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- 2. §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î-§ð§Ò§Ú§Ý§ñ§â 2019 §¥§Ø§Ö§â§à§Þ§¥§ï§Ó§Ú§Õ§³§ï§Ý§Ú§ß§Õ§Ø§Ö§â (JeromeDavidSalinger)¡ª §Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §á§â§à§Ù§Ñ§Ú§Ü (01.01.1919 ¡ª 27.01.2010) §¡§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î, §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Ô§à §å§Ó§Ú§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ú §ã§Ó§Ö§ä §Ó §Ø§å§â§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ö The New Yorker §Ó§à 2-§Û §á§à§Ý§à§Ó§Ú§ß§Ö 1940-§ç §Ú §Ó 1950-§Ö §Ô§à§Õ§í. §©§Ñ §³§ï§Ý§Ú§ß§Õ§Ø§Ö§â§à§Þ §Ù§Ñ§Ü§â§Ö§á§Ú§Ý§Ñ§ã§î §â§Ö§á§å§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §à§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §Ú§Ù §ã§Ñ§Þ§í§ç §Ú§ã§Ü§å§ã§ß§í§ç §Ú §Þ§ß§à§Ô§à§à§Ò§Ö§ë§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§ç §Þ§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§â§à§Ó §Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§à§Û §ß§à§Ó§Ö§Ý§Ý§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú. §£ 1951 §Ô§à§Õ§å §³§ï§Ý§Ú§ß§Õ§Ø§Ö§â §Ú§Ù§Õ§Ñ§×§ä §â§à§Þ§Ñ§ß §Ó§à§ã§á§Ú§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ ?§¯§Ñ§Õ §á§â§à§á§Ñ§ã§ä§î§ð §Ó§à §â§Ø§Ú?, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Û §Ú§Þ§Ö§Ý §à§Ô§Ý§å§ê§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §å§ã§á§Ö§ç §Ú §ã§ß§Ú§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ý §Ý§ð§Ò§à§Ó§î §é§Ú§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û §Ó§à §Ó§ã§×§Þ §Þ§Ú§â§Ö. §©§Ñ §Ü§à§â§à§ä§Ü§Ú§Û §ã§â§à§Ü §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §á§â§à§Õ§Ñ§ß§í §Ò§Ö§ã§á§â§Ö§è§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§ä§ß§í§Ö 60 §Þ§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ú§à§ß§à§Ó §Ü§à§á§Ú§Û §Ú §Õ§à §ã§Ú§ç §á§à§â §Ö§Ø§Ö§Ô§à§Õ§ß§à §á§â§à§Õ§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §à§Ü§à§Ý§à 250 000 §ï§Ü§Ù§Ö§Þ§á§Ý§ñ§â§à§Ó §ï§ä§à§Û §Ü§ß§Ú§Ô§Ú. §±§à§ã§Ý§Ö 1965 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ §³§ï§Ý§Ú§ß§Õ§Ø§Ö§â §á§Ö§â§Ö§ã§ä§Ñ§Ý §á§å§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ü§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î§ã§ñ §Ú §Ó§×§Ý §Ù§Ñ§ä§Ó§à§â§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§Ú. §³§Ó§à§× §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ß§Ö§Ö §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§Ó§î§ð §à§ß §Õ§Ñ§Ý §Ó 1980 §Ô§à§Õ§å.
- 3. §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î-§ð§Ò§Ú§Ý§ñ§â 2019 §µ§Ú§Ý§î§ñ§Þ §µ§Ú§Ý§Ü§Ú §¬§à§Ý§Ý§Ú§ß§Ù (William WilkieCollins)¡ª §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î, §Õ§â§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ô (08.01.1824 ¡ª 23.09.1889) §¡§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î, §Õ§â§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ô, §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§â 27 §â§à§Þ§Ñ§ß§à§Ó, 15 §á§î§Ö§ã §Ú §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §é§Ö§Þ §á§à§Ý§å§ã§à§ä§ß§Ú §â§Ñ§ã§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó. §¬§à§Ý§Ý§Ú§ß§Ù §Ò§í§Ý §à§Õ§ß§Ú§Þ §Ú§Ù §ã§Ñ§Þ§í§ç §á§à§á§å§Ý§ñ§â§ß§í§ç §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§â§à§Ó §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Ô§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú. §¦§Ô§à §â§à§Þ§Ñ§ß§í §á§Ö§é§Ñ§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú §ß§Ö §ä§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §Ó §¡§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§Ú, §ß§à §Ú §Ó §³§º§¡, §Õ§Ö§ä§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§í §¬§à§Ý§Ý§Ú§ß§Ù§Ñ §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§à§Õ§Ú§Ý§Ú §ß§Ñ §æ§â§Ñ§ß§è§å§Ù§ã§Ü§Ú§Û. §·§à§ä§ñ §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î §å§ä§Ó§Ö§â§Ø§Õ§Ñ§Ý, §é§ä§à §á§Ú§ê§Ö§ä §Õ§Ý§ñ §à§Ò§í§é§ß§í§ç §Ý§ð§Õ§Ö§Û, §Ü§â§Ú§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú §ä§à§Ô§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú §ã§â§Ñ§Ó§ß§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Ö§Ô§à §â§à§Þ§Ñ§ß§í §ã §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã§Ú§Ü§Ñ§Þ§Ú ¡ª §¥§Ú§Ü§Ü§Ö§ß§ã§à§Þ, §´§Ö§Ü§Ü§Ö§â§Ö§Ö§Þ, §¿§Ý§Ú§à§ä§à§Þ §Ú §º§Ñ§â§Ý§à§ä§ä§à§Û §¢§â§à§ß§ä§Ö. §¯§Ñ§Ú§Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§ß§í§Ö §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ú§ñ §¬§à§Ý§Ý§Ú§ß§Ù§Ñ ¡ª ?§¨§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß§Ñ §Ó §Ò§Ö§Ý§à§Þ? §Ú ?§§å§ß§ß§í§Û §Ü§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ß§î?. §¢§à§Ý§î§ê§Ú§ß§ã§ä§Ó§à §ã§à§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ú§ã§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û §á§à§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ö§ä, §é§ä§à §Ò§Ö§Ù §ï§ä§Ú§ç §Õ§Ó§å§ç §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §ã§à§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§í§Û §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §Õ§Ö§ä§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó §ß§Ö §ã§Þ§à§Ô §Ò§í §Õ§à§ã§ä§Ú§é§î §Ö§Ô§à §ß§í§ß§Ö§ê§ß§Ö§Ô§à §å§â§à§Ó§ß§ñ.
- 4. §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î-§ð§Ò§Ú§Ý§ñ§â 2019 §· §Ñ §â §å §Ü §Ú §® §å §â §Ñ §Ü §Ñ §Þ §Ú ( ´åÉÏ ´º˜ä ) ¡ª §ñ§á§à§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î §Ú §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§à§Õ§é§Ú§Ü (§â§à§Õ§Ú§Ý§ã§ñ 12 §ñ§ß§Ó§Ñ§â§ñ 1949 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ) §¬§ß§Ú§Ô§Ú §·§Ñ§â§å§Ü§Ú §®§å§â§Ñ§Ü§Ñ§Þ§Ú §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§í §ß§Ñ 50 §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§à§Ó §Ú §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ò§Ö§ã§ä§ã§Ö§Ý§Ý§Ö§â§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ó §Á§á§à§ß§Ú§Ú, §ä§Ñ§Ü §Ú §Ù§Ñ §Ö§Ö §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ§Þ§Ú. §¯§Ñ§Ú§Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§ß§í§Ö §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§í §®§å§â§Ñ§Ü§Ñ§Þ§Ú ¡ª ?§°§ç§à§ä§Ñ §ß§Ñ §à§Ó§Ö§è? (1982), ?§¯§à§â§Ó§Ö§Ø§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §Ý§Ö§ã? (1987), ?§·§â§à§ß§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ù§Ñ§Ó§à§Õ§ß§à§Û §á§ä§Ú§è§í? (1994-95), ?§¬§Ñ§æ§Ü§Ñ §ß§Ñ §á§Ý§ñ§Ø§Ö? (2002) §Ú ?1Q84? (2009-10). §®§å§â§Ñ§Ü§Ñ§Þ§Ú §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§×§Ý §ã §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §ß§Ñ §ñ§á§à§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §â§ñ§Õ §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §¶§â§ï§ß§ã§Ú§ã§Ñ §³§Ü§à§ä§ä§Ñ §¶§Ú§è§Õ§Ø§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§î§Õ§Ñ, §´§â§å§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ñ §¬§Ñ§á§à§ä§Ö, §¥§Ø§à§ß§Ñ §ª§â§Ó§Ú§ß§Ô§Ñ, §¥§Ø§Ö§â§à§Þ§Ñ §³§ï§Ý§Ú§ß§Õ§Ø§Ö§â§Ñ §Ú §Õ§â§å§Ô§Ú§ç §Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §á§â§à§Ù§Ñ§Ú§Ü§à§Ó XX §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ü§Ú §£§Ñ§ß §¡§Ý§î§ã§Ò§å§â§Ô§Ñ §Ú §µ§â§ã§å§Ý§í §Ý§Ö §¤§å§Ú§ß. §¯§Ñ§Ô§â§Ñ§Õ§í: §±§â§Ö§Þ§Ú§ñ §§§Þ§Ú§å§â§Ú, §±§â§Ö§Þ§Ú§ñ §´§Ñ§ß§Ú§Õ§Ù§Ñ§Ü§Ú, §±§â§Ö§Þ§Ú§ñ §¶§â§Ñ§ß§è§Ñ §¬§Ñ§æ§Ü§Ú, §ª§Ö§â§å§ã§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Þ§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §á§â§Ö§Þ§Ú§ñ, §£§ã§Ö§Þ§Ú§â§ß§Ñ§ñ §á§â§Ö§Þ§Ú§ñ §æ§ï§ß§ä§Ö§Ù§Ú §Ù§Ñ §Ý§å§é§ê§Ú§Û §â§à§Þ§Ñ§ß, §±§â§Ö§Þ§Ú§ñ §¬§à§Ò§Ñ§ñ§ã§Ú.
- 5. §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î-§ð§Ò§Ú§Ý§ñ§â 2019 §®§à§ß§ä§Ö§ã§Ü§î§×§º§Ñ§â§Ý§î§§å§Ú §Õ§Ö §³§Ö§Ü§à§ß§Õ§Ñ (MontesquieuCharlesLouisdeSeconda)¡ª §æ§â§Ñ§ß§è§å§Ù§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î, §æ§Ú§Ý§à§ã§à§æ §Ú §á§à§Ý§Ú§ä§à§Ý§à§Ô (18.01.1689 ¡ª 10.02.1755) §¡§Ó§ä§à§â §â§à§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ñ ?§±§Ö§â§ã§Ú§Õ§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §á§Ú§ã§î§Þ§Ñ?, §ã§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö§Û §Ú§Ù ?§¿§ß§è§Ú§Ü§Ý§à§á§Ö§Õ§Ú§Ú, §Ú§Ý§Ú §´§à§Ý§Ü§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ñ§â§ñ §ß§Ñ§å§Ü, §Ú§ã§Ü§å§ã§ã§ä§Ó §Ú §â§Ö§Þ§×§ã§Ö§Ý?, §ä§â§å§Õ§Ñ ?§° §Õ§å§ç§Ö §Ù§Ñ§Ü§à§ß§à§Ó? (1748), §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§ß§Ú§Ü §ß§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §á§à§Õ§ç§à§Õ§Ñ §Ó §Ú§Ù§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ. §®§à§ß§ä§Ö§ã§Ü§î§× §ã§é§Ú§ä§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §à§Õ§ß§Ú§Þ §Ú§Ù §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§à§á§à§Ý§à§Ø§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §ã§à§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §æ§à§â§Þ §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §Õ§Ö§Þ§à§Ü§â§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ú. §°§ß §ã§æ§à§â§Þ§å§Ý§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý §ä§Ö§à§â§Ú§ð §²§Ñ§Ù§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§Ñ§ñ §Ý§Ö§Ø§Ú§ä §Ó §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ö §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ý§ð§Ò§à§Ô§à §ã§à§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §Õ§Ö§Þ§à§Ü§â§Ñ§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ. §®§à§ß§ä§Ö§ã§Ü§î§× §ã§é§Ú§ä§Ñ§Ý, §é§ä§à §ã§Ó§à§Ò§à§Õ§Ñ §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ä §Ò§í§ä§î §à§Ò§Ö§ã§á§Ö§é§Ö§ß§Ñ §Ý§Ú§ê§î §Ù§Ñ§Ü§à§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ú: ?§³§Ó§à§Ò§à§Õ§Ñ §Ö§ã§ä§î §á§â§Ñ§Ó§à §Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ§ä§î §Ó§ã§×, §é§ä§à §Õ§à§Ù§Ó§à§Ý§Ö§ß§à §Ù§Ñ§Ü§à§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ú?.
