulvinar. Ventral tier, Which contains : 1. Ventral Anterior (VA). 2. Ventral Lateral (VL). 3. Ventral Intermediate (VI). 4. Ventral Posterior (VP). (VPL, VPM). 5. Medial & Lateral geniculate nuclei. Lateral Nuclear Group
- 9. 9
- 10. Projection of thalamic nuclei Anterior Thalamic Nucleus Afferent: Mammillary body. Efferent: Cingulate gyrus, (limbic system) ------------------------------- Medial Nucleus Afferent: Hypothalamus. Efferent: Prefrontal cortex. 10
- 11. Projection of thalamic nuclei Ventral Anterior Nucleus Afferent: Globus pallidus and substantial nigra. Efferent: Premotor cortex. ------------------------------- Ventral Lateral Nucleus Afferent: Dentate Nucleus. Efferent: Primary Motor Cortex. 11
- 12. Projection of thalamic nuclei Ventral Posterior Lateral Nucleus Afferent: Medial and Spinal Leminsci. Efferent: Sensory Cortex. ------------------------------- Ventral Posterior Medial Nucleus Afferent: Trigeminal Leminiscus. Efferent: Sensory Cortex. 12
- 13. Projection of thalamic nuclei Lateral Geniculate Nucleus Afferent: Optic tract. Efferent: Visual Cortex. ------------------------------- Medial Geniculate Nucleus Afferent: Lateral Leminiscus. Efferent: Auditory Cortex. 13
- 14. 14
- 15. 15
- 16. 16
- 17. 17 Input & Output of thalamic nuclei Mammillary Body Optic Tract Lateral Leminiscus Medial & Spinal Leminsci Trigeminal Leminiscus Globus pallidus and Substantia Nigra Dentate Nucleus Hypothalamus
- 18. The term "limbic" is from the Latin word Limbus, for "border" or "edge". It separates the medial surface of the cerebral cortex from the diencephalon It consists of a number of cortical & subcortical structures with looped connections that all project to the hypothalamus. LIMBIC SYSTEM
- 19. It control a variety of functions including: Emotions, Emotional responses Behaviour & Mood (happy, cry, laugh, sad, afraid, aggression, depression) Motivation. Memory. Visceral & Motor responses involved in (sex, pleasure, hunger, and reproduction). Olfaction. WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM? MEMORY OLFACTION Pleasure sensation
- 20. The limbic system is composed of four main structures: 1. Limbic cortex 2. Amygdala. 3. Hippocampus, & 4. Septal area. These structures form connections between the limbic system and the hypothalamus, thalamus and cerebral cortex. The hippocampus is important in memory and learning, while the limbic system itself is important in the control of the emotional responses. The limbic system is a set of brain structures including
- 21. CORTICAL STRUCTURES 1. Limbic lobe. 2. Hippocampal formation. 3. Septal areas. 4. Prefrontal area.
- 22. LIMBIC LOBE C-shaped ring of grey matter on the medial surface of each cerebral hemisphere, surrounding the corpus callosum. It includes: 1. Subcallosal area 2. Cingulate gyrus 3. Isthmus 4. Parahippocampal gyrus and the 5. Uncus.
- 23. It is a limbic system structure that is involved in: Formation, Organization, and Storage of memories. It is important in forming new memories and connecting emotions and senses, such as smell and sound, to memories. It is a horseshoe paired structure, one in each cerebral hemisphere. It acts as a memory indexer by sending memories to the appropriate part of the cerebral hemisphere for long-term storage and retrieving them when necessary. HIPPOCAMPUS
- 24. HIPPOCAMPUS Site: It is a scrolled structure in the inferomedial part of the temporal lobe. Function: Memory (file new memories as they occur). The hippocampus & its connections are necessary for consolidation of new short-term memories.
- 25. HIPPOCAMPUS Its principal efferent pathway is called the: FORNIX: It is C-shaped group of fibers connecting the hippocampus with mammillary body. it consists of: 2 Fimbria, 2 Crus, 1 Body & 2 Column. The Fornix is an important component of PAPEZ CIRCUIT
- 26. AMYGDALA Site: almond shaped mass of nuclei that lies near the temporal pole, close to the tail of the caudate nucleus. Function: It is involved in 1. FEAR , 2. Emotions 3. Anger, & 4. Hormonal secretions.
- 27. CONNECTIONS OF AMYGDALA Inputs: Association areas of visual, auditory & somatosensory cortices. Outputs: Hypothalamus & Autonomic nuclei in the brain stem, Lesion: Lack of emotional responses & docility.
- 28. Site: Located anterior to the interventricular septum Main connections: 1. To Hypothalamus 2. To Habenular nuclei Function: It is the pleasure zone. Septal nuclei
- 29. Korsakoffs psychosis (Retrograde = loss of new memories at the time of lesion with retained old memories & anterograde amnesia= inability to gain new memories) Temporal lobe epilepsy The hippocampus is a common focus site in epilepsy, and can be damaged through chronic seizures. It is sometimes damaged in diseases such as herpes encephalitis, Alzheimers disease: The hippocampus is one of the first brain areas to show damage in Alzheimer's disease Schizophrenia. Lesions associated with limbic lobe disorders