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§±§â§Ö§Ù§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§è?§ñ:§¸?§Ü§Ñ§Ó? §ã§ä§à§â?§ß§Ü§Ú ?§ã§ä§à§â?? §Þ§Ñ§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú 5-6 §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§Ú (§å§ã§ß§Ú§Û §Ø§å§â§ß§Ñ§Ý)
- 1. §µ§³§¯§ª§«§µ§³§¯§ª§« §¨§µ§²§¯§¡§§¨§µ§²§¯§¡§ ¡°¡°§¸?§Ü§Ñ§Ó? §ã§ä§à§â?§ß§Ü§Ú§¸?§Ü§Ñ§Ó? §ã§ä§à§â?§ß§Ü§Ú ?§ã§ä§à§â???§ã§ä§à§â?? §Þ§Ñ§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú¡±§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú¡±
- 2. 1. §±§Ú§ã§î§Þ§à§Ó§Ñ §ß§å§Þ§Ö§â§Ñ§è?§ñ. §¸§Ú§æ§â§Ú §â?§Ù§ß§Ú§ç §é§Ñ§ã?§Ó. 2. §¹§Ú§ã§Ý§Ñ ¨C §Ó§Ö§Ý§Ö§ä§ß?. 3. §©§ß§Ñ§Ü§Ú §Õ§à§Õ§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§ñ ? §Ó?§Õ§ß?§Þ§Ñ§ß§ß§ñ, §Õ?§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§ñ ? §Þ§ß§à§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ. 4. §¢§å§Ü§Ó§Ú §ä§Ñ §Ò§å§Ü§Ó§Ö§ß§ß? §Ó§Ú§â§Ñ§Ù§Ú. 5. §© ?§ã§ä§à§â?? §Ù§Ó§Ú§é§Ñ§Û§ß§Ú§ç §Õ§â§à§Ò?§Ó. 6. §© ?§ã§ä§à§â?? §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ü§à§Ó§Ú§ç §Õ§â§à§Ò?§Ó. 7. §£?§Õ§ã§à§ä§Ü§Ú. 8. §©§Õ§à§Ô§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Û§ã§ñ.
- 3. 1. §±§Ú§ã§î§Þ§à§Ó§Ñ §ß§å§Þ§Ö§â§Ñ§è?§ñ. §¸§Ú§æ§â§Ú §â?§Ù§ß§Ú§ç §é§Ñ§ã?§Ó. §µ §³§ä§Ñ§â§à§Õ§Ñ§Ó§ß§î§à§Þ§å ?§Ô§Ú§á§ä? §Ü§à§â§Ú§ã§ä§å§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§ñ ??§â§à§Ô§Ý?§æ§Ñ§Þ§Ú, §ñ§Ü? §Ù§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß? §ß§Ñ §â§Ú§ã§å§ß§Ü§å:
- 4. §±§à§é§Ú§ß§Ñ§ð§é§Ú §Ù X §ã§ä., §ß§Ñ§ê? §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ü§Ú §à§ä§â§Ú§Þ§å§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú §è§Ú§æ§â§Ú, §ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§é§Ú §ß§Ñ§Õ §Ò§å§Ü§Ó§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ñ§Ý§æ§Ñ§Ó?§ä§å §ã§á§Ö§è?§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ú§Û §Ù§ß§Ñ§Ü - §ä§Ú§ä§Ý§à. §¯§Ñ§á§â§Ú§Ü§Ý§Ñ§Õ: .
- 5. §²§Ú§Þ§ã§î§Ü§Ñ §ß§å§Þ§Ö§â§Ñ§è?§ñ. §£§à§ß§Ñ §Ó§Ú§ß§Ú§Ü§Ý§Ñ §Ò§Ý§Ú§Ù§î§Ü§à 500 §â. §Õ§à §ß. §Ö., §ê§Ú§â§à§Ü§à §Ó§Ú§Ü§à§â§Ú§ã§ä§à§Ó§å§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ã§î §å §³§ä§Ñ§â§à§Õ§Ñ§Ó§ß§î§à§Þ§å §²§Ú§Þ? §Û §Ù§Ñ§ã§ä§à§ã§à§Ó§å?§ä§î§ã§ñ §Ó §ß§Ñ§ê §é§Ñ§ã §Õ§Ý§ñ §ß§å§Þ§Ö§â§Ñ§è?? §ã§ä§à§Ý?§ä§î, §â§à§Ù§Õ?§Ý?§Ó §å §Ü§ß§Ú§Ô§Ñ§ç §ä§à§ë§à. §±§à§ç§à§Õ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §Õ§Ö§ñ§Ü§Ú§ç §â§Ú§Þ§ã§î§Ü§Ú§ç §è§Ú§æ§â.