- 6. §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î-§ð§Ò§Ú§Ý§ñ§â 2019 §¿§Õ§Ô§Ñ§â §¡§Ý§Ý§Ñ§ß §±§à (EdgarAllanPoe)¡ª §Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î, §á§à§ï§ä, §ï§ã§ã§Ö§Ú§ã§ä, §Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§ß§í§Û §Ü§â§Ú§ä§Ú§Ü (19.01.1809 ¨C 7.10.1849) §±§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î §Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §â§à§Þ§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú§Ù§Þ§Ñ. §³§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î §æ§à§â§Þ§í §ã§à§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §Õ§Ö§ä§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§Ñ §Ú §Ø§Ñ§ß§â§Ñ §á§ã§Ú§ç§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §á§â§à§Ù§í. §¯§Ö§Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§í §¿§Õ§Ô§Ñ§â§Ñ §¡§Ý§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ñ §±§à §ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú §æ§à§â§Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ð §Ú §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§ð §ß§Ñ§å§é§ß§à§Û §æ§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Ö §é§Ö§â§ä§í §Ö§Ô§à §ä§Ó§à§â§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ú§â§â§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§î, §à§Ò§â§Ö§é§×§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§î, §Þ§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§è§Ú§Ù§Þ, §Ñ§ß§à§Þ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Ú§Ù§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ø§Ñ§Ö§Þ§í§ç §ã§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§ß§Ú§Û, §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ó§à§ã§ç§Ú§ä§Ú§Ý§Ú §Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§å §Õ§Ö§Ü§Ñ§Õ§Ö§ß§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ. §¯§Ñ§Ú§Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ö§ß §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§â ?§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ê§ß§í§ç? §Ú §Þ§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §â§Ñ§ã§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §ã§ä§Ú§ç§à§ä§Ó§à§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ ?§£§à§â§à§ß?.
- 7. §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î-§ð§Ò§Ú§Ý§ñ§â 2019 §¤§à§ä§ç§à§Ý§î§Õ §¿§æ§â§Ñ§Ú§Þ §§Ö§ã§ã§Ú§ß§Ô (Gotthold Ephraim Lessing) ¡ª §ß§Ö§Þ§Ö§è§Ü§Ú§Û §á§à§ï§ä, §Õ§â§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ô, §Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§ß§í§Û §Ü§â§Ú§ä§Ú§Ü-§á§â§à§ã§Ó§Ö§ä§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î (22.01.1729 ¡ª 15.02.1781) §©§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú§ä§í§Û §ß§Ö§Þ§Ö§è§Ü§Ú§Û §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î, §á§à§ï§ä, §Õ§â§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ô, §ä§Ö§à§â§Ö§ä§Ú§Ü §Ú§ã§Ü§å§ã§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ, §Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§ß§í§Û §Ü§â§Ú§ä§Ú§Ü, §à§Õ§ß§Ñ §Ú§Ù §Ü§â§å§á§ß§Ö§Û§ê§Ú§ç §æ§Ú§Ô§å§â §Ö§Ó§â§à§á§Ö§Û§ã§Ü§à§Û §Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§í §ï§á§à§ç§Ú §±§â§à§ã§Ó§Ö§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ. §©§Ñ §ß§Ú§Þ §Ù§Ñ§Ü§â§Ö§á§Ú§Ý§ã§ñ §ã§ä§Ñ§ä§å§ã §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§à§á§à§Ý§à§Ø§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ §ß§Ö§Þ§Ö§è§Ü§à§Û §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§í. §§Ö§ã§ã§Ú§ß§Ô§å §ß§Ñ§â§ñ§Õ§å §ã §º§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ö§â§à§Þ §Ú §¤§Ö§ä§Ö §á§â§Ú§ß§Ñ§Õ§Ý§Ö§Ø§Ú§ä §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ý§å§Ô§Ñ §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §ä§Ñ§Ü§à§Ô§à §å§â§à§Ó§ß§ñ, §é§ä§à §Ó§á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ú §Ú§ç §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §ß§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§å§ä §Ù§à§Ý§à§ä§í§Þ §Ó§Ö§Ü§à§Þ §ß§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§í. §§Ö§ã§ã§Ú§ß§Ô, §Ò§å§Õ§å§é§Ú §â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ü§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Þ §á§â§à§ã§Ó§Ö§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §â§Ñ§Ù§å§Þ§Ñ, §Ó§Ö§Ý §ß§Ö§á§â§Ú§Þ§Ú§â§Ú§Þ§å§ð §Ò§à§â§î§Ò§å §ã §è§Ö§â§Ü§à§Ó§ß§à§Û §à§â§ä§à§Õ§à§Ü§ã§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §Õ§à§Ô§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ü§à§Û, §Ú§Õ§Ö§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§Ö§Û §Ñ§Ò§ã§à§Ý§ð§ä§Ú§Ù§Þ§Ñ, §Ó§Ú§Õ§Ö§Ý §Ó §Õ§Ö§Þ§à§Ü§â§Ñ§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §ß§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §Ü§å§Ý§î§ä§å§â§Ö §ã§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§à §á§à§Ü§à§ß§é§Ú§ä§î §ã §æ§Ö§à§Õ§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Þ§à§Þ, §á§à§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§î§ð §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ, §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ú§Ý§î§Ö§Þ §ã§à§ã§Ý§à§Ó§ß§í§ç §Ú §Õ§â§å§Ô§Ú§ç §á§â§Ö§Õ§â§Ñ§ã§ã§å§Õ§Ü§à§Ó. §±§Ñ§æ§à§ã§à§Þ §ï§ä§à§Û §Ò§à§â§î§Ò§í §ß§Ñ§á§à§Ý§ß§Ö§ß§í §Ö§Ô§à §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §ã§â§Ö§Õ§Ú §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§ç §ß§Ñ§Ú§Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§å§ð §Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§î §á§à§Ý§å§é§Ú§Ý§Ú ?§¿§Þ§Ú§Ý§Ú§ñ §¤§Ñ§Ý§à§ä§ä§Ú?, ?§¯§Ñ§ä§Ñ§ß §®§å§Õ§â§í§Û?, ?§®§Ú§ß§ß§Ñ §æ§à§ß §¢§Ñ§â§ß§ç§Ö§Ý§î§Þ?.
- 8. §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î-§ð§Ò§Ú§Ý§ñ§â 2019 §µ§Ú§Ý§î§ñ§Þ §³§à§Þ§Ö§â§ã§Ö§ä §®§à§ï§Þ (William SomersetMaugham)¡ª §Ò§â§Ú§ä§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î (25.01.1874 ¡ª 15.12.1965) §º§Ö§ã§ä§î§Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä §á§ñ§ä§î §Ý§Ö§ä ¨C §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§ß§à§Û §Õ§Ö§ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Þ§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§ä§à§Ô§à §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§â§Ñ: §á§â§à§Ù§Ñ§Ú§Ü§Ñ, §Õ§â§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ô§Ñ, §ï§ã§ã§Ö§Ú§ã§ä§Ñ, §Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§ß§à§Ô§à §Ü§â§Ú§ä§Ú§Ü§Ñ §³§à§Þ§Ö§â§ã§Ö§ä§Ñ §®§à§ï§Þ§Ñ. §¯§à§Ó§Ö§Ý§Ý§í §Ú §â§Ñ§ã§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í §³§à§Þ§Ö§â§ã§Ö§ä§Ñ §®§à§ï§Þ§Ñ §à§ä§Ý§Ú§é§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §à§ã§ä§â§í§Þ§Ú §ã§ð§Ø§Ö§ä§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ú §á§ã§Ú§ç§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§Ù§Þ§à§Þ. §¡§Ó§ä§à§â §Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ú§ä §é§Ú§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§ñ §Ó §ß§Ñ§á§â§ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §Ú §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§å§Ö§ä §á§â§Ú§Ö§Þ §ß§Ö§à§Ø§Ú§Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú. §±§â§Ú§ã§å§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§â§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à ?§ñ? §Ó §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§ç ¨C §Ú§ç §ä§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §é§Ö§â§ä§Ñ. §£ §Ö§Ô§à §Ý§å§é§ê§Ú§ç §Ü§ß§Ú§Ô§Ñ§ç (?§¢§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§Û §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç? (1915), ?§§å§ß§Ñ §Ú §Ô§â§à§ê? (1919), ?§±§Ú§â§à§Ô§Ú §Ú §á§Ú§Ó§à? (1930), ?§°§ã§ä§â§Ú§Ö §Ò§â§Ú§ä§Ó§í? (1944) §Ú §Õ§â.), §Ó§í§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§Ó§ê§Ú§ç §Ú§ã§á§í§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§Þ §Ú §à§Ò§Ö§ã§á§Ö§é§Ú§Ó§ê§Ú§ç §Ö§Þ§å §Þ§Ö§ã§ä§à §Ó §â§ñ§Õ§å §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§à§Û §Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§í XX §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ, §ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§ñ§ä§ã§ñ §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ú§Ö, §à§Ò§ë§Ö§é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ú §à§Ò§ë§Ö§æ§Ú§Ý§à§ã§à§æ§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §á§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ñ, §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§í.
