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In vitro models of hepatotoxicity
In vitro models of hepatotoxicityimprovemed
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This document describes various in vitro models and methods that can be used to study hepatotoxicity, including hepatocyte cell cultures, assays to measure cell viability and metabolic activity (trypan blue dye exclusion test, MTT assay), staining to visualize lipid accumulation (Oil Red O), and techniques to examine gene and protein expression changes (RT-PCR, western blotting). Specifically, it discusses using these methods to establish models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by treating hepatocyte cultures with fatty acids like palmitic and oleic acid, and models of drug-induced hepatotoxicity by treating with acetaminophen or amiodarone. Key readouts include lipid accumulation, apoptosis levelsEtiology of liver diseases
Etiology of liver diseasesimprovemed
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This document summarizes various liver diseases and their etiologies. It discusses alcoholic liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, viral hepatitis infections from hepatitis B, C, and D viruses, autoimmune disorders like autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis, genetic disorders, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The liver's important functions are outlined. Causes, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment approaches are described for each disease.An introduction to experimental epidemiology 
An introduction to experimental epidemiology improvemed
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This document provides an overview of experimental epidemiology methods. It discusses the key features and types of experimental epidemiology studies, including controlled field trials and community trials. Controlled field trials involve dividing healthy subjects into an exposed group that receives an active substance (like a vaccine) and an unexposed control group that receives a placebo. Community trials involve entire exposed and unexposed communities. Randomized controlled trials, which assign individual subjects randomly to intervention or control groups, are described as the most common experimental method but are covered in more depth separately. Overall, the document outlines the design and purpose of various experimental epidemiology study types.Genotyping methods of nosocomial infections pathogen
Genotyping methods of nosocomial infections pathogenimprovemed
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MALDI-TOF MS has revolutionized clinical microbiology by drastically improving the time needed to identify bacterial cultures from over 24 hours to just a few minutes. Whereas the entire process from sampling to results previously took 2-3 days or more, new methods like MALDI-TOF MS and molecular technology have reduced this to just a few hours or one day. MALDI-TOF MS is a powerful, cost-effective, and easy to implement technique that provides rapid and reliable identification of bacteria and yeast from clinical samples at the genus and species level through analysis of their protein mass spectral signatures.Molecular microbiology methods
Molecular microbiology methodsimprovemed
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1. Molecular microbiology methods like PCR and hybridization have revolutionized clinical diagnostics by enabling fast and direct detection of pathogens from clinical samples.
2. PCR in particular has become a mainstay technique, allowing amplification of specific DNA sequences from small amounts of input DNA. Variations like real-time PCR, multiplex PCR, and broad-range PCR further expanded diagnostic capabilities.
3. Emerging technologies like DNA microarrays promise even greater multiplexing, with the ability to simultaneously genotype large genomic regions or measure expression of many genes, positioning them as promising future molecular diagnostic tools.Isolated vascular rings
Isolated vascular ringsimprovemed
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This document provides information about setting up and conducting experiments with isolated organs and tissue rings, including:
1. Describing the mechanical setup for a four-channel system bath for isolated organs.
2. Explaining the preparation of Krebs-Hanseleit solution and common drugs used.
3. Outlining typical experiment protocols, including stabilizing tissues, pre-contraction testing, and assessing endothelial function.
4. Noting that each experiment begins by preparing Krebs-Hanseleit solution and activating the system before surgery and setting rings in wells.Isolated blood vessels
Isolated blood vesselsimprovemed
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This document describes the components, work principles, and experimental protocols for using a pressure myograph system to study isolated blood vessels. The system allows measuring vessel diameter in response to drugs and stimuli while maintaining constant temperature. Experiments involve isolating small arteries from rats and attaching them to glass micropipettes in a chamber filled with physiological salt solution. Vessel diameter is recorded under varying pressures and drug exposures to study endothelial function and vasoactive mechanisms. Statistical analysis of diameter changes under different conditions uses repeated measures ANOVA to compare responses between experimental groups.Notes for Measuring blood flow and reactivity of the blood vessels in the ski...
