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The document outlines the tentative plan for the final exam, including multiple choice questions, definitions of acronyms and terms, short answer questions, and short essay questions. It will cover key concepts from the course like different policy approaches, the role of technology and behavior, trends in transportation, and externalities. The exam will also address problems related to air quality, energy, and climate change. Some overarching issues that may be discussed are concerns about oil supply, reasons for alternative fuels, approaches to climate change, and the severity of air pollution. The role of policy and technology in managing transportation impacts will also likely be covered.
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This document outlines various criteria for evaluating environmental policy effectiveness, including efficiency, cost-effectiveness, fairness, enforceability, flexibility, incentives for technological innovation, and moral considerations. Efficiency means producing maximum net benefit for society by equalizing marginal abatement costs and damages. Cost-effectiveness prioritizes achieving environmental goals at lowest cost. Fairness considers equity and distribution of costs and benefits. Enforceability requires monitoring violators and sanctioning non-compliance, but penalties cannot be too severe. Flexible policies adapt to changing conditions. Incentives should promote technological solutions. Moral views also influence policy support. Government failure risks suboptimal outcomes from political influences.sa-02x07.pdf
sa-02x07.pdfNextGenATM Erasmus+ Project
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This document summarizes different policy instruments that can be used to reduce emissions and environmental damage, including information policies, regulation policies, taxes, subsidies, and emissions trading schemes. It evaluates these policies based on their effectiveness, efficiency, and political feasibility. Specifically, it analyzes how command-and-control regulation can be less efficient than market-based instruments like taxes and emissions trading since regulation does not incentivize reducing costs. It also discusses how emissions trading and taxes incentivize innovation to reduce emissions over time.Unit 6, GRE401
Unit 6, GRE401Jeremy Williams
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This document outlines a unit on sustainable development and competitive advantage. It discusses various policy approaches to achieving sustainable development, including command-and-control regulations, market-based incentives like carbon taxes and cap-and-trade systems, and the limits of relying solely on market mechanisms. The document analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of different policy tools and considers when intervention may be needed beyond market signals if environmental constraints are not respected. It also notes that international cooperation is important given the cross-border nature of many environmental problems.Sustainability for HR Session 1
Sustainability for HR Session 1XLHR
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This document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in a course on sustainability. The course objectives are to develop an understanding of sustainability trends, stakeholder sensitivity, and tools for integrating sustainability into business decision making. It will cover concepts like sustainable development, corporate sustainability, market failures, externalities, and frameworks for managing sustainability. Case studies on past industrial disasters and critiques of economic indicators will be discussed. The implications of firm assumptions and economic systems for sustainability will also be examined.Externalities
ExternalitiesTravis Klein
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This document contains a short quiz asking about buildings in one's neighborhood that are unwanted and why they bother the respondent. It then discusses externalities in economics, providing examples of negative externalities like air pollution and examples of positive externalities like vaccination. It explains how negative externalities can lead to inefficient market outcomes and how policies like taxes or subsidies could help internalize these externalities. The document also contains sample AP economics questions about externalities.Constructed truth about media- Moral Panic Marx (Conflict vs Con
Constructed truth about media- Moral Panic Marx (Conflict vs ConAlleneMcclendon878
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Constructed truth about media-
Moral Panic Marx (Conflict vs Consensus)-
Marx definition
1. false consciousness-
2. ideology-
3. hegemony-
4. historical materialism-
5. meritocracy-
6. chaos of reward-
Jeffrey Reiman Views
1. sources of crime-
2. moral slant -
3. pyrrhic defeat-
4. carnival mirror-
5. triple bias-
6. historical inertia-
7. solutions-
Richard Quinney
Social Reality of Crime-
sustainability
Review
Air Quality Strategies and Technologies: A Rapid
Review of the International Evidence
Sarah Quarmby 1,* , Georgina Santos 2 and Megan Mathias 3
1 Wales Centre for Public Policy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3BG, UK
2 School of Geography and Planning, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3WT, UK; [email油protected]
3 States of Jersey, JE4 8QT, Jersey; [email油protected]
* Correspondence: [email油protected]; Tel.: +44-(0)2922-510874
Received: 7 March 2019; Accepted: 6 May 2019; Published: 14 May 2019
鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申
鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃緒申鐃
Abstract: Poor air quality is a pressing policy issue that spans public health and environmental
portfolios, and governments worldwide are investing in a wide array of measures to address it.
This paper is a rapid review of the evidence behind air quality strategies and technologies. It was
conducted according to the principles of a systematic review, and includes both academic and grey
literature sources. It focuses on road transport in urban areas, because air pollution tends to be worse
in cities, and the main source is fossil fuel vehicles. It draws on the environmental science and policy
literature to provide interdisciplinary insight into the most effective air quality policy measures.
The most promising initiatives include active travel infrastructure, roadside barriers, low emission
zones, and low speed limits. Technologies which remove pollution from the air largely remain
unproven, especially at the scale needed to make a significant impact. The combinations of policies
from three cities which rank highly for air quality are reviewed; one important finding is that policies
are most effective when they are a part of a mutually reinforcing suite of measures. Policies consistent
across the cities studied are good public transport coverage, a good cycle network, and financial
incentives for electric vehicle purchase.
Keywords: air pollution; air quality; air pollution policies; electric vehicles; urban transport;
behavioural change; public transport; active travel; emissions; private vehicles
1. Introduction
Poor air quality negatively affects human health and the environment. For this reason, governments
and private sector organisations across the world are developing and trialling a wide range of ways to
improve air quality. This paper provides a rapid review of the different types of air quality initiatives
that exist internationally, and offers a brief indication of the evidence base behind them.
Epidemiological research has shown that poor air quality is a significant contribu ...
