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TCP/IP Protocol Suite
1
Chapter 4
Objectives
Upon completion you will be able to:
IP Addresses:
Classful Addressing
鈥� Understand IPv4 addresses and classes
鈥� Identify the class of an IP address
鈥� Find the network address given an IP address
鈥� Understand masks and how to use them
鈥� Understand subnets and supernets

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4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.1 INTRODUCTION
The identifier used in the IP layer of the TCP/IP protocol suite to identify
each device connected to the Internet is called the Internet address or IP
address. An IP address is a 32-bit address that uniquely and universally
defines the connection of a host or a router to the Internet. IP addresses
are unique. They are unique in the sense that each address defines one,
and only one, connection to the Internet. Two devices on the Internet can
never have the same address.
The topics discussed in this section include:
Address Space
Notation

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An IP address is a 32-bit address.
Note:

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The IP addresses are unique.
Note:

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The address space of IPv4 is
232 or 4,294,967,296.
Note:

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Figure 4.1 Dotted-decimal notation

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The binary, decimal, and hexadecimal
number systems are reviewed in
Appendix B.
Note:

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Change the following IP addresses from binary notation to
dotted-decimal notation.
a. 10000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
b. 11000001 10000011 00011011 11111111
c. 11100111 11011011 10001011 01101111
d. 11111001 10011011 11111011 00001111
Example 1
Solution
We replace each group of 8 bits with its equivalent decimal
number (see Appendix B) and add dots for separation:
a. 129.11.11.239 b. 193.131.27.255
c. 231.219.139.111 d. 249.155.251.15

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Change the following IP addresses from dotted-decimal
notation to binary notation.
a. 111.56.45.78 b. 221.34.7.82
c. 241.8.56.12 d. 75.45.34.78
Example 2
Solution
We replace each decimal number with its binary equivalent:
a. 01101111 00111000 00101101 01001110
b. 11011101 00100010 00000111 01010010
c. 11110001 00001000 00111000 00001100
d. 01001011 00101101 00100010 01001110

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Find the error, if any, in the following IP addresses:
a. 111.56.045.78 b. 221.34.7.8.20
c. 75.45.301.14 d. 11100010.23.14.67
Example 3
Solution
a.

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4.2 CLASSFUL ADDRESSING
IP addresses, when started a few decades ago, used the concept of
classes. This architecture is called classful addressing. In the mid-1990s,
a new architecture, called classless addressing, was introduced and will
eventually supersede the original architecture. However, part of the
Internet is still using classful addressing, but the migration is very fast.
Recognizing Classes
Netid and Hostid
Classes and Blocks
Network Addresses
Sufficient Information
Mask
CIDR Notation
Address Depletion

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Figure 4.2 Occupation of the address space

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Table 4.1 Addresses per class

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Figure 4.3 Finding the class in binary notation

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Figure 4.4 Finding the address class

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How can we prove that we have 2,147,483,648 addresses in
class A?
Example 5
Solution
In class A, only 1 bit defines the class. The remaining 31 bits
are available for the address. With 31 bits, we can have 231
or 2,147,483,648 addresses.

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Find the class of each address:
a. 00000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
b. 11000001 10000011 00011011 11111111
c. 10100111 11011011 10001011 01101111
d. 11110011 10011011 11111011 00001111
Example 6
Solution
See the procedure in Figure 4.4.
a. The first bit is 0. This is a class A address.
b. The first 2 bits are 1; the third bit is 0. This is a class C address.
c. The first bit is 0; the second bit is 1. This is a class B address.
d. The first 4 bits are 1s. This is a class E address..