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This document describes the laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) method for measuring blood flow in the microcirculation of skin. Specifically, it discusses post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) testing using LDF to assess microvascular reactivity by inducing a brief occlusion of blood vessels. It also covers iontophoresis of acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside combined with LDF to evaluate endothelium-dependent and independent vasodilation respectively. Standardization of methods like occlusion duration and probe placement is important for reproducibility. LDF provides a general index of microvascular function rather than direct flow measurements.Notes for STAINING AND ANALYSIS of HISTOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS
Notes for STAINING AND ANALYSIS of HISTOLOGICAL PREPARATIONSimprovemed
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This document provides an overview of histological staining techniques. It discusses how histological preparations are stained using interactions between dyes, solvents, and tissue components. Different staining methods result in different colors that highlight various structures. A classic example is hematoxylin and eosin staining, where hematoxylin stains acidic components blue and eosin stains basic components pink. Specialized staining techniques also exist, such as immunohistochemistry. Proper staining selection depends on the tissue and research goals. Histological preparations are then analyzed under a microscope to study cell and tissue morphology.Notes for Fixation of tissues and organs for educational and scientific purposes
Notes for Fixation of tissues and organs for educational and scientific purposesimprovemed
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Fixation of tissues and organs is done to preserve them for scientific and educational purposes. Various chemical fixatives are used including formaldehyde, alcohols, and acids. Formaldehyde cross-links proteins to harden the tissue while maintaining the original structure. Several fixation protocols are used for different purposes, balancing preservation of color and long-term durability. Key steps include diffusion or injection of fixatives, followed by storage in preservative solutions. Proper fixation and storage are necessary to prevent degradation over time.Notes for 
Notes for improvemed
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The document summarizes the process of preparing tissue samples for histological analysis, including fixation, dehydration, infiltration/embedding, sectioning, staining, and examination. Key steps involve fixing tissues to prevent degradation, dehydrating using increasing alcohol concentrations, infiltrating with paraffin wax or resin for structural support during sectioning, precisely cutting thin sections, mounting them to glass slides, staining, and examining under a microscope. The quality of prepared samples depends on carefully following each step of the preparation process.Notes for The principle and performance of capillary electrophoresis
Notes for The principle and performance of capillary electrophoresisimprovemed
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This document provides an overview of capillary electrophoresis (CE). It begins by introducing CE and its advantages over other separation techniques. It then describes the basic theory behind CE, including electrophoretic mobility, electroosmotic flow, and how samples migrate through the capillary when an electric field is applied. The document details the key components of a CE instrument and various CE separation techniques such as capillary zone electrophoresis, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, and capillary isoelectric focusing. It focuses on the principles and applications of CE.Notes for The principle and performance of liquid chromatographymass spectro...
Notes for The principle and performance of liquid chromatographymass spectro...improvemed
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This document provides an overview of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). It describes the basic components and functioning of an LC-MS system, including the liquid chromatograph and mass spectrometer connected by an interface. The document discusses various ionization sources like electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, as well as mass analyzers like quadrupoles and time-of-flight analyzers. It also covers detectors used in LC-MS like electron multipliers and photomultipliers. Overall, the document serves as a technical introduction to the principles and components of LC-MS.Notes for Cell Culture Basic Techniques
Notes for Cell Culture Basic Techniquesimprovemed
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This document provides an overview of basic cell culture techniques. It discusses the history of cell culture, defining primary and secondary cell cultures. It describes different types of cell lines and how cells grow as monolayers or in suspension. The document outlines the key equipment needed for a cell culture laboratory, including biosafety cabinets, CO2 incubators, centrifuges, microscopes, and supplies. It emphasizes the importance of aseptic technique to prevent microbial contamination when working with cell cultures.Big datasets
Big datasetsimprovemed
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This document discusses systems biology and its goals of understanding how biological molecules interact and systems function as a whole. It covers:
1) Systems biology uses large datasets from "omics" experiments and computational models to understand complex biological interactions beyond individual molecules.
2) Pioneering work used microarrays to measure thousands of genes in serum-stimulated cells, finding over 500 changed in proliferation.
