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VECTORS OF HUMANS AND
DOMESTIC ANIMALS

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VECTORS
 A living organism that transmits an infectious agent from an infected animal to a human
or another animal
 Vectors are frequently arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, flies, fleas and lice
 Snails, rodents and cats are also vectors
 Many vectors are bloodsucking insects
 Anopheles mosquito a vector for disease malaria by transmitting the plasmodium to
human

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TYPES OF VECTORS
 Biological vector:
 It is the vector that merely transfers the infective stages of parasites with parasitic
development
 Female anopheles mosquito in the case of plasmodium
 Mechanical vector:
 It is the vector that merely transfers the infective stages of parasites without parasitic
development
 Housefly and Cockroach

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INVERTEBRATES VECTORS
 Mosquito:
 Malaria
 Dengue
 Heartworm disease
 Chikungunya
 Yellow fever
 Japanese encephalitis
 West Nile Virus
 Lymphoid Filariasis
 Snail:
 Schistosomiasis
 Lice:
 Epidemic relapsing fever

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 Sand Fly:
 Leishmaniasis
 Tsetse Fly:
 Trypanosomiasis
 Black fly:
 Onchocerciasis
 Musca:
 Eye worm

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 Ticks
 Lyme disease
 Q Fever
 Rocky mountain spotted fever
 Babesiosis
 Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever
 Fleas
 Plague
 Cat scratch disease

Vectors of humans
and domestic animals

Aedes agypti (Mosquito)
 Classification
 Kingdom Animalia
 Phylum Arthropoda
 Class Insecta
 Order Diptera
 Family Culicidae
 Genus Aedes
 Species A. aegypti

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 Characteristics
 Black and white stripes on its body and legs
 Flying time dusk to dawn
 Bites during the day
 Short flight: house to house
 Imperceptible bite
Aedes agypti

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 Life cycle
 Egg:
 Eggs look like black dirt
 Mosquitoes only need a small amount of water to lay eggs
 Larvae:
 Larvae live in the water & hatch from mosquito eggs
 This happens when water covers the eggs
 They are very active and are often called “wigglers”
 Pupae:
 Pupae live in the water
 An adult mosquito emerges from the pupa and flies away
 Adult:
 Mosquitoes need blood to produce eggs
 After feeding, female mosquitoes look for water sources to lay eggs
Aedes agypti

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 Diseases
 It is known to transmit:
 Dengue virus
 Chikungunya virus
 Yellow fever virus
 Zika virus
 Economic importance
 It is considered the most important vector of Zika virus
transmission to humans
Aedes agypti

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 Classification
 Domain Eukaryote
 Class Insecta
 Order Diptera
 Family Culicidae
 Sub family Anophelinae
 Genus Anopheles
Anopheles (Mosquito)

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 Characteristics
 Round dorsal shield and often scaly looking wings
 Spotted wings
 When at rest inclined at an angle of 45 to the surface
 No buzzing sound
Anopheles

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 Life Cycle
 Anopheles spread malaria
 Like to lay their eggs in marshy areas or near the banks of shallow creeks and
streams
 Larva live in water
 They breath by special organs called spiracles located on their abdomen
 They shed their skin four times in this stage
 Pupae don’t have external mouth parts so they don’t eat
 Adult females usually feed on people and animals and then rest for a few time
 When blood digest and develop into eggs then they lay them in water sources
Anopheles

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 Diseases
 Usually people get malaria by being bitten by infective female
mosquito
 They are medically important because of their association with
malaria , filariasis and arbovirus infections
Anopheles

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 Classification
 Domain Eukaryota
 PhylumMollusca
 Class Gastropoda
 Subclass Heterobranchia
 Order Hygrophilla
 Family Lymnaeoidea
 Genus Planorbidea
 Species P. exustus
Planorbidae exustus (Mollusk)

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 Characteristics
 Planorbidea don’t have gills
 They have lungs
 The foot and head are rather smaller while their tentacles are
longer
 They have coiled shells that are planispiral
 The shell is sinistral in coiling but is carried upside down
Planorbidae exustus

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 Lifecycle
 They are considered to be simultaneous hermaphrodite
 Have internal fertilization through direct copulation
 They have wide distribution and are significant both medically
and economically as intermediate hosts of trematode worms
Planorbidae exustus

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 Classification
 PhylumArthropoda
 Class Insecta
 Order Diptera
 Family Simuliidae
 Genus Simulium
 Species S. trifasciatum
Simullidea (Black Fly)

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 Characteristics
 Fan like mouth brushes
 Prothorax has a ventral median proleg, a feature shared by many
midge larvae
 Midges don’t have the mouth brushes
 Life cycle
 The Characteristics biological cycle includes egg, larval instars, pupal
and adult
 The larval development takes place in water where the larva are
fixed under stone or vegetable matter using abdomen apex
Simullidea

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 Diseases
 River blindness
 It’s most important role as a vector is transmission of filarial
nematode
 This nematode is located in the eye and cause blindness
Simullidea

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 Classification
 Class Insecta
 Order Siphonaptera
 Family Pulicidea
 Genus Xenopsylla
 Specie X. cheopis
Xenopsylla cheopis (Rat flea)

