This document describes various in vitro models and methods that can be used to study hepatotoxicity, including hepatocyte cell cultures, assays to measure cell viability and metabolic activity (trypan blue dye exclusion test, MTT assay), staining to visualize lipid accumulation (Oil Red O), and techniques to examine gene and protein expression changes (RT-PCR, western blotting). Specifically, it discusses using these methods to establish models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by treating hepatocyte cultures with fatty acids like palmitic and oleic acid, and models of drug-induced hepatotoxicity by treating with acetaminophen or amiodarone. Key readouts include lipid accumulation, apoptosis levels
This document summarizes various liver diseases and their etiologies. It discusses alcoholic liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, viral hepatitis infections from hepatitis B, C, and D viruses, autoimmune disorders like autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis, genetic disorders, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The liver's important functions are outlined. Causes, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment approaches are described for each disease.
An introduction to experimental epidemiology improvemed
油
This document provides an overview of experimental epidemiology methods. It discusses the key features and types of experimental epidemiology studies, including controlled field trials and community trials. Controlled field trials involve dividing healthy subjects into an exposed group that receives an active substance (like a vaccine) and an unexposed control group that receives a placebo. Community trials involve entire exposed and unexposed communities. Randomized controlled trials, which assign individual subjects randomly to intervention or control groups, are described as the most common experimental method but are covered in more depth separately. Overall, the document outlines the design and purpose of various experimental epidemiology study types.
Genotyping methods of nosocomial infections pathogenimprovemed
油
Nosocomial infections afflict around 2 million patients in the US each year, resulting in around 88,000 deaths and $4.5 billion in excess healthcare costs. Understanding the distribution and relatedness of pathogens that cause these infections is important for designing effective control methods. Historically, phenotypic characterization was used, but increasingly molecular or genotyping techniques are being used, including pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, multilocus sequence typing, and polymerase chain reaction-based methods. Studies have shown that integrating molecular typing into infection control programs can significantly reduce infection rates and healthcare costs.
Use of MALDI-TOF in the diagnosis of infectious diseasesimprovemed
油
MALDI-TOF MS has revolutionized clinical microbiology by drastically improving the time needed to identify bacterial cultures from over 24 hours to just a few minutes. Whereas the entire process from sampling to results previously took 2-3 days or more, new methods like MALDI-TOF MS and molecular technology have reduced this to just a few hours or one day. MALDI-TOF MS is a powerful, cost-effective, and easy to implement technique that provides rapid and reliable identification of bacteria and yeast from clinical samples at the genus and species level through analysis of their protein mass spectral signatures.
1. Molecular microbiology methods like PCR and hybridization have revolutionized clinical diagnostics by enabling fast and direct detection of pathogens from clinical samples.
2. PCR in particular has become a mainstay technique, allowing amplification of specific DNA sequences from small amounts of input DNA. Variations like real-time PCR, multiplex PCR, and broad-range PCR further expanded diagnostic capabilities.
3. Emerging technologies like DNA microarrays promise even greater multiplexing, with the ability to simultaneously genotype large genomic regions or measure expression of many genes, positioning them as promising future molecular diagnostic tools.
This document provides information about setting up and conducting experiments with isolated organs and tissue rings, including:
1. Describing the mechanical setup for a four-channel system bath for isolated organs.
2. Explaining the preparation of Krebs-Hanseleit solution and common drugs used.
3. Outlining typical experiment protocols, including stabilizing tissues, pre-contraction testing, and assessing endothelial function.
4. Noting that each experiment begins by preparing Krebs-Hanseleit solution and activating the system before surgery and setting rings in wells.
This document describes the components, work principles, and experimental protocols for using a pressure myograph system to study isolated blood vessels. The system allows measuring vessel diameter in response to drugs and stimuli while maintaining constant temperature. Experiments involve isolating small arteries from rats and attaching them to glass micropipettes in a chamber filled with physiological salt solution. Vessel diameter is recorded under varying pressures and drug exposures to study endothelial function and vasoactive mechanisms. Statistical analysis of diameter changes under different conditions uses repeated measures ANOVA to compare responses between experimental groups.