- 9. §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î-§ð§Ò§Ú§Ý§ñ§â 2019 §² §à §Ò §Ö §â §ä §¢ §× §â §ß §ã (Robert Burns) ¡ª §ê§à§ä§Ý§Ñ§ß§Õ§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §á§à§ï§ä, §æ§à§Ý§î§Ü§Ý§à§â§Ú§ã§ä (25.01.1759 ¡ª 21.07.1796) ?§¯§Ö§à§Ò§í§Ü§ß§à§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§Û §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§Ü?, ?§á§â§Ö§Ó§à§ã§ç§à§Õ§ß§í§Û §á§à§ï§ä §º§à§ä§Ý§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ú§Ú? ¡ª §ä§Ñ§Ü §ß§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§Ý §£§Ñ§Ý§î§ä§Ö§â §³§Ü§à§ä§ä §²§à§Ò§Ö§â§ä§Ñ §¢§×§â§ß§ã§Ñ, §Ò§Ö§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §Ü§â§Ö§ã§ä§î§ñ§ß§Ú§ß§Ñ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Û §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý §Ó§í§Õ§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Þ§ã§ñ §ç§å§Õ§à§Ø§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Þ §ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ñ. §³§ä§Ú§ç§à§ä§Ó§à§â§ß§à§Ö §ß§Ñ§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§Ú§Ö §¢§×§â§ß§ã§Ñ §à§ä§Ý§Ú§é§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ø§Ñ§ß§â§à§Ó§í§Þ §Þ§ß§à§Ô§à§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§Ú§Ö§Þ. §±§à§ï§ä §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§Ý §Õ§â§å§Ø§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §á§à§ã§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ, §Ù§Ñ§ã§ä§à§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §á§Ö§ã§ß§Ú, §Ô§â§Ñ§Ø§Õ§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §ã§ä§Ú§ç§Ú, §ã§Ñ§ä§Ú§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §á§à§ï§Þ§í, §ï§á§Ú§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§í, §Ý§ð§Ò§à§Ó§ß§í§Ö §á§Ö§ã§ß§Ú. §£ §ã§ä§Ú§ç§Ñ§ç §¢§×§â§ß§ã§Ñ §Ù§Ó§å§é§Ú§ä §ê§à§ä§Ý§Ñ§ß§Õ§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §Õ§Ú§Ñ§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä, §Þ§ß§à§Ô§Ú§Ö §ß§Ñ§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§í §ß§Ñ §Þ§à§ä§Ú§Ó§í §ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §á§Ö§ã§Ö§ß §Ú §ã§Ñ§Þ§Ú §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú §á§Ö§ã§ß§ñ§Þ§Ú, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §Ú §ã§Ö§Û§é§Ñ§ã §á§à§Ö§ä §º§à§ä§Ý§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ú§ñ. §±§à§ï§Ù§Ú§ñ §¢§×§â§ß§ã§Ñ §Ó§à§ê§Ý§Ñ §Ó §Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§å§ð §Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§å §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Þ§à§Ô§å§é§Ñ§ñ §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §ã§Ú§Ý§Ñ §Ú §á§â§Ú§ß§Ö§ã§Ý§Ñ §Ö§Þ§å §Ó§ã§Ö§Þ§Ú§â§ß§å§ð §Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§î. §¢§×§â§ß§ã §Ò§í§Ý §á§â§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§ß §Ö§ë§Ö §á§â§Ú §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§Ú. §º§à§ä§Ý§Ñ§ß§Õ§è§í §Ó§í§ã§à§Ü§à §á§à§é§Ú§ä§Ñ§ð§ä §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Ô§à §á§à§ï§ä§Ñ, §Ú §Õ§Ñ§Ø§Ö §ä§Ö, §Ü§ä§à §á§Ý§à§ç§à §â§Ñ§Ù§Ò§Ú§â§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ö, §Ù§ß§Ñ§ð§ä §ß§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §ã§ä§â§à§é§Ö§Ü §¢§×§â§ß§ã§Ñ. §¥§Ö§ß§î §â§à§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §¢§×§â§ß§ã§Ñ §à§ä§Þ§Ö§é§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §º§à§ä§Ý§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ú§Ú §Ü§Ñ§Ü §ß§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §á§â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§ß§Ú§Ü. §¦§Ô§à §á§â§à§ã§ä§Ñ§ñ, §Ú §Ó §ä§à §Ø§Ö §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ ?§Ø§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ñ?, §ï§Þ§à§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ñ§ñ, §Ó§í§â§Ñ§Ù§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§Ñ§ñ §á§à§ï§Ù§Ú§ñ §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ñ §ß§Ñ §Þ§ß§à§Ô§Ú§Ö §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ú §Þ§Ú§â§Ñ.
- 10. §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î-§ð§Ò§Ú§Ý§ñ§â 2019 §³§Ú§â§Ñ§ß§à§Õ§Ö §¢§Ö§â§Ø§Ö§â§Ñ§Ü,§³§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ß§î§Ö§ß (CiranodeBergerac,Savinien) §æ§â§Ñ§ß§è§å§Ù§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §á§à§ï§ä §Ú §Õ§â§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ô (06.03.1619¨C28.07.1655) §±§Ö§â§Ó§Ñ§ñ §Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§ß§Ñ§ñ §á§â§à§Ò§Ñ §á§Ö§â§Ñ §å §³§Ú§â§Ñ§ß§à §ã§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§Ý§Ñ§ã§î §Ö§ë§Ö §Ó §Ó§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö 20 §ã §ß§Ö§Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ú§Þ §Ý§Ö§ä. §´§â§Ñ§Ô§Ö§Õ§Ú§ñ ?§³§Þ§Ö§â§ä§î §¡§Ô§â§Ú§á§á§Ú§ß§í? §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §á§à§Ó§à§Õ§à§Þ §à§Ò§Ó§Ú§ß§Ú§ä§î §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§â§Ñ §Ó §Ñ§ä§Ö§Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö, §é§ä§à §Ò§í§Ý§à §Õ§à§ã§ä§Ñ§ä§à§é§ß§à §ã§Ö§â§î§Ö§Ù§ß§à §Õ§Ý§ñ §ã§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ö§Ó§Ö§Ü§à§Ó§à§Û §¶§â§Ñ§ß§è§Ú§Ú. §£§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §Ñ§ß§ä§Ú§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §ã§Þ§å§ä, §á§â§à§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Ó§ê§Ú§ç §Ó§à §¶§â§Ñ§ß§è§Ú§Ú §Ó §ã§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö XXVII §ã§ä§à§Ý§Ö§ä§Ú§ñ, §Õ§Ö §¢§Ö§â§Ø§Ö§â§Ñ§Ü §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§Ý 7 §ã§Ñ§ä§Ú§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §á§Ñ§Þ§æ§Ý§Ö§ä§à§Ó, §Ó §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§ç §â§Ö§Ù§Ü§à §Ó§í§ã§Þ§Ö§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ý §ï§Ü§à§ß§à§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§å§ð §á§à§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§Ü§å §Ü§Ñ§â§Õ§Ú§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §®§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§â§Ú§ß§Ú. §´§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ §Ó§á§Ö§â§Ó§í§Ö §³§Ú§â§Ñ§ß§à §Ù§Ñ§ä§â§à§ß§å§Ý §Ú§Õ§Ö§Ú §ï§Ô§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ä§Ñ§â§Ú§Ù§Þ§Ñ ¨C §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§è§Ú§Ú §à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ, §Ô§Õ§Ö §Ó§ã§Ö §Ö§Ô§à §é§Ý§Ö§ß§í §Ú§Þ§Ö§ð §â§Ñ§Ó§ß§í§Ö §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ñ. §¯§Ñ§Ú§Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ú§Þ§í§Þ §Ó §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§Ú §³§Ú§â§Ñ§ß§à §Õ§Ö §¢§Ö§â§Ø§Ö§â§Ñ§Ü§Ñ §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §Õ§Ú§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§ñ ?§ª§ß§à§Û §ã§Ó§Ö§ä?. §¿§ä§Ú§Þ §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§â §ã§ß§Ú§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ý §ã§Ö§Ò§Ö §ã§Ý§Ñ§Ó§å §á§â§Ö§Õ§ê§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ §ß§Ñ§å§é§ß§à§Û §æ§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú. §£ §â§à§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ñ§ç §â§Ñ§ã§Ü§â§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §æ§Ú§Ý§à§ã§à§æ§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ú §ã§à§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à-§á§à§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §à§ã§à§Ò§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §ã§ä§â§à§ñ §ß§Ñ §³§à§Ý§ß§è§Ö §Ú §§å§ß§Ö.
- 11. §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î-§ð§Ò§Ú§Ý§ñ§â 2019 §¬ §à §Ò §à §¡ §Ò §ï ( °² ²¿ ¹« ·¿ ) ¡ª §Ó§í§Õ§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Û§ã§ñ §ñ§á§à§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î, §Õ§â§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ô §Ú §ã§è§Ö§ß§Ñ§â§Ú§ã§ä (07.03.1924¡ª 22.01.1993) §°§Õ§Ú§ß §Ú§Ù §ã§Ñ§Þ§í§ç §ä§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ß§ä§Ý§Ú§Ó§í§ç §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û §Á§á§à§ß§Ú§Ú XX §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ. §¦§Ô§à §ä§Ó§à§â§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à §à§ä§Þ§Ö§é§Ö§ß§à §æ§Ú§Ý§à§ã§à§æ§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ §Ó§Ù§Ô§Ý§ñ§Õ§à§Þ §ß§Ñ §ã§à§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§í, §å§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §Ó§í§Õ§Ö§Ý§ñ§ä§î §Ô§Ý§Ñ§Ó§ß§à§Ö, §ã§Ñ§Þ§à§Ö §ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ö. §±§Ö§â§Ó§í§Û §â§Ñ§ã§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§ñ ?§¥§à§â§à§Ø§ß§í§Û §Ù§ß§Ñ§Ü §Ó §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö §å§Ý§Ú§è§í? §á§à§ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§à§ã§î 1948. §±§à§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§î ?§³§ä§Ö§ß§Ñ. §±§â§Ö§ã§ä§å§á§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö S. §¬§Ñ§â§Þ§í?, §à§á§å§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ü§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ó 1951 §Ô§à§Õ§å, §á§â§Ú§ß§Ö§ã§Ý§Ñ §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§â§å §á§â§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §á§å§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ú §Ó§í§ã§à§Ü§å§ð §Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§ß§å§ð §á§â§Ö§Þ§Ú§ð §Á§á§à§ß§Ú§Ú - §á§â§Ö§Þ§Ú§ð §¡§Ü§å§ä§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ó§í. §³§â§Ö§Õ§Ú §ß§Ñ§Ú§Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§ß§í§ç §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Û ¨C ?§¹§Ö§ä§Ó§Ö§â§ä§í§Û §Ý§Ö§Õ§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó§í§Û §á§Ö§â§Ú§à§Õ?, ?§¨§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß§Ñ §Ó §á§Ö§ã§Ü§Ñ§ç?, ?§³§à§Ó§ã§Ö§Þ §Ü§Ñ§Ü §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§Ü?, ?§£§à§ê§Ö§Õ§ê§Ú§Ö §Ó §Ü§à§Ó§é§Ö§Ô?. §º§Ú§â§à§Ü§å§ð §Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§î §¡§Ò§ï §á§â§Ú§à§Ò§â§Ö§Ý §ß§Ö §ä§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §Ü§Ñ§Ü §á§â§à§Ù§Ñ§Ú§Ü, §ß§à §Ú §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Õ§â§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ô §Ú §â§Ö§Ø§Ú§ã§ã§Ö§â. §ª§Þ §ß§Ñ§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§à §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§à§Ö §é§Ú§ã§Ý§à §á§î§Ö§ã. §³§Ó§à§Ú §á§î§Ö§ã§í §¡§Ò§ï §ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý §Ó §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Û §Ú§Þ ?§³§ä§å§Õ§Ú§Ú §¡§Ò§ï?.