Environmental Aspects and Policies. ppt
Environmental Aspects and Policies. pptced24012
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This document outlines key criteria for evaluating environmental policies: 1) their ability to achieve efficient and cost-effective pollution reductions; 2) their fairness and how benefits and costs are distributed; 3) the incentives they provide for innovations to reduce environmental impacts. It also discusses 4) enforceability challenges like non-compliance and the resources needed for monitoring and sanctioning violators; and 5) how policies align with moral considerations like the polluter-pays principle.Book Review crosstown traffic.
Book Review crosstown traffic.Centurion University of Technology and Management
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1. INTRODUCTION
Weve just learned that within the world of perfect markets, everything is for the simplest. we all know that perfect markets are completely efficient, delivering outcomes that are flawless in every respect except distribution. Economies that employ smoothly because they're filled with perfect markets are neither interesting nor realistic. But because perfect markets provide such a transparent benchmark, economists find it much
easier to start from them and compute what's going wrong, rather than start from scratch and compute what's going right. And this method of brooding about the planet will lead us to the cure for crosstown traffic.
2. BRIEF OF CHAPTER
Crosstown traffic is all about externalities, so an externality is a third party cost and there can be positive externalities and also negative externalities and negative externality would be traffic and this is the example where he also uses in this chapter.
So externality is a type of market failure and market failure can also be caused by asymmetric information which is where are party has more information than another party in a transaction so usually the seller has more information than the buyer does.
He used the example of traffic and the idea of externality charges, but externality is hard to measure as well and he touches on that. He also looks at the idea of pollution
and trade permits .which incentivizes companies to find cleaner ways of producing what they were producing before.
Economics of externalities and pollution abatement
Economics of externalities and pollution abatementDronak Sahu
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This document discusses economics related to externalities and pollution abatement. It defines externalities as unreimbursed costs or uncharged benefits resulting from another's actions, with pollution being a negative externality. Three questions are addressed: how cost-effectively can pollution be reduced, whether economic instruments are more effective than regulation at reducing pollution, and what effects pollution policies have on firms' balance sheets. Various approaches to internalizing externalities are examined, including taxes/subsidies, property rights, and marketable permits. Specific industries and levels of pollution abatement costs are also mentioned.Fred Steward: Innovation policy for sustainability - a new agenda
Fred Steward: Innovation policy for sustainability - a new agendaSTEPS Centre
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Professor Fred Steward, Policy Studies Institute, University of Westminster.
Presentation to the UK-China Innovation Workshop for Sustainable and Equitable Development, Tsinghua University, 19 March 2010, co-organised by China Institute for Science and Technology Policy (CISTP) at Tsinghua University and the STEPS Centre.
http://anewmanifesto.org/news/china-workshop-presentationschina-workshop-presentations/
SESSION 6_Local Air Pollution-Elisa Lanzi,OECD- CIRCLE workshop Oct. 2014
SESSION 6_Local Air Pollution-Elisa Lanzi,OECD- CIRCLE workshop Oct. 2014OECD Environment
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This document outlines the methodology for a project analyzing the macroeconomic costs of air pollution. The project will use emission projections to model pollutant concentrations. Health impacts from increased mortality and morbidity will then be calculated and valued in economic terms. Finally, a macroeconomic model will assess the overall costs of air pollution impacts on healthcare costs, labor productivity, and premature death. Policy scenarios will explore benefits of reducing air pollution through emissions standards and technology adoption.Ad
20+wrap+up 1
- 1. Wrap Up
- 2. Tentative Plan for Final Exam 10-20 pts. 5-10 multiple choice (for VMT lectures) ~20 pts. 10 definitions of acronyms, common phrases) (eg, CAFE), with short explanations (1-2 sentences) ~30 pts. 4-6 short answers (~1 paragraph) ~30 pts. ~2 short essays (out of 3-4 choices) (<1 page each)
- 3. Final Exam Key concepts: different policy approaches; mandates vs regulations; role of technology and behavior, trends, externalities, three-legged stool, future of oil, elasticity, LCA, pricing, if you cant measure it you cant manage it, no silver bullets (need portfolio)
- 4. PROBLEMS Air Quality Local air quality Health impacts of pollution Energy Oil prices, costs of travel and goods transport Oil imports, security, geopolitics Climate Change Environmental, economic impacts Currently active policy area (e.g. Californias AB 32, low carbon fuel standard)
- 5. Key overarching issues Are we running out of oil? Why are we interested in alternative fuels? What should we do about climate change? Is air pollution a severe problem? Is technology the solution to energy, air pollution, and climate problems? How do we use policy to manage car use, and why?
- 6. Systems challenges How to transform vehicles, fuels, and mobility? Case study: Why are fuel cell vehicles arguably the most difficult technology to introduce? Why did EVs supplant FCVs as the fuel du jour?
- 7. Externalities What are they? Impacts (costs or benefits) not directly involved in an economic decision Why do we care? Sometimes the free market system does not fully account for all economic costs and benefits to society This can result in socially sub-optimal results Transportation examples: air pollution, petroleum dependence, congestion, climate change Money Consumer Firm Goods Consumption Production External impacts on others not involved in economic decision
- 8. Primary Policy Approaches to Deal with Externalities Regulatory instruments Government could ban (or restrict) air pollution, enforce with inspectors and lawyers Pure market instrument (Pigouvian tax) Government could tax polluters in accordance with the social costs they generate Marketable permits Government could issue pollution permits, and allow the polluters to trade them to achieve pollution reduction at lowest cost
- 9. Key policy design issues If cant measure it, you cant manage it (methodological and data issues) Role of causalityesp for AQ and climate change Who should be made responsible for solving a problemkeeping in mind jurisdictional challenges (whos in charge and can do something about it) Market based approaches vs regulatory and voluntary instruments