Notes for Measuring blood flow and reactivity of the blood vessels in the ski...improvemed
油
This document describes the laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) method for measuring blood flow in the microcirculation of skin. Specifically, it discusses post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) testing using LDF to assess microvascular reactivity by inducing a brief occlusion of blood vessels. It also covers iontophoresis of acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside combined with LDF to evaluate endothelium-dependent and independent vasodilation respectively. Standardization of methods like occlusion duration and probe placement is important for reproducibility. LDF provides a general index of microvascular function rather than direct flow measurements.
Notes for STAINING AND ANALYSIS of HISTOLOGICAL PREPARATIONSimprovemed
油
This document provides an overview of histological staining techniques. It discusses how histological preparations are stained using interactions between dyes, solvents, and tissue components. Different staining methods result in different colors that highlight various structures. A classic example is hematoxylin and eosin staining, where hematoxylin stains acidic components blue and eosin stains basic components pink. Specialized staining techniques also exist, such as immunohistochemistry. Proper staining selection depends on the tissue and research goals. Histological preparations are then analyzed under a microscope to study cell and tissue morphology.
Notes for Fixation of tissues and organs for educational and scientific purposesimprovemed
油
Fixation of tissues and organs is done to preserve them for scientific and educational purposes. Various chemical fixatives are used including formaldehyde, alcohols, and acids. Formaldehyde cross-links proteins to harden the tissue while maintaining the original structure. Several fixation protocols are used for different purposes, balancing preservation of color and long-term durability. Key steps include diffusion or injection of fixatives, followed by storage in preservative solutions. Proper fixation and storage are necessary to prevent degradation over time.
The document summarizes the process of preparing tissue samples for histological analysis, including fixation, dehydration, infiltration/embedding, sectioning, staining, and examination. Key steps involve fixing tissues to prevent degradation, dehydrating using increasing alcohol concentrations, infiltrating with paraffin wax or resin for structural support during sectioning, precisely cutting thin sections, mounting them to glass slides, staining, and examining under a microscope. The quality of prepared samples depends on carefully following each step of the preparation process.
Notes for The principle and performance of capillary electrophoresisimprovemed
油
This document provides an overview of capillary electrophoresis (CE). It begins by introducing CE and its advantages over other separation techniques. It then describes the basic theory behind CE, including electrophoretic mobility, electroosmotic flow, and how samples migrate through the capillary when an electric field is applied. The document details the key components of a CE instrument and various CE separation techniques such as capillary zone electrophoresis, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, and capillary isoelectric focusing. It focuses on the principles and applications of CE.
Notes for The principle and performance of liquid chromatographymass spectro...improvemed
油
This document provides an overview of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). It describes the basic components and functioning of an LC-MS system, including the liquid chromatograph and mass spectrometer connected by an interface. The document discusses various ionization sources like electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, as well as mass analyzers like quadrupoles and time-of-flight analyzers. It also covers detectors used in LC-MS like electron multipliers and photomultipliers. Overall, the document serves as a technical introduction to the principles and components of LC-MS.
This document provides an overview of basic cell culture techniques. It discusses the history of cell culture, defining primary and secondary cell cultures. It describes different types of cell lines and how cells grow as monolayers or in suspension. The document outlines the key equipment needed for a cell culture laboratory, including biosafety cabinets, CO2 incubators, centrifuges, microscopes, and supplies. It emphasizes the importance of aseptic technique to prevent microbial contamination when working with cell cultures.
This document discusses systems biology and its goals of understanding how biological molecules interact and systems function as a whole. It covers:
1) Systems biology uses large datasets from "omics" experiments and computational models to understand complex biological interactions beyond individual molecules.
2) Pioneering work used microarrays to measure thousands of genes in serum-stimulated cells, finding over 500 changed in proliferation.
3) The field aims to discover emergent system properties and functions not evident from separate parts, like switches that change cell behavior.
Systems biology for Medicine' is 'Experimental methods and the big datasetsimprovemed
油
This document discusses experimental methods used in systems biology to generate large datasets, including microarrays, sequencing-based methods, mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography. It explains that systems biology studies must be quantitative and enable computational modeling. Key methods covered are microarrays, RNA-seq, ChIP-seq, whole-genome sequencing, whole-exome sequencing, proteomics using mass spectrometry, and combining liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry for lipidomics, metabolomics and glycomics. Sources of variation are also discussed for genomic and proteomic studies.