- 12. §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î-§ð§Ò§Ú§Ý§ñ§â 2019 §²§Ö§ß§Ö§¶§â§Ñ§ß§ã§å§Ñ§¡§â§Þ§Ñ§ß §±§â§ð§Õ§à§Þ (§³§ð§Ý§Ý§Ú §±§â§ð§Õ§à§Þ) ¡ª §æ§â§Ñ§ß§è§å§Ù§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §á§à§ï§ä §Ú §ï§ã§ã§Ö§Ú§ã§ä (16.03.1839 ¡ª 06.09.1907 ) §³§ð§Ý§Ý§Ú-§±§â§ð§Õ§à§Þ §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý §á§Ö§â§Ó§í§Þ §Ý§Ñ§å§â§Ö§Ñ§ä§à§Þ §¯§à§Ò§Ö§Ý§Ö§Ó§ã§Ü§à§Û §á§â§Ö§Þ§Ú§Ú §á§à §Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ö §Ó 1901 §Ô. §°§ß §Ò§í§Ý §Ó §Ó§í§ã§ê§Ö§Û §ã§ä§Ö§á§Ö§ß§Ú §â§Ö§ã§á§Ö§Ü§ä§Ñ§Ò§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß ¡ª §é§Ý§Ö§ß §¶§â§Ñ§ß§è§å§Ù§ã§Ü§à§Û §Ñ§Ü§Ñ§Õ§Ö§Þ§Ú§Ú, §á§à§é§Ö§ä§ß§í§Û §é§Ý§Ö§ß §Þ§ß§à§Ô§Ú§ç §Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§ß§í§ç §à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó. §ª §á§à§ï§Ù§Ú§ñ §Ö§Ô§à §Ò§í§Ý§Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§à§Û §Ø§Ö ¡ª §Ó§í§Ó§Ö§â§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û, §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§î§ß§à§Û, §â§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û. §£ 1890-§Ö §Ô§à§Õ§í §á§à§ï§ä §Ò§í§Ý §Õ§à§ã§ä§Ñ§ä§à§é§ß§à §á§à§á§å§Ý§ñ§â§Ö§ß §Ó §²§à§ã§ã§Ú§Ú. §³§Ñ§Þ§à§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú§ä§à§Ö §ã§ä§Ú§ç§à§ä§Ó§à§â§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §±§â§ð§Õ§à§Þ§Ñ ?§²§Ñ§Ù§Ò§Ú§ä§Ñ§ñ §Ó§Ñ§Ù§Ñ? (?§¯§Ö §ä§â§à§ß§î §Ö§Ö, §à§ß§Ñ §â§Ñ§Ù§Ò§Ú§ä§Ñ?). §³§â§Ö§Õ§Ú §Õ§â§å§Ô§Ú§ç §Ö§Ô§à §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Û - §Ü§â§å§á§ß§í§Ö §á§à§ï§Þ§í "§³§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ý§Ú§Ó§à§ã§ä§î" §Ú "§³§é§Ñ§ã§ä§î§Ö", §Ó §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§ç §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§â §à§ä§â§Ñ§Ù§Ú§Ý §ã§Ó§à§Ú §Þ§à§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à- §æ§Ú§Ý§à§ã§à§æ§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ú §ß§Ñ§å§é§ß§í§Ö §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§è§Ú§Ú, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §ã§Ò§à§â§ß§Ú§Ü §ã§ä§Ú§ç§à§Ó "§¯§Ñ§á§â§Ñ§ã§ß§Ñ§ñ §ß§Ö§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§î".
- 13. §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î-§ð§Ò§Ú§Ý§ñ§â 2019 §± §à §Ý §î §® §Ñ §â §Ú §£ §Ö §â §Ý §Ö §ß (Paul Marie Verlaine ) ¡ª §æ§â§Ñ§ß§è§å§Ù§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §á§à§ï§ä (30.03.1844¡ª08.01.1896) §±§à§Ý§î §£§Ö§â§Ý§Ö§ß ¨C §æ§â§Ñ§ß§è§å§Ù§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §á§à§ï§ä, §à§Õ§Ú§ß §Ú§Ù §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§à§á§à§Ý§à§Ø§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §ã§Ú§Þ§Ó§à§Ý§Ú§Ù§Þ§Ñ §Ó§à §æ§â§Ñ§ß§è§å§Ù§ã§Ü§à§Û §Ú §Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§à§Û §á§à§ï§Ù§Ú§Ú. §Á§â§Ü§Ñ§ñ §Ý§Ú§é§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Ó §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§Ú §á§à§ï§Ù§Ú§Ú. §¢§Ö§Ù§å§ã§Ý§à§Ó§ß§à, §à§Õ§Ú§ß §Ú§Ù §Ó§Ö§Ý§Ú§é§Ñ§Û§ê§Ú§ç §æ§â§Ñ§ß§Ü§à§ñ§Ù§í§é§ß§í§ç §á§à§ï§ä§à§Ó §Ù§Ñ §Ó§ã§ð §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§ð. §¦§Ô§à §á§à §á§â§Ñ§Ó§å §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §ß§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §â§Ö§Ó§à§Ý§ð§è§Ú§à§ß§Ö§â§à§Þ §æ§â§Ñ§ß§è§å§Ù§ã§Ü§à§Û §Ú §Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§à§Û §á§à§ï§Ù§Ú§Ú. ?§£§Ö§â§Ý§Ö§ß §Ò§í§Ý §ñ§ã§ß§Ö§Ö §ã§Ó§à§Ú§ç §å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó, ¡ª §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§Ý §®. §¤§à§â§î§Ü§Ú§Û, ¡ª §Ó §Ö§Ô§à §Ó§ã§Ö§Ô§Õ§Ñ §Þ§Ö§Ý§Ñ§ß§ç§à§Ý§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ú §Ù§Ó§å§é§Ñ§ë§Ú§ç §Ô§Ý§å§Ò§à§Ü§à§Û §ä§à§ã§Ü§à§Û §ã§ä§Ú§ç§Ñ§ç §Ò§í§Ý §ñ§ã§ß§à §ã§Ý§í§ê§Ö§ß §Ó§à§á§Ý§î §à§ä§é§Ñ§ñ§ß§Ú§ñ, §Ò§à§Ý§î §é§å§ä§Ü§à§Û §Ú §ß§Ö§Ø§ß§à§Û §Õ§å§ê§Ú, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§Ñ§ñ §Ø§Ñ§Ø§Õ§Ö§ä §ã§Ó§Ö§ä§Ñ, §Ø§Ñ§Ø§Õ§Ö§ä §é§Ú§ã§ä§à§ä§í, §Ú§ë§Ö§ä §Ò§à§Ô§Ñ §Ú §ß§Ö §ß§Ñ§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä, §ç§à§é§Ö§ä §Ý§ð§Ò§Ú§ä§î §Ý§ð§Õ§Ö§Û §Ú §ß§Ö §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ä?.
- 14. §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î-§ð§Ò§Ú§Ý§ñ§â 2019 §µ §Ú §Ý §î §ñ §Þ §º §Ö §Ü §ã §á §Ú §â (William Shakespeare ) ¡ª §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §á§à§ï§ä §Ú §Õ§â§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ô (23.04.1564 ¨C 23.04.1616) §µ§Ú§Ý§î§ñ§Þ §º§Ö§Ü§ã§á§Ú§â - §Ó§Ö§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ú§Û §Õ§â§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ô §¡§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§Ú §ï§á§à§ç§Ú §²§Ö§ß§Ö§ã§ã§Ñ§ß§ã§Ñ, §ß§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §á§à§ï§ä, §á§à§Ý§å§é§Ú§Ó§ê§Ú§Û §Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§à§Ö §á§â§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö. §©§Ñ 20 §Ý§Ö§ä §ä§Ó§à§â§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§Ú §º§Ö§Ü§ã§á§Ú§â §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§Ý §ä§à, §é§ä§à §à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ñ§Ü§ä§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ §ß§Ñ §á§â§à§ä§ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §á§ñ§ä§Ú §ã§ä§à§Ý§Ö§ä§Ú§Û. §¦§Ô§à §ã§à§ß§Ö§ä§í, §ä§â§Ñ§Ô§Ö§Õ§Ú§Ú §Ú §Ü§à§Þ§Ö§Õ§Ú§Ú §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã§Ú§Ü§à§Û. §±§à§ï§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §ã§Ý§à§Ô §º§Ö§Ü§ã§á§Ú§â§Ñ §à§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Ý §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§à§Ö §Ó§Ý§Ú§ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §ß§Ñ §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§Ö §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ, §ã§æ§à§â§Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§Ó §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§å §ã§à§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §à§Ò§à§Ô§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ó §Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§ß§å§ð §â§Ö§é§î §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§é§Ñ§ß §ß§à§Ó§í§Þ§Ú §æ§â§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ú, §Ó §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§ç §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§î §è§Ú§ä§Ñ§ä§í §Ú§Ù §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã§Ú§Ü§Ñ. §º§Ö§Ü§ã§á§Ú§â §à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý §Ó §ß§Ñ§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§Ú§Ö §ã§à§à§ä§Ö§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ§Þ §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö 1700 §ß§à§Ó§í§ç §ã§Ý§à§Ó. §¢§Ý§Ñ§Ô§à§Õ§Ñ§â§ñ §º§Ö§Ü§ã§á§Ú§â§å §Ó §Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ö §á§à§ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ú§ã§î §ß§à§Ó§í§Ö §Ú§Õ§Ö§Ú, §ß§à§Ó§í§Û §Ó§Ù§Ô§Ý§ñ§Õ §ß§Ñ §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§î. §³§ð§Ø§Ö§ä§í §Ö§Ô§à §á§î§Ö§ã §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Ó§Õ§à§ç§ß§à§Ó§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §Õ§Ý§ñ §â§Ö§Ø§Ú§ã§ã§Ö§â§à§Ó, §Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§à§Ó, §Ü§à§Þ§á§à§Ù§Ú§ä§à§â§à§Ó.
- 15. §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î-§ð§Ò§Ú§Ý§ñ§â 2019 §¥§Ø§Ö§â§à§Þ §¬§Ý§Ñ§á§Ü§Ñ §¥§Ø§Ö§â§à§Þ (Jerome Klapka Jerome) ¡ª §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î, §Õ§â§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ô (02.05.1859 ¡ª 14.06.1927) §¥§Ø§Ö§â§à§Þ §¬. §¥§Ø§Ö§â§à§Þ ¨C §Ò§â§Ú§ä§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §Õ§â§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ô §Ú §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î, §é§î§ñ §á§à§á§å§Ý§ñ§â§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Ó §²§à§ã§ã§Ú§Ú §à§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ã§î §é§å§ä§î §Ý§Ú §ß§Ö §Ó§í§ê§Ö, §é§Ö§Þ §Ó §â§à§Õ§ß§à§Û §¢§â§Ú§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú. §¡§Ó§ä§à§â §Ù§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú§ä§à§Ô§à §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ ?§´§â§à§Ö §Ó §Ý§à§Õ§Ü§Ö, §ß§Ö §ã§é§Ú§ä§Ñ§ñ §ã§à§Ò§Ñ§Ü§Ú?. §¬§ß§Ú§Ô§Ñ §Ò§í§Ý§Ñ §ß§Ñ§á§Ö§é§Ñ§ä§Ñ§ß§Ñ §Ó 1889 §Ô§à§Õ§å, §Ú§Þ§Ö§Ý§Ñ §à§Ô§Ý§å§ê§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §å§ã§á§Ö§ç §Ú §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ú§Ù§Õ§Ñ§×§ä§ã§ñ §Õ§à §ã§Ú§ç §á§à§â. §©§Ñ §á§Ö§â§Ó§í§Ö §Õ§Ó§Ñ§Õ§è§Ñ§ä§î §Ý§Ö§ä §á§à §Ó§ã§Ö§Þ§å §Þ§Ú§â§å §Ò§í§Ý§à §á§â§à§Õ§Ñ§ß§à §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §Þ§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ú§à§ß§Ñ §ï§Ü§Ù§Ö§Þ§á§Ý§ñ§â§à§Ó §Ü§ß§Ú§Ô§Ú. §¯§Ñ §ã§é§Ö§ä§å §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§ñ §á§â§à§Ù§Ñ §Ú §ã§ä§Ú§ç§à§ä§Ó§à§â§ß§í§Ö §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ. §°§ä§Õ§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Ö §Þ§Ö§ã§ä§à §Ó §Ö§Ô§à §Ü§Ñ§â§î§Ö§â§Ö §Ù§Ñ§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ý§Ú §á§î§Ö§ã§í. ?§¢§Ñ§â§Ò§Ñ§â§å?, §ß§Ñ§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§ß§å§ð §Ó 1885 §Ô§à§Õ§å, §ä§Ö§á§Ý§à §á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§Ý§Ú §ß§Ñ §ä§Ö§Ñ§ä§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §á§à§Õ§Þ§à§ã§ä§Ü§Ñ§ç §¡§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ú §£§Ö§Ý§Ú§Ü§à§Ò§â§Ú§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú. §µ§ã§á§Ö§ç§à§Þ §á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ã§î ?§®§Ú§ã§ã §¤§à§Ò§Ò§ã?. §±§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§ð §ß§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ñ§ã§î §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ §Õ§â§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ô§Ñ, §Ú §à§ß §à§ç§à§ä§ß§à §ä§Ó§à§â§Ú§Ý §Õ§Ý§ñ §ä§Ö§Ñ§ä§â§Ñ.