- 6. §£§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§à§ß§ã§î§Ü§Ñ §ß§å§Þ§Ö§â§Ñ§è?§ñ §Ò§å§Ý§Ñ §á§Ö§â§ê§à§ð §Ó?§Õ§à§Þ§à§ð §ß§Ñ§Þ §á§à§Ù§Ú§è?§Û§ß§à§ð §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§à§ð §é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§ñ. §¹§Ú§ã§Ý§Ñ §Ó §è?§Û §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ? §Ù§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ø§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Ù§Ñ §Õ§à§á§à§Þ§à§Ô§à§ð §ä?§Ý§î§Ü§Ú §Õ§Ó§à§ç §Ù§ß§Ñ§Ü?§Ó: §Ó§Ö§â§ä§Ú§Ü§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §Ü§Ý§Ú§ß§Ñ (¨‹), §ñ§Ü§Ú§Û §á§à§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ó §à§Õ§Ú§ß§Ú§è§ð, §Ô§à§â§Ú§Ù§à§ß§ä§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §Ü§Ý§Ú§ß§Ñ ( ), §ñ§Ü§Ú§Û §á§à§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ó §é§Ú§ã§Ý§à 10.
- 7. §©§Ñ §Õ§à§á§à§Þ§à§Ô§à§ð §è§Ú§ç §Ù§ß§Ñ§Ü?§Ó §Ù§Ñ§á§Ú§ã§å§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú §é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ñ §Ó?§Õ 1 §Õ§à 59. §¯§Ñ§á§â§Ú§Ü§Ý§Ñ§Õ: §¡§§¦:§¡§§¦:
- 8. 2.§¹§Ú§ã§Ý§Ñ-§Ó§Ö§Ý§Ö§ä§ß?2.§¹§Ú§ã§Ý§Ñ-§Ó§Ö§Ý§Ö§ä§ß? 1 000 000 - §à§Õ§Ú§ß §Þ?§Ý§î§Û§à§ß; 1 000 000 000 - §à§Õ§Ú§ß §Þ?§Ý§î§ñ§â§Õ; 1 000 000 000 000 - §à§Õ§Ú§ß §ä§â§Ú§Ý§î§Û§à§ß; 1 000 000 000 000 000 - §à§Õ§Ú§ß §Ü§Ó§Ñ§Õ§â§Ú§Ý§î§Û§à§ß; 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 - §à§Õ§Ú§ß §Ü§Ó?§ß§ä§Ú§Ý§î§Û§à§ß.
- 9. 3. §©§ß§Ñ§Ü§Ú §Õ§à§Õ§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§ñ ? §Ó?§Õ§ß?§Þ§Ñ§ß§ß§ñ §©§ß§Ñ§Ü §Õ§à§Õ§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§ñ: §©§ß§Ñ§Ü §Ó?§Õ§ß?§Þ§Ñ§ß§ß§ñ:
- 10. §©§ß§Ñ§Ü§Ú §Þ§ß§à§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ ? §Õ?§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §©§ß§Ñ§Ü ¡°§ç¡± §ñ§Ü §ã§Ú§Þ§Ó§à§Ý §Õ?? §Þ§ß§à§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §ä§â§Ñ§á§Ý§ñ?§ä§î§ã§ñ §å §Õ§â§å§Ü§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ç §á§â§Ñ§è§ñ§ç §ë§Ö §Ó XVII §ã§ä§à§Ý?§ä§ä?, §ç§à§é§Ñ §Û§à§Ô§à §Ó§Ú§Ü§à§â§Ú§ã§ä§à§Ó§å§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Û §â§Ñ§ß?§ê§Ö. §©§ß§Ñ§Ü ¡°?¡± §ñ§Ü §ã§Ú§Þ§Ó§à§Ý §Õ?? §Þ§ß§à§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ ? §Ù§ß§Ñ§Ü ¡°:¡± §ñ§Ü §ã§Ú§Þ§Ó§à§Ý §Õ?? §Õ?§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §Ù§Ñ§á§â§à§á§à§ß§å§Ó§Ñ§Ó §ß?§Þ§Ö§è§î§Ü§Ú§Û §Þ§Ñ§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ü §¤. §§Ö§Û§Ò§ß?§è (1646 ¨C 1716). §µ XVIII §ã§ä§à§Ý?§ä§ä? §Ù§ß§Ñ§Ü ¡°?¡± §ã§ä§Ñ§Ó §Ù§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§á§â§Ú§Û§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§Þ.