Systems biology for medical students/Systems medicineimprovemed
油
Systems biology takes a holistic approach to studying biological systems by considering all the interactions within a system and how they generate complex behaviors. Lecture 1 introduces key concepts in systems biology like how increasing levels of biological organization give rise to new system properties like robustness. Lecture 2 discusses experimental methods like genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics that generate large data sets for systems analysis. Lecture 3 covers mathematical and statistical tools for analyzing these data sets, such as using differential equations to model signaling networks. Lecture 4 provides examples of medical applications of systems biology in finding diagnostic markers, personalizing therapy, and predicting disease interactions from human disease networks, with the future of medicine taking a more predictive, preventive, and personalized approach
The document discusses several use cases for applying data mining and machine learning techniques in healthcare and biomedical research. Three examples are:
1) Early diagnosis of cancers like lung cancer and breast cancer through predictive modeling of patient data to detect cancers at earlier stages when survival rates are higher.
2) Predicting patient responses to drug therapies for cancers like breast cancer by combining different types of molecular profiling data using techniques like support vector machines and random forests.
3) Using imaging data and temporal analysis of metrics like medication purchases to better understand and predict chronic diseases like diabetes and associated health complications.
The document discusses various data mining methods. It describes data mining as seeking patterns within large databases. Common data mining methods mentioned include clustering, regression, rule extraction, and data visualization. Machine learning algorithms often used for health data include logistic regression, support vector machines, decision trees, and neural networks. The document also discusses newer techniques like graph-based data mining, topological data mining, and data visualization for exploring complex data.
This document discusses biomedical informatics and the increasing role of data in medicine. It notes that medicine is becoming a more data-intensive field due to growing sources of electronic health data. Biomedical data is often large in volume, diverse, complex, weakly structured, noisy, and inconsistent. Extracting knowledge from this "big data" through techniques like data mining, machine learning, and integrating human-computer interaction can provide insights to improve healthcare outcomes. Key applications include personalized and predictive medicine through patient stratification and risk analysis. However, overcoming obstacles like heterogeneous and non-standardized data is challenging.
This document summarizes various liver diseases and their etiologies. It discusses alcoholic liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, viral hepatitis infections from hepatitis B, C, and D viruses, autoimmune disorders like autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis, genetic disorders, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The liver's important functions are outlined. Causes, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment approaches are described for each disease.
An introduction to experimental epidemiology improvemed
油
This document provides an overview of experimental epidemiology methods. It discusses the key features and types of experimental epidemiology studies, including controlled field trials and community trials. Controlled field trials involve dividing healthy subjects into an exposed group that receives an active substance (like a vaccine) and an unexposed control group that receives a placebo. Community trials involve entire exposed and unexposed communities. Randomized controlled trials, which assign individual subjects randomly to intervention or control groups, are described as the most common experimental method but are covered in more depth separately. Overall, the document outlines the design and purpose of various experimental epidemiology study types.
Genotyping methods of nosocomial infections pathogenimprovemed
油
Nosocomial infections afflict around 2 million patients in the US each year, resulting in around 88,000 deaths and $4.5 billion in excess healthcare costs. Understanding the distribution and relatedness of pathogens that cause these infections is important for designing effective control methods. Historically, phenotypic characterization was used, but increasingly molecular or genotyping techniques are being used, including pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, multilocus sequence typing, and polymerase chain reaction-based methods. Studies have shown that integrating molecular typing into infection control programs can significantly reduce infection rates and healthcare costs.
Use of MALDI-TOF in the diagnosis of infectious diseasesimprovemed
油
MALDI-TOF MS has revolutionized clinical microbiology by drastically improving the time needed to identify bacterial cultures from over 24 hours to just a few minutes. Whereas the entire process from sampling to results previously took 2-3 days or more, new methods like MALDI-TOF MS and molecular technology have reduced this to just a few hours or one day. MALDI-TOF MS is a powerful, cost-effective, and easy to implement technique that provides rapid and reliable identification of bacteria and yeast from clinical samples at the genus and species level through analysis of their protein mass spectral signatures.
1. Molecular microbiology methods like PCR and hybridization have revolutionized clinical diagnostics by enabling fast and direct detection of pathogens from clinical samples.
2. PCR in particular has become a mainstay technique, allowing amplification of specific DNA sequences from small amounts of input DNA. Variations like real-time PCR, multiplex PCR, and broad-range PCR further expanded diagnostic capabilities.