- 16. §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î-§ð§Ò§Ú§Ý§ñ§â 2019 §° §ß §à §â §Ö §¢ §Ñ §Ý §î §Ù §Ñ §Ü (Honor Balzac ) ¡ª §à§Õ§Ú§ß §Ú§Ù §ã§Ñ§Þ§í§ç §Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§ß§í§ç §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û-§â§Ö§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§ä§à§Ó §¶§â§Ñ§ß§è§Ú§Ú (20.05.1799 ¡ª 18.08.1850) §°§ß§à§â§Ö §Õ§Ö §¢§Ñ§Ý§î§Ù§Ñ§Ü §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§à§á§à§Ý§à§Ø§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Þ §â§Ö§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Þ§Ñ §Ó §Ö§Ó§â§à§á§Ö§Û§ã§Ü§à§Û §Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ö. §´§Ó§à§â§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à §¢§Ñ§Ý§î§Ù§Ñ§Ü§Ñ §á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§à§ã§î §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§à§Û §á§à§á§å§Ý§ñ§â§ß§à§ã§ä§î§ð §Ó §¦§Ó§â§à§á§Ö §Ú §Ö§ë§× §á§â§Ú §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§Ú §á§â§Ú§ß§Ö§ã§Ý§à §Ö§Þ§å §â§Ö§á§å§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§ð §à§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §Ú§Ù §Ó§Ö§Ý§Ú§é§Ñ§Û§ê§Ú§ç §á§â§à§Ù§Ñ§Ú§Ü§à§Ó XIX §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ. §¬§â§å§á§ß§Ö§Û§ê§Ö§Ö §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §¢§Ñ§Ý§î§Ù§Ñ§Ü§Ñ ¡ª §ã§Ö§â§Ú§ñ §â§à§Þ§Ñ§ß§à§Ó §Ú §á§à§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ö§Û ?§¹§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §Ü§à§Þ§Ö§Õ§Ú§ñ?, §â§Ú§ã§å§ð§ë§Ñ§ñ §Ü§Ñ§â§ä§Ú§ß§å §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§Ú §ã§à§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§ð §æ§â§Ñ§ß§è§å§Ù§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ. §¦§Ô§à §ã§é§Ú§ä§Ñ§ð§ä §ã§Ó§à§Ú§Þ §å§é§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Þ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã§Ú§Ü§Ú §Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§à§Û §Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§í, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §¿§Þ§Ú§Ý§î §©§à§Ý§ñ, §¹§Ñ§â§Ý§î§Ù §¥§Ú§Ü§Ü§Ö§ß§ã, §¶§Ö§Õ§à§â §¥§à§ã§ä§à§Ö§Ó§ã§Ü§Ú§Û, §µ§Ú§Ý§î§ñ§Þ §¶§à§Ý§Ü§ß§Ö§â.
- 17. §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î-§ð§Ò§Ú§Ý§ñ§â 2019 §¡ §â §ä §å §â §¬ §à §ß §Ñ §ß §¥ §à §Û §Ý (Arthur Conan Doyle) ¡ª §ê§à§ä§Ý§Ñ§ß§Õ§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §Ú §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î (22.05.1859 ¡ª 07.07.1930) §¡§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î (§á§à §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ð §Ó§â§Ñ§é), §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§â §Þ§ß§à§Ô§à§é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §á§â§Ú§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ö§ß§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç, §æ§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç, §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç, §ð§Þ§à§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Û. §³§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î §à§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §Ú§Ù §á§à§á§å§Ý§ñ§â§ß§Ö§Û§ê§Ú§ç §á§Ö§â§ã§à§ß§Ñ§Ø§Ö§Û §Ó§ã§Ö§ç §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß §Ú §ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§à§Ó ¨C §Ô§Ö§ß§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §ã§í§ë§Ú§Ü§Ñ §º§Ö§â§Ý§à§Ü§Ñ §·§à§Ý§Þ§ã§Ñ. ?§ª§Ù§ð§Þ§Ú§ß§Ü§à§Û? §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§Ñ §º§Ö§â§Ý§à§Ü§Ñ §·§à§Ý§Þ§ã§Ñ §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§Ý§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§î, §Ú§â§à§ß§Ú§é§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Ú §Õ§å§ç§à§Ó§ß§í§Û §Ñ§â§Ú§ã§ä§à§Ü§â§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ù§Þ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §á§â§Ú§Õ§Ñ§ð§ä §à§ã§à§Ò§í§Û §Ò§Ý§Ö§ã§Ü §â§Ñ§ã§Ü§â§í§ä§Ú§ð §Ù§Ñ§á§å§ä§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §á§â§Ö§ã§ä§å§á§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Û.
- 18. §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î-§ð§Ò§Ú§Ý§ñ§â 2019 §µ§à §Ý §ä §µ §Ú §ä §Þ §Ö §ß (Walt Whitman) ¡ª §Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §á§à§ï§ä, §ï§ã§ã§Ö§Ú§ã§ä (31.05.1819 - 26.03.1892) §²§Ö§æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§à§â §Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§à§Û §á§à§ï§Ù§Ú§Ú, §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§â §Ù§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú§ä§à§Ô§à §ã§Ò§à§â§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ ?§§Ú§ã§ä§î§ñ §ä§â§Ñ§Ó§í?. §£ XX §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ö ?Leaves of Grass? §á§â§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§ß§í §à§Õ§ß§Ú§Þ §Ú§Ù §Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§Ö§Û§ê§Ú§ç §Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§ß§í§ç §ã§à§Ò§í§ä§Ú§Û, §Ù§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ß§à§Ó§Ñ§Ó§ê§Ú§ç §ã§à§Ò§à§Û §â§Ö§Ó§à§Ý§ð§è§Ú§ð §Ó §á§à§ï§Ù§Ú§Ú, §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß§ß§å§ð §ã §á§à§ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §ã§Ó§à§Ò§à§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §ã§ä§Ú§ç§Ñ (§Ó§Ö§â§Ý§Ú§Ò§â§Ñ). §¦§ë§Ö §á§â§Ú §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§Ú §µ§Ú§ä§Þ§Ö§ß §á§à§Ý§å§é§Ú§Ý §Ó§ã§Ö§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Ö §á§â§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ü§Ñ§Ü §á§Ö§â§Ó§í§Û §Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §á§à§ï§ä §Õ§Ö§Þ§à§Ü§â§Ñ§ä. §£ §²§à§ã§ã§Ú§Ú §µ§Ú§ä§Þ§Ö§ß §Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ö§ß §ã §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§Ñ 1860-§ç §Ô§à§Õ§à§Ó. §£ 1872 §ß§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §Ö§Ô§à §ã§ä§Ú§ç§à§ä§Ó§à§â§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§Ö§Ý §ª.§³.§´§å§â§Ô§Ö§ß§Ö§Ó, §à§Õ§ß§Ñ§Ü§à §ä§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §Ó 1907 §Ó§í§ê§Ö§Ý §á§Ö§â§Ó§í§Û §ã§Ò§à§â§ß§Ú§Ü §Ö§Ô§à §ã§ä§Ú§ç§à§Ó §Ó §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§à§Õ§Ö §¬.§ª.§¹§å§Ü§à§Ó§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à. §µ§Ú§ä§Þ§Ö§ß§Ñ §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§à§Õ§Ú§Ý§Ú §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §¬.§¢§Ñ§Ý§î§Þ§à§ß§ä, §®.§©§Ö§ß§Ü§Ö§Ó§Ú§é, §ª.§¡.§¬§Ñ§ê§Ü§Ú§ß.
- 19. §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î-§ð§Ò§Ú§Ý§ñ§â 2019 §¡§Ý§Ö§Ü§ã§Ñ§ß§Õ§â §³§Ö§â§Ô§Ö§Ö§Ó§Ú§é §± §å §ê §Ü §Ú §ß ¡ª §â§à§ã§ã§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §á§à§ï§ä, §á§â§à§Ù§Ñ§Ú§Ü, §Õ§â§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ô (06.06.1799 - 10.02.1837) §±§Ö§â§Ó§í§Û §â§å§ã§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î §Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §à§Ò§ë§Ö§á§â§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Û §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î §â§å§ã§ã§Ü§à§Û §Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§í §ß§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú. §±§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §±§å§ê§Ü§Ú§ß§Ñ §Ó§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Ó §ã§Ö§Ò§ñ §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ù§Ñ§á§Ñ§Õ§ß§à§Ö§Ó§â§à§á§Ö§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ü§å§Ý§î§ä§å§â§ß§í§Ö §Ó§Ý§Ú§ñ§ß§Ú§ñ, §ä§Ñ§Ü §Ú §Þ§à§ä§Ú§Ó§í §ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §á§Ö§ã§Ö§ß §Ú §ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§à§Ü. §¬§Ñ§Ü §ß§Ú§Ü§ä§à §Õ§â§å§Ô§à§Û §±§å§ê§Ü§Ú§ß §á§à§ß§ñ§Ý §ã§Ó§à§Û §ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ, §Ó§à§á§Ý§à§ä§Ú§Ó §Ó §ã§Ö§Ò§Ö §Ý§å§é§ê§Ö§Ö, §é§ä§à §Ö§ã§ä§î §Ó §ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§Ö ¨C §ñ§Ù§í§Ü, §ß§â§Ñ§Ó, §Õ§å§ê§å. §°§ß §à§ä§Ü§â§í§Ý §Ò§à§Ô§Ñ§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ú §á§â§Ö§Ý§Ö§ã§ä§î §â§à§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ, §á§à§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ñ§Ý §à §â§å§ã§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ§ç §Ú §â§å§ã§ã§Ü§à§Û §ã§ä§Ñ§â§Ú§ß§Ö. §¿§ä§à §à§ß §Ó§à§á§â§Ö§Ü§Ú §Þ§ß§à§Ô§Ú§Þ §ä§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ §Ù§Ñ§ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý, §é§ä§à ?§Ô§à§â§Õ§Ú§ä§î§ã§ñ §ã§Ý§Ñ§Ó§à§ð §ã§Ó§à§Ú§ç §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ü§à§Ó §ß§Ö §ä§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à, §ß§à §Ú §Õ§à§Ý§Ø§ß§à; §ß§Ö §å§Ó§Ñ§Ø§Ñ§ä§î §à§ß§à§Û §Ö§ã§ä§î §á§à§ã§ä§í§Õ§ß§à§Ö §Þ§Ñ§Ý§à§Õ§å§ê§Ú§Ö?.