3) The field aims to discover emergent system properties and functions not evident from separate parts, like switches that change cell behavior.Systems biology for Medicine' is 'Experimental methods and the big datasets
Systems biology for Medicine' is 'Experimental methods and the big datasetsimprovemed
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This document discusses experimental methods used in systems biology to generate large datasets, including microarrays, sequencing-based methods, mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography. It explains that systems biology studies must be quantitative and enable computational modeling. Key methods covered are microarrays, RNA-seq, ChIP-seq, whole-genome sequencing, whole-exome sequencing, proteomics using mass spectrometry, and combining liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry for lipidomics, metabolomics and glycomics. Sources of variation are also discussed for genomic and proteomic studies.Systems biology for medical students/Systems medicine
Systems biology for medical students/Systems medicineimprovemed
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Systems biology takes a holistic approach to studying biological systems by considering all the interactions within a system and how they generate complex behaviors. Lecture 1 introduces key concepts in systems biology like how increasing levels of biological organization give rise to new system properties like robustness. Lecture 2 discusses experimental methods like genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics that generate large data sets for systems analysis. Lecture 3 covers mathematical and statistical tools for analyzing these data sets, such as using differential equations to model signaling networks. Lecture 4 provides examples of medical applications of systems biology in finding diagnostic markers, personalizing therapy, and predicting disease interactions from human disease networks, with the future of medicine taking a more predictive, preventive, and personalized approachUse cases
Use casesimprovemed
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The document discusses several use cases for applying data mining and machine learning techniques in healthcare and biomedical research. Three examples are:
1) Early diagnosis of cancers like lung cancer and breast cancer through predictive modeling of patient data to detect cancers at earlier stages when survival rates are higher.
2) Predicting patient responses to drug therapies for cancers like breast cancer by combining different types of molecular profiling data using techniques like support vector machines and random forests.
3) Using imaging data and temporal analysis of metrics like medication purchases to better understand and predict chronic diseases like diabetes and associated health complications.Basic course for computer based methods
Basic course for computer based methodsimprovemed
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The document discusses various data mining methods. It describes data mining as seeking patterns within large databases. Common data mining methods mentioned include clustering, regression, rule extraction, and data visualization. Machine learning algorithms often used for health data include logistic regression, support vector machines, decision trees, and neural networks. The document also discusses newer techniques like graph-based data mining, topological data mining, and data visualization for exploring complex data.Medicine as data science
Medicine as data scienceimprovemed
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This document discusses biomedical informatics and the increasing role of data in medicine. It notes that medicine is becoming a more data-intensive field due to growing sources of electronic health data. Biomedical data is often large in volume, diverse, complex, weakly structured, noisy, and inconsistent. Extracting knowledge from this "big data" through techniques like data mining, machine learning, and integrating human-computer interaction can provide insights to improve healthcare outcomes. Key applications include personalized and predictive medicine through patient stratification and risk analysis. However, overcoming obstacles like heterogeneous and non-standardized data is challenging.Basic Immunology 21 26
Basic Immunology 21 26improvemed
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This document discusses hypersensitivity reactions and autoimmune diseases. It describes the four types of hypersensitivity reactions according to the Gell and Coombs classification: Type I (immediate), Type II (cytotoxic), Type III (immune complex-mediated), and Type IV (delayed type hypersensitivity). It provides details on the mechanisms and examples of each type. The document then discusses immunological tolerance, including central and peripheral tolerance. It explains how a breakdown in tolerance can lead to autoimmune diseases and provides examples like Graves' disease, myasthenia gravis, hemolytic anemia, and systemic lupus erythematosus.Basic Immunology 11-20
Basic Immunology 11-20improvemed
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The document discusses lymphocyte development and antigen receptor gene rearrangement. It covers the following key points:
1. Lymphocyte development involves commitment to the B or T cell lineage, proliferation of progenitors, rearrangement of antigen receptor genes, selection checkpoints, and differentiation into distinct subpopulations.
2. B cells undergo gene rearrangement and development in the bone marrow before migrating to peripheral lymphoid organs. T cells develop through similar processes in the thymus.