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 Characteristics
 Brown in color and laterally compressed
 Dorsal side of abdomen , thorax and head have setae and
bristles that are directed posteriorly
 Long legs bear spines to assist in movement on host
 Head is compact and helmet like
 Absence of pronotal cons
Xenopsylla cheopis

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 Life Cycle
 Eggs:-ovoid in shape and smooth in surface
 Egg stage is adapted to high humidity and female produce up to six eggs daily
 Eggs fully developed into two weeks
 Larvae:-Fleas have three instar of increasing sizes
 Larvae live in nest or surrounding area of their host
 Pupae:-pale or light brown in color
 They are often encased in a silken cocoon adorned with small size particles and
dirt from surrounding environment
 Adult:- They bite and then feed on blood that pools on the surface as opposed to
siphoning it directly
Xenopsylla cheopis

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 Disease
 This causes the disease bubonic plague and flea borne
typhus
 It is the primary vector of bubonic plague bacterium
Yersinia pastis
 Also serves as a vector of bacteria belonging to genera
Rickettsia and Bartonella
Xenopsylla cheopis

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Classification
Domain Eukaryota
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Arthropoda
Class Insecta
Order Psocodea
Family Pediculidae
Genus Pediculus
Species P. humanus
 Subspecies P. h. capitis
Pediculus humanus capitis (Head lice)

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 Characteristics
 Obligate blood sucking ectoparasites
 Transfer from person to person contact
 Will die if separated from human host for 24 hours
 Oviposition site base of head hairs
 4-10 blood meals per day
 Crawling speed 30cm/min
Pediculus humanus capitis

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 Life Cycle

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 Diseases
 Louse borne relapsing fever
 Head lice can be an annoyance because their presence may cause
itching and loss of sleep
 Louse is the important species involved in actual epidemics of
epidemic typhus, relapsing fever, and trench fever
 Louse control, and hence the control of epidemic typhus, has been
simplified by the development of DDT, lindane, and other chlorinated
hydrocarbons

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 Classification
 Domain Eukaryota
 Class Insecta
 Order Diptera
 Family Psychodidae
 Subfamily Phlebotominae
 Genus Phlebotomus
 Species P. papatasi
Phlebotomine (Drain Fly)

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 Characteristics
 Translucent light brown in color, with two large, black
compound eyes, six long legs, antennae, pedicel, a
transparent abdomen, and a flagellum
 Small hairs cover the entire body and wings, which are
constantly held at a forty-degree angle
 The second set of wings are commonly referred to as
halteres and they oscillate during flight to maintain the
organism’s orientation in space
Phlebotomine

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 Life Cycle
 Eggs hatch after 4-20 days, although this is likely to be delayed
in cooler weather
 Larval development involves four instars, and is completed after
20-30 days depending on species, temperature and nutrient
availability
 Mainly scavengers, feeding on organic matter
 Pupae is 6-13 days before the adult sand flies emerge
 Disease:- vectors of Leishmania, Bartonella bacilliformis, and some
arboviruses
Phlebotomine

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Classification
Domain Eukaryota
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Arthropoda
Class Insecta
Order Diptera
Family Glossinidae
Genus Glossina
 Species G. morsitans
Tsetse fly

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 Characteristics
 Tsetse fold their wings over their abdomens completely when they are
resting
 Tsetse also have a long proboscis, extending directly forward, which is
attached by a distinct bulb to the bottom of their heads
 Life cycle
 Female tsetse mate just once
 After 7 – 9 days she produces a single egg which develops into a larva
within her uterus
 About nine days later, the mother produces a larva which burrows into
the ground where it pupates
Tsetse fly

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 Diseases
 African Trypanosomiasis, also known as “sleeping sickness”, is caused by
microscopic parasites of the species Trypanosoma brucei
 It is transmitted by the tsetse fly
 Tsetse flies are a scourge of Africa
 There are close to ten economically important species, all of which feed on
blood and transmit the Trypanosoma parasites, which are responsible for
sleeping sickness in humans and animal trypanosomosis or “Nagana” in cattle

Tsetse fly

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Classification
Domain Eukaryota
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Chelicerata
Class Arachnida
Order Ixodida
Family Ixodidae
Genus Ixodes
 Species I. ricinus
Ixodes Ricinus (Tick)

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 Characteristics
 Have a dorsal shield (scutum) and their mouthparts
(capitulum)
 Have no eyes, and the palpi are longer than wide
 The anal groove is distinct and surrounds the anus
anteriorly
 Adult I. ricinus are red–brown, but the female ticks are light
gray when emerged
 sexually dimorphic

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 Life Cycle
 Ixodes ricinus have four life stages: egg, larva, nymph and adult and a
three host life cycle
 Mating usually occurs on the host and pheromones play an important
role in finding a mate
 After egg production female dies and larvae hatch about 8 weeks later
 Meal of blood is required to go to the next stage. Larvae emerges into
adult
 Disease
 Borrelia burgdorferi and tick-borne encephalitis virus

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Link
 https://youtu.be/rt_x8b5UPIc

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5.Vectors of humans and domestic animals-1.pptx

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