- 11. 4. §¢§å§Ü§Ó§Ú §ä§Ñ §Ò§å§Ü§Ó§Ö§ß§ß? §Ó§Ú§â§Ñ§Ù§Ú - §¥§Ñ§Ó§ß§î§à§Ô§â§Ö§è§î§Ü§Ú§Û §Þ§Ñ§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ü §¥?§à§æ§Ñ§ß§ä III-IV §ã§ä§à§Ý?§ä§ä§ñ §ß§Ñ§ê§à? §Ö§â§Ú §å§Ó?§Ó §à§ã§à§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ó§Ú§Û §Ù§ß§Ñ§Ü §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§à§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §ß§Ö§Ó?§Õ§à§Þ§à? §Ó§Ö§Ý§Ú§é§Ú§ß§Ú.
- 12. - §£§Ú§Õ§Ñ§ä§ß§Ú§Û §Þ§Ñ§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ü ? §Ñ§ã§ä§â§à§ß§à§Þ VII §ã§ä§à§Ý?§ä§ä§ñ §¢§â§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§Ô§å§á§ä§Ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§à§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §ß§Ö§Ó?§Õ§à§Þ§à? §Ó§Ö§Ý§Ú§é§Ú§ß§Ú §Ü§à§â§Ú§ã§ä§å§Ó§Ñ§Ó§ã§ñ §Ù§ß§Ñ§Ü§à§Þ ¡°§Û§Ñ¡±. §£?§Õ ?§ß§Õ?§Û§ã§î§Ü§à§Ô§à §ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ñ ¡°§Ñ§Û§Ó§Ñ§ä§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß¡± - §à§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ? ¡°§ã§ä?§Ý§î§Ü§Ú, §ã§Ü?§Ý§î§Ü§Ú¡±.
- 13. §¯§Ñ§ã§ä§å§á§ß? §Ü§â§à§Ü§Ú §å §â§à§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ü§å §Ò§å§Ü§Ó§Ö§ß§à? §ã§Ú§Þ§Ó§à§Ý?§Ü§Ú §Ò§å§Ý§Ú §Ù§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§ß? §Ó ?§Ó§â§à§á?
- 14. 5. §© ?§ã§ä§à§â?? §Ù§Ó§Ú§é§Ñ§Û§ß§Ú§ç §Õ§â§à§Ò?§Ó §µ §¬§Ú?§Ó§ã§î§Ü?§Û §²§å§ã? §Õ§â§à§Ò§Ú §ß§Ñ§Ù§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú§µ §¬§Ú?§Ó§ã§î§Ü?§Û §²§å§ã? §Õ§â§à§Ò§Ú §ß§Ñ§Ù§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú §é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ú, §ß§Ñ§Û§á§à§ê§Ú§â§Ö§ß?§ê§Ú§Þ§Ú §Ù §ñ§Ü§Ú§ç§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ú, §ß§Ñ§Û§á§à§ê§Ú§â§Ö§ß?§ê§Ú§Þ§Ú §Ù §ñ§Ü§Ú§ç §Ò§å§Ý§Ú:§Ò§å§Ý§Ú:
- 15. 6. §© ?§ã§ä§à§â?? §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ü§à§Ó§Ú§ç §Õ§â§à§Ò?§Ó §¥§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ü§à§Ó? §Õ§â§à§Ò§Ú §á§à§Ó¡¯§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß? §Ù §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ü§à§Ó§à§ð §á§à§Ù§Ú§è?