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Figure 4.5 Finding the class in decimal notation

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Find the class of each address:
a. 227.12.14.87 b.193.14.56.22 c.14.23.120.8
d. 252.5.15.111 e.134.11.78.56
Example 7
Solution

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Figure 4.6 Netid and hostid

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Millions of class A addresses are
wasted.
Note:

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Figure 4.7 Blocks in class A

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Figure 4.8 Blocks in class B

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Many class B addresses are wasted.
Note:

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Figure 4.9 Blocks in class C

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The number of addresses in class C is
smaller than the needs of most
organizations.
Note:

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Class D addresses are used for
multicasting; there is only one block in
this class.
Note:

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Class E addresses are reserved for
future purposes; most of the block is
wasted.
Note:

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In classful addressing, the network
address (the first address in the block)
is the one that is assigned to the
organization. The range of addresses
can automatically be inferred from the
network address.
Note:

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Given the network address 17.0.0.0, find the class, the block,
and the range of the addresses.
Example 9
Solution

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Given the network address 132.21.0.0, find the class, the block,
and the range of the addresses.
Example 10
Solution

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Given the network address 220.34.76.0, find the class, the
block, and the range of the addresses.
Example 11
Solution

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Figure 4.10 Masking concept

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Figure 4.11 AND operation

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Table 4.2 Default masks

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The network address is the beginning
address of each block. It can be found
by applying the default mask to any of
the addresses in the block (including
itself). It retains the netid of the block
and sets the hostid to zero.
Note:

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Given the address 23.56.7.91, find the beginning address
(network address).
Example 12
Solution
.

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(network address).
Example 13
Solution
.

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(network address).
Example 14
Solution

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Note that we must not apply the
default mask of one class to an address
belonging to another class.
Note:

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4.3 OTHER ISSUES
In this section, we discuss some other issues that are related to
addressing in general and classful addressing in particular.
Multihomed Devices
Location, Not Names
Special Addresses
Private Addresses
Unicast, Multicast, and Broadcast Addresses

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Figure 4.12 Multihomed devices

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Table 4.3 Special addresses

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Figure 4.13 Network address

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Figure 4.14 Example of direct broadcast address

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Figure 4.15 Example of limited broadcast address

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Figure 4.16 Examples of 鈥渢his host on this network鈥�

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Figure 4.17 Example of 鈥渟pecific host on this network鈥�

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Figure 4.18 Example of loopback address

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Table 4.5 Addresses for private networks

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Figure 4.19 Sample internet

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4.4 SUBNETTING AND
SUPERNETTING
In the previous sections we discussed the problems associated with
classful addressing. Specifically, the network addresses available for
assignment to organizations are close to depletion. This is coupled with
the ever-increasing demand for addresses from organizations that want
connection to the Internet. In this section we briefly discuss two
solutions: subnetting and supernetting.
Subnetting
Supernetting
Supernet Mask
Obsolescence

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IP addresses are designed with two
levels of hierarchy.
Note:

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Figure 4.20 A network with two levels of hierarchy (not subnetted)

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Figure 4.21 A network with three levels of hierarchy (subnetted)

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Figure 4.22 Addresses in a network with and without subnetting

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Figure 4.23 Hierarchy concept in a telephone number

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Figure 4.24 Default mask and subnet mask

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What is the subnetwork address if the destination address is
200.45.34.56 and the subnet mask is 255.255.240.0?
Example 15
Solution
We apply the AND operation on the address and the subnet
mask.
Address 鉃� 11001000 00101101 00100010 00111000
Subnet Mask 鉃� 11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000
Subnetwork Address 鉃� 11001000 00101101 00100000 00000000.

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Figure 4.25 Comparison of a default mask and a subnet mask

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Figure 4.26 A supernetwork

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In subnetting, we need the first
address of the subnet and the subnet
mask to define the range of addresses.
In supernetting, we need the first
address of the supernet and the
supernet mask to define the range of
addresses.
Note:

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Figure 4.27 Comparison of subnet, default, and supernet masks

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The idea of subnetting and
supernetting of classful addresses is
almost obsolete.
Note:

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The 4 byte IP address consists of
A) Network address B) host address C) both (a) and (b) D) none of the mentioned
Which of the following IP address class is multicast?
A) Class A B) Class B C) Class C D) Class D
Which of the following is a valid IP address for a host?
A) 176.01.0.2 B) 96.255.0.256 C)
137.192.11.2 D) 255.128.0.0
What is the subnet address of the IP address 192.168.100.30
255.255.255.248?
A) 192.168.100.32 B) 192.168.100.24 C)
192.168.100.0 D) 192.168.100.16
Which of the following is a valid subnet mask?
A) 176.0.0.0 B) 96.0.0.0 C) 127.192.0.0 D)
255.128.0.0

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