- 20. §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î-§ð§Ò§Ú§Ý§ñ§â 2019 §¡§ß§ß§Ñ §¡§ß§Õ§â§Ö§Ö§Ó§ß§Ñ §¡§ç§Þ§Ñ§ä§à§Ó§Ñ ¡ª §â§å§ã§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §á§à§ï§ä§Ö§ã§ã§Ñ, §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§à§Õ§é§Ú§è§Ñ (23.06.1889 ¡ª 05.03.1966) §°§Õ§ß§Ñ §Ú§Ù §ã§Ñ§Þ§í§ç §ñ§â§Ü§Ú§ç, §ã§Ñ§Þ§à§Ò§í§ä§ß§í§ç §Ú §ä§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ß§ä§Ý§Ú§Ó§í§ç §á§à§ï§ä§Ö§ã§ã §³§Ö§â§Ö§Ò§â§ñ§ß§à§Ô§à §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ, §Ó §é§î§×§Þ §ä§Ó§à§â§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §ã§à§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§î §ï§Ý§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§í §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ú §Þ§à§Õ§Ö§â§ß§Ú§ã§ä§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §ã§ä§Ú§Ý§Ö§Û. §¡§ç§Þ§Ñ§ä§à§Ó§Ñ §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §é§â§Ö§Ù§Ó§í§é§Ñ§Û§ß§à §â§Ñ§Ù§ß§à§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§ß§í§Ö §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ ¨C §à§ä §ß§Ö§Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ú§ç §Ý§Ú§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §ã§ä§Ú§ç§à§Ó §Õ§à §ã§Ý§à§Ø§ß§í§ç §è§Ú§Ü§Ý§à§Ó, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ù§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú§ä§í§Û ?§²§Ö§Ü§Ó§Ú§Ö§Þ? (1935-1940). §¦§Ö §ã§ä§Ú§Ý§î, §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§Ú§Ù§å§Ö§Þ§í§Û §Ü§â§Ñ§ä§Ü§à§ã§ä§î§ð §Ú §ï§Þ§à§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §ã§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§î§ð, §á§à§â§Ñ§Ù§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à §à§â§Ú§Ô§Ú§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ö§ß §Ú §Ó§í§Õ§Ö§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §Ö§× §Ú§Ù §Ó§ã§Ö§ç §ã§à§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó. §±§â§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã§Ú§Ü§à§Þ §à§ä§Ö§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §á§à§ï§Ù§Ú§Ú §Ö§ë§× §Ó 1920-§Ö §Ô§à§Õ§í, §¡§ç§Þ§Ñ§ä§à§Ó§Ñ §á§à§Ù§Ø§Ö §á§à§Õ§Ó§Ö§â§Ô§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ã§î §Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§Ý§é§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ð, §è§Ö§ß§Ù§å§â§Ö §Ú §ä§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö. §¡§ç§Þ§Ñ§ä§à§Ó§Ñ §Õ§Ó§Ñ§Ø§Õ§í §Ò§í§Ý§Ñ §ß§à§Þ§Ú§ß§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ñ §ß§Ñ §¯§à§Ò§Ö§Ý§Ö§Ó§ã§Ü§å§ð §á§â§Ö§Þ§Ú§ð §á§à §Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ö (1965 §Ú 1966).
- 21. §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î-§ð§Ò§Ú§Ý§ñ§â 2019 §¿§â§ß§Ö§ã§ä §®§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ö§â §·§Ö§Þ§Ú§ß§Ô§å§ï§Û (Ernest Miller Hemingway) ¡ª §Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î, §Ø§å§â§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§ä, §Ý§Ñ§å§â§Ö§Ñ§ä §¯§à§Ò§Ö§Ý§Ö§Ó§ã§Ü§à§Û §á§â§Ö§Þ§Ú§Ú §á§à §Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ö 1954 §Ô. (21.07.1899 ¡ª 02.07.1961) §°§Õ§Ú§ß §Ú§Ù §ß§Ñ§Ú§Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §Ó§í§Õ§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§ç§ã§ñ §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û §³§º§¡, §Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ö§ß §Ü§Ñ§Ü §ç§å§Õ§à§Ø§ß§Ú§Ü, §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§Ó§ê§Ú§Û §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§í §Þ§å§Ø§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ý§ð§Õ§Ö§Û, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §Ó§í§ã§à§Ü§à §è§Ö§ß§ñ§ä §Õ§â§å§Ø§Ò§å, §Ý§ð§Ò§ñ§ä §Ú §á§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ð§ä §á§â§Ú§â§à§Õ§å. §±§â§à§Ù§Ñ§Ú§Ü §Ú §Ø§å§â§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§ä, §Ü§à§â§â§Ö§ã§á§à§ß§Õ§Ö§ß§ä §ß§Ñ §á§ñ§ä§Ú §Ó§à§Û§ß§Ñ§ç, §Þ§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§â §ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ñ, §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î §Ó§ã§Ö§Þ§Ú§â§ß§à §Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§ß§í§ç §Ü§ß§Ú§Ô, §ã§á§à§â§ä§ã§Þ§Ö§ß, §à§ç§à§ä§ß§Ú§Ü, §à§ß §à§ä§ß§à§ã§Ú§ä§ã§ñ §Ü §é§Ú§ã§Ý§å §ä§Ö§ç §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §á§â§Ú§ä§ñ§Ô§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä §ß§Ö §ä§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §ã§Ó§à§Ú§Þ §ä§Ó§à§â§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à§Þ, §ß§à §Ú §ã§Ó§à§Ú§Þ §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ §à§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ü§à§Þ. §³§ä§Ú§Ý§î §Ö§Ô§à §á§â§à§Ù§í ¨C §ñ§â§Ü§Ú§Û, §×§Þ§Ü§Ú§Û, §Ý§Ñ§Ü§à§ß§Ú§é§ß§í§Û ¨C §ã§Ú§Ý§î§ß§à §á§à§Ó§Ý§Ú§ñ§Ý §ß§Ñ §Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§å 20 §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ. §£ §á§à§Ú§ã§Ü§Ñ§ç §ß§à§Ó§í§ç §è§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ö§Û §·§Ö§Þ§Ú§ß§Ô§å§ï§Û §á§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý §á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ §á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§í§Þ§Ú §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§ñ§Þ§Ú §©§Ñ§á§Ñ§Õ§Ñ §Ù§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§é§å §á§à§Ù§ß§Ñ§ä§î §ã§à§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ, §â§Ñ§ã§Ü§â§í§ä§î §Ö§Ô§à §ã§à§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§å§ð §ã§å§ë§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Ú §Õ§Ñ§ä§î §Ö§Þ§å §Ø§Ö§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ú §ã§Ú§Ý§å §á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ§ä§î §à§Ü§â§å§Ø§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Û §Þ§Ú§â §Ó §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§é§ß§í§Û, §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §ã§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ý§Ú§Ó§í§Û.
- 22. §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î-§ð§Ò§Ú§Ý§ñ§â 2019 §³§Ö§ã§Ú§Ý §³§Ü§à§ä§ä §¶§à§â§Ö§ã§ä§Ö§â (Cecil Scott Forester) ¡ª §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î, §Ó§à§Ö§ß§ß§í§Û §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§Ü, §Ô§à§Ý§Ý§Ú§Ó§å§Õ§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §ã§è§Ö§ß§Ñ§â§Ú§ã§ä (27.08.1899 ¨C 02.04.1966) §£ §Õ§Ó§Ñ§Õ§è§Ñ§ä§î §é§Ö§ä§í§â§Ö §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ §¶§à§â§Ö§ã§ä§Ö§â §ß§Ñ§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§Ý §ã§Ó§à§Û §á§Ö§â§Ó§í§Û §Ò§Ö§ã§ä§ã§Ö§Ý§Ý§Ö§â - "§£§à§Ù§Þ§Ö§Ù§Õ§Ú§Ö §Ó §â§Ñ§ã§ã§â§à§é§Ü§å" (Payment Deferred, 1926), §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Û §à§ä§ß§à§ã§ñ§ä §Ü §é§Ú§ã§Ý§å §ã§ä§Ñ §Ý§å§é§ê§Ú§ç §Õ§Ö§ä§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§à§Ó §Ù§Ñ §Ó§ã§ð §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§ð §Ø§Ñ§ß§â§Ñ. §©§Ñ §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §ã§à§â§à§Ü §Ý§Ö§ä §à§ß §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý §à§Õ§ß§Ú§Þ §Ú§Ù §ã§Ñ§Þ§í§ç §å§ã§á§Ö§ê§ß§í§ç §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§à§ñ§Ù§í§é§ß§í§ç §Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§à§â§à§Ó. §¦§Ô§à §á§Ö§â§å §á§â§Ú§ß§Ñ§Õ§Ý§Ö§Ø§Ñ§ä §Õ§Ö§ä§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§í, §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §â§à§Þ§Ñ§ß§í, §á§î§Ö§ã§í. §¯§Ñ§Ú§Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ö§ß §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§Ü§à- §á§â§Ú§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ö§ß§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §è§Ú§Ü§Ý §à §¤§à§â§Ñ§è§Ú§à §·§à§â§ß§Ò§Ý§Ñ§å§ï§â§Ö, §à§æ§Ú§è§Ö§â§Ö §Ò§â§Ú§ä§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ó§à§Ö§ß§ß§à-§Þ§à§â§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §æ§Ý§à§ä§Ñ §Ü§à§ß§è§Ñ XVIII ¡ª §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§Ñ XIX §Ó§Ö§Ü§à§Ó. §¶§Ú§Ý§î§Þ §á§à §Ü§ß§Ú§Ô§Ö §¶§à§â§Ö§ã§ä§Ö§â§Ñ "§¸§Ñ§â§Ú§è§Ñ §¡§æ§â§Ú§Ü§Ú" (The African Queen, 1935), §Ó §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Þ §ã§ß§ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§î §·§Ö§Þ§æ§â§Ú §¢§à§Ô§Ô§Ñ§â§ä §Ú §¬§ï§ä§â§Ú§ß §·§Ö§á§Ò§Ö§â§ß, §Ù§Ñ§Ó§à§Ö§Ó§Ñ§Ý §°§ã§Ü§Ñ§â§Ñ (1951).
- 23. §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î-§ð§Ò§Ú§Ý§ñ§â 2019 §®§Ú§ç§Ñ§Ú§Ý §À§â§î§Ö§Ó§Ú§é §§Ö§â§Þ§à§ß§ä§à§Ó ¡ª §â§å§ã§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §á§à§ï§ä, §á§â§à§Ù§Ñ§Ú§Ü, §Õ§â§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ô, §ç§å§Õ§à§Ø§ß§Ú§Ü (15.10.1814 ¡ª 27.07.1841) §°§Õ§Ú§ß §Ú§Ù §ã§Ñ§Þ§í§ç §Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§ß§í§ç §â§å§ã§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §á§à§ï§ä§à§Ó. §¦§Õ§Ú§ß§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ §á§â§Ú§Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ §ã§Ò§à§â§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Þ §§Ö§â§Þ§à§ß§ä§à§Ó§Ñ §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú ?§³§ä§Ú§ç§à§ä§Ó§à§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §®. §§Ö§â§Þ§à§ß§ä§à§Ó§Ñ?, §à§á§å§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ü§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §Ó 1840 §Ô§à§Õ§å §ä§Ú§â§Ñ§Ø§à§Þ 1000 §ï§Ü§Ù§Ö§Þ§á§Ý§ñ§â§à§Ó. §£ §ã§Ò§à§â§ß§Ú§Ü §Ó§à§ê§Ý§Ú §Õ§Ó§Ö (§Ú§Ù 36) §á§à§ï§Þ§í §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§â§Ñ §Ú 26 (§Ú§Ù 400) §ã§ä§Ú§ç§à§ä§Ó§à§â§Ö§ß§Ú§Û. §¤§à§Ô§à§Ý§î §ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Ý: ?§¯§Ú§Ü§ä§à §Ö§ë§Ö §ß§Ö §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§Ý §å §ß§Ñ§ã §ä§Ñ§Ü§à§ð §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§î§ß§à§ð, §á§â§Ö§Ü§â§Ñ§ã§ß§à§ð §Ú §Ò§Ý§Ñ§Ô§à§å§ç§Ñ§ß§ß§à§ð §á§â§à§Ù§à§ð?. ?§Á §ß§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§ð §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ §Ý§å§é§ê§Ö, §é§Ö§Þ §å §§Ö§â§Þ§à§ß§ä§à§Ó. §Á §Ò§í §ä§Ñ§Ü §ã§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ§Ý: §Ó§Ù§ñ§Ý §Ö§Ô§à §â§Ñ§ã§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù §Ú §â§Ñ§Ù§Ò§Ú§â§Ñ§Ý §Ò§í, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §â§Ñ§Ù§Ò§Ú§â§Ñ§ð§ä §Ó §ê§Ü§à§Ý§Ñ§ç, §á§à §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§Þ, §á§à §é§Ñ§ã§ä§ñ§Þ §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ¡ §´§Ñ§Ü §Ò§í §Ú §å§é§Ú§Ý§ã§ñ §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§î¡ ?, ¨C §å§ä§Ó§Ö§â§Ø§Õ§Ñ§Ý §¹§Ö§ç§à§Ó.