§Û§ß§à§ð §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§à§ð §é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§ñ, §ñ§Ü§Ñ §Þ§Ñ? §Õ§Ñ§Ó§ß§ð ?§ã§ä§à§â?§ð ? §Ù§ß§Ñ§Û§ê§Ý§Ñ §ê§Ú§â§à§Ü§Ö §Ù§Ñ§ã§ä§à§ã§å§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§ñ. - §¥§Ø§Ö§Þ§ê§Ú§Õ ?§Ò§ß-§®§Ñ§ã§å§Õ §Ñ§Ý-§¬§Ñ§ê?. - §³?§Þ§à§ß §³§ä§Ö§Ó?§ß. 3,7 §Ù§Ñ§á§Ú§ã§å§Ó§Ñ§Ó §ä§Ñ§Ü: 3 7. - §«§à§ç§Ñ§ß §¬§Ö§á§Ý§Ö§â. 0
- 16. 7. §£?§Õ§ã§à§ä§Ü§Ú §³§Ý§à§Ó§à§³§Ý§à§Ó§à ¡°§Ó?§Õ§ã§à§ä§à§Ü(§á§â§à§è§Ö§ß§ä)¡±¡°§Ó?§Õ§ã§à§ä§à§Ü(§á§â§à§è§Ö§ß§ä)¡± §á§à§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä§î§á§à§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä§î §Ó?§Õ §Ý§Ñ§ä§Ú§ß§ã§î§Ü§à§Ô§à§Ó?§Õ §Ý§Ñ§ä§Ú§ß§ã§î§Ü§à§Ô§à pro centumpro centum, §ë§à §à§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ?, §ë§à §à§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ? ¡°§ß§Ñ §ã§ä§à¡±.¡°§ß§Ñ §ã§ä§à¡±. §©§ß§Ñ§Ü §Ó?§Õ§ã§à§ä§Ü§Ñ§©§ß§Ñ§Ü §Ó?§Õ§ã§à§ä§Ü§Ñ (%)(%) §Ù§Ù¡¯§ñ§Ó§Ú§Ó§ã§ñ §Ó§ß§Ñ§ã§Ý?§Õ§à§Ü¡¯§ñ§Ó§Ú§Ó§ã§ñ §Ó§ß§Ñ§ã§Ý?§Õ§à§Ü §ã§Ü§à§â§à§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §Ó§Ú§â§Ñ§Ù§å§ã§Ü§à§â§à§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §Ó§Ú§â§Ñ§Ù§å ¡°¡°perper 100¡±.100¡±. §©§Ô§à§Õ§à§Þ §è§Ö§©§Ô§à§Õ§à§Þ §è§Ö §ã§Ü§à§â§à§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §ß§Ñ§Ò§å§Ý§à §Ó§Ú§Ô§Ý§ñ§Õ§å§ã§Ü§à§â§à§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §ß§Ñ§Ò§å§Ý§à §Ó§Ú§Ô§Ý§ñ§Õ§å
- 18. 2.2.
- 19. 3. §©§ß§Ñ§Û§Õ§Ú §á§à§Þ§Ú§Ý§Ü§Ú §¯§Ö§Ù§ß§Ñ§Û§Ü§Ú:3. §©§ß§Ñ§Û§Õ§Ú §á§à§Þ§Ú§Ý§Ü§Ú §¯§Ö§Ù§ß§Ñ§Û§Ü§Ú:
- 20. 4.4.
- 21. 5. §³§Ü?§Ý§î§Ü§Ú §Ó§ã§î§à§Ô§à §á§â§ñ§Þ§à§Ü§å§ä§ß§Ú§Ü?§Ó §Ù§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§à §ß§Ñ §Þ§Ñ§Ý§ð§ß§Ü§å ?..
- 22. 6. §µ §ã?§Þ¡¯? §ê?§ã§ä§î §Ò§â§Ñ§ä?§Ó, §å §Ü§à§Ø§ß§à§Ô§à §á§à §ã§Ö§ã§ä§â?. §³§Ü?§Ý§î§Ü§Ú §Õ?§ä§Ö§Û §å §ã?§Þ¡¯? ? 7. §¤§à§â?§Ý§à 5 §ã§Ó?§é§à§Ü. §¥§Ó? §Ù §ß§Ú§ç §Ù§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§ã§Ú§Ý§Ú. §³§Ü?§Ý§î§Ü§Ú §ã§Ó?§é§à§Ü §Ù§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ê§Ú§Ý§à§ã§ñ ? 8. §°§Õ§ß§Ö §ñ§Û§è§Ö §Ó§Ñ§â§ñ§ä§î 4 §ç§Ó. §³§Ü?§Ý§î§Ü§Ú §é§Ñ§ã§å §ä§â§Ö§Ò§Ñ §Ó§Ñ§â§Ú§ä§Ú 6 §ñ?§è§î ? 9. §³§Ü?§Ý§î§Ü§Ú §Ò§å§Ü§Ó §å §é§Ú§ã§Ý? 3564290 ?
Editor's Notes
- #25: §£§³§¾§°§¤§° §¯§¡§«§¬§²§¡§»§°§¤§°.