3. During development, gene rearrangement generates diversity in antigen receptor genes, and selection checkpoints ensure that only lymphocytes with functional receptors will mature and enter the peripheral immune system.Basic immunology 1 10
Basic immunology 1 10improvemed
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This document provides an overview of basic immunology concepts. It begins with definitions of key immunology terms like immunity, immunology, antigen, and discusses the historical figures Edward Jenner and Louis Pasteur who were pioneers in vaccination. It then discusses the components of the immune system including organs like the bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, and spleen. It provides information on cells of the immune system like antigen presenting cells, T and B lymphocytes, and effector cells. It also discusses molecular components of antigen recognition including antibodies, T cell receptors, B cell receptors, and the major histocompatibility complex.
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Fixation of tissues and organs is done to preserve them for scientific and educational purposes. Various chemical fixatives are used including formaldehyde, alcohols, and acids. Formaldehyde cross-links proteins to harden the tissue while maintaining the original structure. Several fixation protocols are used for different purposes, balancing preservation of color and long-term durability. Key steps include diffusion or injection of fixatives, followed by storage in preservative solutions. Proper fixation and storage are necessary to prevent degradation over time.Notes for
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This document provides an overview of capillary electrophoresis (CE). It begins by introducing CE and its advantages over other separation techniques. It then describes the basic theory behind CE, including electrophoretic mobility, electroosmotic flow, and how samples migrate through the capillary when an electric field is applied. The document details the key components of a CE instrument and various CE separation techniques such as capillary zone electrophoresis, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, and capillary isoelectric focusing. It focuses on the principles and applications of CE.Notes for The principle and performance of liquid chromatographymass spectro...
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1. Lymphocyte development involves commitment to the B or T cell lineage, proliferation of progenitors, rearrangement of antigen receptor genes, selection checkpoints, and differentiation into distinct subpopulations.
2. B cells undergo gene rearrangement and development in the bone marrow before migrating to peripheral lymphoid organs. T cells develop through similar processes in the thymus.
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- 1. IZOLIRANE KRVNE 貼ILE Ivana 干顎一庄
- 2. DIJELOVI SUSTAVA I PRINCIP RADA prouavanje strukture i funkcije izoliranih krvnih 転ila malih promjera (> 60 亮m) - srednje mo転dane arterije 邸takora miogeni odgovor / protokom potaknuta dilatacija razliiti farmakolo邸ki / fiziolo邸ki podra転aji ugraeni sustav grijanja otvori za superfuziju, brzo pra転njenje i punjenje (dodavanje lijekova / oksidacija) i邸enje i uredno odr転avanje Danish Myo Technology (DMT) (Danska) / MyoVIEW FlowMeter - 161FM protoka izmeu 15-1500 亮L/min
- 3. Slika 1. Dijelovi sustava za izolirane krvne 転ile (Pressure Myograph System, DMT Model 111P)
- 4. PRIPREMA PSS OTOPINE PSS OTOPINA Za pripremu 0,5 L : Destilirana voda: 450 mL Salt Stock otopina: 25 mL Buffer Stock otopina: 25 mL Glukoza: 0,5 g NaH2PO4: 0,07 g Ca-free PSS OTOPINA Za pripremu 0,5 L: Destilirana voda: 450 mL Salt Stock Ca-free otopina: 25 mL Buffer Stock Ca-free otopina: 25 mL Glukoza: 0,5 g NaH2PO4: 0,07 g pH 7.35 7.45
- 5. IZOLACIJA SREDNJE MO貼DANE ARTERIJE anestezija ketamin 75 mg/kg i midazolam 0,5 mg/kg dekapitacija izolacija arterija PSS (37C) kontinuirana oksigenacija sustava 21% O2, 5% CO2 i balans N2 inkubacija krvne 転ile 60 min / 80 mmHg
- 6. EKSPERIMENTALNI PROTOKOL Bazine vrijednosti tlani gradijenti 10, 20, 40, 60 i 100 mmHg prisutnost / odsutnost inhibitora L-NAME INDOMETACIN MSPPOH TEMPOL Ach / SNP Ca2+- free PSS otopina
- 7. STATISTIKA OBRADA I PRIKAZ PODATAKA za obradu podataka moramo koristiti two-way ANOVA repeated measures Slika 2. Bazini odgovor otpornikih arteriola potko転nog (SAT) i visceralnog (VAT) masnog tkiva na protokom potaknutu dilataciju (FID), usporedba izmeu 2 grupe