- 24. §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î-§ð§Ò§Ú§Ý§ñ§â 2019 §°§ã§Ü§Ñ§â §µ§Ñ§Û§Ý§î§Õ (Oscar Wilde) ¡ª §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §á§à§ï§ä, §Õ§â§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ô, §á§â§à§Ù§Ñ§Ú§Ü, §Ø§å§â§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§ä, §æ§Ú§Ý§à§ã§à§æ (16.10.1854 ¨C 30.11.1900) §°§Õ§Ú§ß §Ú§Ù §ã§Ñ§Þ§í§ç §Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§ß§í§ç §Õ§â§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ô§à§Ó §á§à§Ù§Õ§ß§Ö§Ô§à §£§Ú§Ü§ä§à§â§Ú§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §á§Ö§â§Ú§à§Õ§Ñ, §à§Õ§ß§Ñ §Ú§Ù §Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ö§Ó§í§ç §æ§Ú§Ô§å§â §ï§ã§ä§Ö§ä§Ú§Ù§Þ§Ñ §Ú §Ö§Ó§â§à§á§Ö§Û§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Þ§à§Õ§Ö§â§ß§Ú§Ù§Þ§Ñ. §£§Ö§Ý§Ú§Ü§à§Ý§Ö§á§ß§í§Û §ã§à§Ò§Ö§ã§Ö§Õ§ß§Ú§Ü, §Ú§ã§Ü§å§ã§ß§í§Û §à§â§Ñ§ä§à§â, §à§ã§ä§â§à§å§Þ§ß§í§Û, §ã §Ú§Õ§Ö§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §Õ§Ú§Ü§è§Ú§Ö§Û, §à§ß §à§é§Ñ§â§à§Ó§í§Ó§Ñ§Ý §ã§Ý§å§ê§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û §ã§Ó§à§Ú§Þ§Ú §Ý§Ö§Ü§è§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú §Ú §â§Ñ§ã§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ú. §ª§ã§Ü§å§ã§ã§ä§Ó§à §ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ §ß§Ö §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ý§à§ã§î §Ö§Þ§å §ã§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§à§Þ §Ò§à§â§î§Ò§í, §ß§à §Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Ý§à§ã§î ?§Ó§Ö§â§ß§à§Û §à§Ò§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ð §¬§â§Ñ§ã§à§ä§í, §Ô§Õ§Ö §Ó§ã§Ö§Ô§Õ§Ñ §Þ§ß§à§Ô§à §â§Ñ§Õ§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ú §ß§Ö§Þ§ß§à§Ô§à §Ù§Ñ§Ò§Ó§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §Ô§Õ§Ö §ç§à§ä§ñ §Ò§í §ß§Ñ §Ü§â§Ñ§ä§Ü§Ú§Û §Þ§Ú§Ô §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §á§à§Ù§Ñ§Ò§í§ä§î §Ó§ã§Ö §â§Ñ§ã§á§â§Ú §Ú §å§Ø§Ñ§ã§í §Þ§Ú§â§Ñ?. §±§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §°§ã§Ü§Ñ§â§Ñ §µ§Ñ§Û§Ý§î§Õ§Ñ ¡ª ?§±§à§â§ä§â§Ö§ä §¥§à§â§Ú§Ñ§ß§Ñ §¤§â§Ö§ñ? ?§¬§Ñ§Ü §Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§à §Ò§í§ä§î §ã§Ö§â§î§Ö§Ù§ß§í§Þ?, ?§ª§Õ§Ö§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §Þ§å§Ø?, ?§¨§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß§Ñ, §ß§Ö §ã§ä§à§ñ§ë§Ñ§ñ §Ó§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ?, ?§£§Ö§Ö§â §Ý§Ö§Õ§Ú §µ§Ú§ß§Õ§Ö§â§Þ§Ö§â? §Ú §Õ§â§å§Ô§Ú§Ö ¡ª §Ó§à §Ó§ã§Ö§Þ §Þ§Ú§â§Ö §â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ý§Ú §ß§Ñ §è§Ú§ä§Ñ§ä§í.
- 25. §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î-§ð§Ò§Ú§Ý§ñ§â 2019 §µ§â§ã§å§Ý§Ñ §¬§â§×§Ò§Ö§â §§Ö §¤§å§Ú§ß (Ursula Kroeber Le Guin) ¡ª §Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§Ú§è§Ñ §Ú §Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§ß§í§Û §Ü§â§Ú§ä§Ú§Ü (21.10.1929 ¡ª 22.01.2018) §²§à§Þ§Ñ§ß§í §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§Ú§è§í §Ó §Ø§Ñ§ß§â§Ñ§ç §æ§ï§ß§ä§Ö§Ù§Ú §Ú §ß§Ñ§å§é§ß§à§Û §æ§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§í §ß§Ñ 40 §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§à§Ó §Ú §á§â§à§Õ§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Þ§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ú§à§ß§ß§í§Þ§Ú §ä§Ú§â§Ñ§Ø§Ñ§Þ§Ú. §³§Ñ§Þ§à§Ö §Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§ß§à§Ö §Ö§Ö §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö ¡ª §â§à§Þ§Ñ§ß "§§Ö§Ó§Ñ§ñ §â§å§Ü§Ñ §ä§î§Þ§í", §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Û §Ó§í§ê§Ö§Ý §Ó 1969 §Ô§à§Õ§å. §¬§ß§Ú§Ô§Ñ §Ò§í§Ý§Ñ §å§Õ§à§ã§ä§à§Ö§ß§Ñ §Ó§í§ã§ê§Ú§ç §á§â§Ö§Þ§Ú§Û §Ó §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §æ§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú ¡ª "§·§î§ð§Ô§à" §Ú "§¯§Ö§Ò§î§ð§Ý§Ñ". §£§ã§Ö§Ô§à §Ö§ð §Ò§í§Ý§à §ß§Ñ§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§à §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö 20 §Ü§ß§Ú§Ô §Ú §ã§Ó§í§ê§Ö §ã§ä§Ñ §â§Ñ§ã§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó. §³§â§Ö§Õ§Ú §Ò§Ö§ã§ä§ã§Ö§Ý§Ý§Ö§â§à§Ó ¡ª "§°§ã§Ó§à§Ò§à§Ø§Õ§Ñ§ð§ë§Ö§Ö §Ù§Ñ§Ü§Ý§ñ§ä§î§Ö", "§±§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§à §Ú§Þ§Ö§ß", "§£§à§Ý§ê§Ö§Ò§ß§Ú§Ü §©§Ö§Þ§ß§à§Þ§à§â§î§ñ", "§¯§Ñ §Ú§ß§í§ç §Ó§Ö§ä§â§Ñ§ç". §±§à§Þ§Ú§Þ§à §æ§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú, §§Ö §¤§å§Ú§ß §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §Õ§Ö§ä§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ü§ß§Ú§Ô§Ú, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §Ù§Ñ§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ã§î §á§à§ï§Ù§Ú§Ö§Û §Ú §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§à§Õ§Ñ§Þ§Ú. §©§Ñ §ã§Ó§à§ð §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§Ü§å§ð §Õ§Ö§ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§î §à§ß§Ñ §Ò§í§Ý§Ñ §å§Õ§à§ã§ä§à§Ö§ß§Ñ §Þ§Ö§Õ§Ñ§Ý§Ú §¥§Ø§à§ß§Ñ §¯§î§ð§Ò§Ö§â§Ú ¡ª §ß§Ñ§Ú§Ó§í§ã§ê§Ö§Û §ß§Ñ§Ô§â§Ñ§Õ§í §³§º§¡ §Ó §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §Õ§Ö§ä§ã§Ü§à§Û §Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§í, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §Þ§Ö§Õ§Ñ§Ý§Ú §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §Ü§ß§Ú§Ø§ß§à§Ô§à §æ§à§ß§Õ§Ñ §Ù§Ñ §Ó§í§Õ§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Û§ã§ñ §Ó§Ü§Ý§Ñ§Õ §Ó §Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§å§ð §ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§ã§ß§à§ã§ä§î.
- 26. §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î-§ð§Ò§Ú§Ý§ñ§â 2019 §¥§à§â§Ú§ã §®§ï§Û §§Ö§ã§ã§Ú§ß§Ô (Doris May Lessing) ¡ª §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§Ú§è§Ñ-§æ§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§ã§ä, §Ý§Ñ§å§â§Ö§Ñ§ä §¯§à§Ò§Ö§Ý§Ö§Ó§ã§Ü§à§Û §á§â§Ö§Þ§Ú§Ú §á§à §Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ö (22.10.1919 ¡ª 17.11.2013) §¥§à§â§Ú§ã §§Ö§ã§ã§Ú§ß§Ô §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §á§Ö§é§Ñ§ä§Ñ§ä§î§ã§ñ §Ó 1949 §Ô§à§Õ§å. §¦§Ö §Õ§Ö§Ò§ð§ä§ß§í§Û §â§à§Þ§Ñ§ß §ß§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§Ý§ã§ñ ?The Grass is Singing? (?§´§â§Ñ§Ó§Ñ §á§à§Ö§ä?). §®§Ö§Ø§Õ§å 1952 §Ú 1969 §Ô§à§Õ§à§Þ §à§á§å§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ü§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §á§à§Ý§å§Ñ§Ó§ä§à§Ò§Ú§à§Ô§â§Ñ§æ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§å§ð §ã§Ö§â§Ú§ð ?The Children of Violence? (?§¥§Ö§ä§Ú §ß§Ñ§ã§Ú§Ý§Ú§ñ?), §ã§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§ë§Ö§Û §Ú§Ù §á§ñ§ä§Ú §â§à§Þ§Ñ§ß§à§Ó. §£ 1979¡ª1983 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ§ç §Ó§í§á§å§ã§ä§Ú§Ý§Ñ §ã§Ö§â§Ú§ð §æ§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §â§à§Þ§Ñ§ß§à§Ó ?The Canopus in Argos: Archives Series?. §°§Õ§Ú§ß §Ú§Ù §Ö§Ö §ã§Ñ§Þ§í§ç §Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§ß§í§ç §â§à§Þ§Ñ§ß§à§Ó ¡ª ?The Golden Notebook? (?§©§à§Ý§à§ä§à§Û §Õ§ß§Ö§Ó§ß§Ú§Ü?) ¡ª §Ò§í§Ý §à§á§å§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ü§à§Ó§Ñ§ß §Ó 1962 §Ô§à§Õ§å §Ú §ã§é§Ú§ä§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã§Ú§Ü§à§Û §æ§Ö§Þ§Ú§ß§Ú§ã§ä§ã§Ü§à§Û §Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§í. §Á§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§Ú§è§Ö§Û §Þ§ß§à§Ô§Ú§ç §Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§ß§í§ç §ß§Ñ§Ô§â§Ñ§Õ. §£ 2007 §Ô§à§Õ§å §¥§à§â§Ú§ã §§Ö§ã§ã§Ú§ß§Ô §Ò§í§Ý§Ñ §å§Õ§à§ã§ä§à§Ö§ß§Ñ §¯§à§Ò§Ö§Ý§Ö§Ó§ã§Ü§à§Û §á§â§Ö§Þ§Ú§Ú §á§à §Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ö, §ã§ä§Ñ§Ó §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Þ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Þ §á§Ö§â§Ó§í§Þ §ß§à§Ò§Ö§Ý§Ö§Ó§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ §Ý§Ñ§å§â§Ö§Ñ§ä§à§Þ, §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ§Ó§ê§Ú§Þ §Ó §Ø§Ñ§ß§â§Ö §æ§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú.
- 27. §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î-§ð§Ò§Ú§Ý§ñ§â 2019 §¯§Ú§Ý §´§Ñ§å§ß §³§ä§Ú§Ó§Ö§ß§ã§à§ß (Neal Town Stephenson) ¡ª §Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î-§æ§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§ã§ä (§â§à§Õ§Ú§Ý§ã§ñ 31 §à§Ü§ä§ñ§Ò§â§ñ 1959 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ) §®§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§â §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§Ý§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §æ§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú. §±§Ö§â§Ó§í§Û §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§à§Û §å§ã§á§Ö§ç §Ú §ã§ä§Ñ§ä§å§ã §Ü§å§Ý§î§ä§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§â§Ñ §á§â§Ú§ê§×§Ý §Ü §ß§Ö§Þ§å §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö §á§å§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §â§à§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ñ ?§§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ß§Ñ? (?Snow Crash?, 1992). §¯§Ñ §ã§é§Ö§ä§å §¯§Ú§Ý§Ñ §³§ä§Ú§Ó§Ö§ß§ã§à§ß§Ñ §ß§Ö§Þ§Ñ§Ý§à §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Û, §â§Ñ§Ù§ß§í§ç §á§à §ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ü§Ö §Ú §Ø§Ñ§ß§â§Ñ§Þ. §£§í§ç§à§Õ §Ö§Ô§à §ß§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §â§à§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ñ ¡ª §Ó§ã§Ö§Ô§Õ§Ñ §ã§à§Ò§í§ä§Ú§Ö §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ý§ð§Ò§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§Ý§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §Ú §Þ§ß§à§Ô§à§ã§Ý§à§Û§ß§à§Û §æ§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú. §¯§Ö§á§à§Ó§ä§à§â§Ú§Þ§í§Û §ã§ä§Ú§Ý§î, §á§à§â§Ñ§Ù§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§Ñ§ñ §é§Ö§ä§Ü§à§ã§ä§î §Ó §á§â§à§Ô§ß§à§Ù§Ñ§ç §Ò§å§Õ§å§ë§Ö§Ô§à, §Ü§à§Þ§Ò§Ú§ß§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Ø§Ñ§ß§â§à§Ó §Ú §Ù§Ñ§ç§Ó§Ñ§ä§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §ã§ð§Ø§Ö§ä§í §Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ§ð§ä §³§ä§Ú§Ó§Ö§ß§ã§à§ß§Ñ §á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§í§Þ §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§â§à§Þ §ã§à§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §æ§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú. §¯§Ñ §ã§é§Ö§ä§å §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§â§Ñ §Þ§ß§à§Ø§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à §á§â§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§Ø§ß§í§ç §ß§Ñ§Ô§â§Ñ§Õ ¡ª ?§·§î§ð§Ô§à?, §á§ñ§ä§î ?§§à§Ü§å§ã§à§Ó?, §ä§â§Ú ?§±§â§à§Þ§Ö§ä§Ö§ñ?, §á§â§Ö§Þ§Ú§ñ §²§à§Ò§Ö§â§ä§Ñ §·§Ñ§Û§ß§Ý§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ. §¦§Ô§à §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§í §á§à§á§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Ó ?§ª§ä§à§Ô§Ú §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ? §Ø§å§â§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ñ ?§®§Ú§â §æ§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú?, §Ñ §ã§Ö§Û§é§Ñ§ã §á§à §Þ§ß§à§Ô§Ú§Þ §Ú§Ù §ß§Ú§ç §á§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ú§â§å§ð§ä§ã§ñ §ï§Ü§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú.
- 28. §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î-§ð§Ò§Ú§Ý§ñ§â 2019 §ª§à§Ô§Ñ§ß§ß§¬§â§Ú§ã§ä§à§æ§¶§â§Ú§Õ§â§Ú§ç§æ§à§ß §º§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ö§â (JohannChristophFriedrichvonSchiller) §ß§Ö§Þ§Ö§è§Ü§Ú§Û §á§à§ï§ä, §Õ§â§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ô, §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§Ü §Ú §æ§Ú§Ý§à§ã§à§æ (10.11.1759 ¡ª 09.05.1805) §¯§Ö§Þ§Ö§è§Ü§Ú§Û §á§à§ï§ä, §æ§Ú§Ý§à§ã§à§æ, §ä§Ö§à§â§Ö§ä§Ú§Ü §Ú§ã§Ü§å§ã§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ú §Õ§â§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ô, §á§â§à§æ§Ö§ã§ã§à§â §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§Ú §Ú §Ó§à§Ö§ß§ß§í§Û §Ó§â§Ñ§é. §£§à§ê§×§Ý §Ó §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§ð §Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§à§Û §Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§í §Ü§Ñ§Ü §á§Ý§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§í§Û §Ô§å§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ã§ä. ?§²§Ñ§Ù§Ò§à§Û§ß§Ú§Ü§Ú? (1781), ?§¬§à§Ó§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§à §Ú §Ý§ð§Ò§à§Ó§î? (1784), ?§¥§à§ß §¬§Ñ§â§Ý§à§ã? (1783- 1787), ?§£§Ú§Ý§î§Ô§Ö§Ý§î§Þ §´§Ö§Ý§Ý§î? (1804) §Ú §Õ§â§å§Ô§Ú§Ö §á§î§Ö§ã§í §º§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ö§â§Ñ §ß§Ö §ã§ç§à§Õ§ñ§ä §ã§à §ã§è§Ö§ß §Þ§ß§à§Ô§Ú§ç §ä§Ö§Ñ§ä§â§à§Ó §Þ§Ú§â§Ñ. §£ §ä§Ö§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ß§Ú§ç §ã§Ö§Þ§ß§Ñ§Õ§è§Ñ§ä§Ú §Ý§Ö§ä §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§Ú (1788¡ª 1805) §Õ§â§å§Ø§Ú§Ý §ã §ª§à§Ô§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Þ §¤§×§ä§Ö, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Ô§à §Ó§Õ§à§ç§ß§à§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ý §ß§Ñ §Ù§Ñ§Ó§Ö§â§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ö§Ô§à §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Û, §à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§Ó§ê§Ú§ç§ã§ñ §Ó §é§Ö§â§ß§à§Ó§à§Þ §Ó§Ñ§â§Ú§Ñ§ß§ä§Ö. §¡§Ó§ä§à§â ?§°§Õ§í §Ü §â§Ñ§Õ§à§ã§ä§Ú?, §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§ß§×§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§ñ §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Û §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §ä§Ö§Ü§ã§ä§à§Þ §Ô§Ú§Þ§ß§Ñ §¦§Ó§â§à§á§Ö§Û§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §ã§à§ð§Ù§Ñ. §¯§Ñ§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§Ú§Ö §á§à§ï§ä§Ñ §ç§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§ä§ã§ñ §Ú §Ú§Ù§å§é§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §¡§â§ç§Ú§Ó§Ö §¤§×§ä§Ö §Ú §º§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ö§â§Ñ §Ó §£§Ö§Û§Þ§Ñ§â§Ö.
- 29. §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î-§ð§Ò§Ú§Ý§ñ§â 2019 §¡§ß§Õ§â§Ö§±§à§Ý§î§¤§Ú§Û§à§Þ§¨§Ú§Õ (AndrePaulGuillaumeGide) §æ§â§Ñ§ß§è§å§Ù§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î, §á§â§à§Ù§Ñ§Ú§Ü, §Õ§â§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ô §Ú §ï§ã§ã§Ö§Ú§ã§ä (22.11.1869 ¡ª 19.02.1951) §¹§Ö§â§Ö§Ù §Ó§ã§× §ä§Ó§à§â§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à §¨§Ú§Õ§Ñ §á§â§à§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ §Ù§Ñ§Ó§à§Ö§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú§ß§Õ§Ú§Ó§Ú§Õ§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §ã§Ó§à§Ò§à§Õ§í, §Ó §ä§à§Þ §é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ö §ã§Ó§à§Ò§à§Õ§í §à§ä §å§ã§Ý§à§Ó§ß§à§ã§ä§Ö§Û §Ú §á§â§Ö§Õ§â§Ñ§ã§ã§å§Õ§Ü§à§Ó. §´§Ó§à§â§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à §¨§Ú§Õ§Ñ §à§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Ý§à §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Ö §Ó§Ý§Ú§ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §ß§Ñ §æ§â§Ñ§ß§è§å§Ù§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ó§à§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §Ú §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Ó§à§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú, §Ó §ä§à§Þ §é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ö §ß§Ñ §ï§Ü§Ù§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§ä§à§Ó, §Ú §á§â§Ö§Ø§Õ§Ö §Ó§ã§Ö§Ô§à §¡§Ý§î§Ò§Ö§â§Ñ §¬§Ñ§Þ§ð §Ú §¨§Ñ§ß§Ñ-§±§à§Ý§ñ §³§Ñ§â§ä§â§Ñ. §£ 1947 §Ô§à§Õ§å §º§Ó§Ö§Õ§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §Ñ§Ü§Ñ§Õ§Ö§Þ§Ú§ñ §á§â§Ú§ã§å§Õ§Ú§Ý§Ñ §¡§ß§Õ§â§Ö §¨§Ú§Õ§å §¯§à§Ò§Ö§Ý§Ö§Ó§ã§Ü§å§ð §á§â§Ö§Þ§Ú§ð §á§à §Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ö ?§Ù§Ñ §Ô§Ý§å§Ò§à§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ú §ç§å§Õ§à§Ø§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ú§Þ§í§Ö §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §Ó §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§ç §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§í §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§í §ã §Ò§Ö§ã§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ê§ß§à§Û §Ý§ð§Ò§à§Ó§î§ð §Ü §Ú§ã§ä§Ú§ß§Ö §Ú §Ô§Ý§å§Ò§à§Ü§à§Û §á§ã§Ú§ç§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §á§â§à§ß§Ú§è§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§î§ð?. §£ §ä§à§Þ §Ø§Ö §Ô§à§Õ§å §à§ß §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý §á§à§é§×§ä§ß§í§Þ §Õ§à§Ü§ä§à§â§à§Þ §°§Ü§ã§æ§à§â§Õ§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §å§ß§Ú§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§ä§Ñ.