3. Emerging technologies like DNA microarrays promise even greater multiplexing, with the ability to simultaneously genotype large genomic regions or measure expression of many genes, positioning them as promising future molecular diagnostic tools.
This document provides information about setting up and conducting experiments with isolated organs and tissue rings, including:
1. Describing the mechanical setup for a four-channel system bath for isolated organs.
2. Explaining the preparation of Krebs-Hanseleit solution and common drugs used.
3. Outlining typical experiment protocols, including stabilizing tissues, pre-contraction testing, and assessing endothelial function.
4. Noting that each experiment begins by preparing Krebs-Hanseleit solution and activating the system before surgery and setting rings in wells.
This document describes the components, work principles, and experimental protocols for using a pressure myograph system to study isolated blood vessels. The system allows measuring vessel diameter in response to drugs and stimuli while maintaining constant temperature. Experiments involve isolating small arteries from rats and attaching them to glass micropipettes in a chamber filled with physiological salt solution. Vessel diameter is recorded under varying pressures and drug exposures to study endothelial function and vasoactive mechanisms. Statistical analysis of diameter changes under different conditions uses repeated measures ANOVA to compare responses between experimental groups.
Notes for Measuring blood flow and reactivity of the blood vessels in the ski...improvemed
油
This document describes the laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) method for measuring blood flow in the microcirculation of skin. Specifically, it discusses post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) testing using LDF to assess microvascular reactivity by inducing a brief occlusion of blood vessels. It also covers iontophoresis of acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside combined with LDF to evaluate endothelium-dependent and independent vasodilation respectively. Standardization of methods like occlusion duration and probe placement is important for reproducibility. LDF provides a general index of microvascular function rather than direct flow measurements.
Notes for STAINING AND ANALYSIS of HISTOLOGICAL PREPARATIONSimprovemed
油
This document provides an overview of histological staining techniques. It discusses how histological preparations are stained using interactions between dyes, solvents, and tissue components. Different staining methods result in different colors that highlight various structures. A classic example is hematoxylin and eosin staining, where hematoxylin stains acidic components blue and eosin stains basic components pink. Specialized staining techniques also exist, such as immunohistochemistry. Proper staining selection depends on the tissue and research goals. Histological preparations are then analyzed under a microscope to study cell and tissue morphology.
Notes for Fixation of tissues and organs for educational and scientific purposesimprovemed
油
Fixation of tissues and organs is done to preserve them for scientific and educational purposes. Various chemical fixatives are used including formaldehyde, alcohols, and acids. Formaldehyde cross-links proteins to harden the tissue while maintaining the original structure. Several fixation protocols are used for different purposes, balancing preservation of color and long-term durability. Key steps include diffusion or injection of fixatives, followed by storage in preservative solutions. Proper fixation and storage are necessary to prevent degradation over time.
The document summarizes the process of preparing tissue samples for histological analysis, including fixation, dehydration, infiltration/embedding, sectioning, staining, and examination. Key steps involve fixing tissues to prevent degradation, dehydrating using increasing alcohol concentrations, infiltrating with paraffin wax or resin for structural support during sectioning, precisely cutting thin sections, mounting them to glass slides, staining, and examining under a microscope. The quality of prepared samples depends on carefully following each step of the preparation process.
Notes for The principle and performance of capillary electrophoresisimprovemed
油
This document provides an overview of capillary electrophoresis (CE). It begins by introducing CE and its advantages over other separation techniques. It then describes the basic theory behind CE, including electrophoretic mobility, electroosmotic flow, and how samples migrate through the capillary when an electric field is applied. The document details the key components of a CE instrument and various CE separation techniques such as capillary zone electrophoresis, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, and capillary isoelectric focusing. It focuses on the principles and applications of CE.
Notes for The principle and performance of liquid chromatographymass spectro...improvemed
油
This document provides an overview of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). It describes the basic components and functioning of an LC-MS system, including the liquid chromatograph and mass spectrometer connected by an interface. The document discusses various ionization sources like electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, as well as mass analyzers like quadrupoles and time-of-flight analyzers. It also covers detectors used in LC-MS like electron multipliers and photomultipliers. Overall, the document serves as a technical introduction to the principles and components of LC-MS.
This document provides an overview of basic cell culture techniques. It discusses the history of cell culture, defining primary and secondary cell cultures. It describes different types of cell lines and how cells grow as monolayers or in suspension. The document outlines the key equipment needed for a cell culture laboratory, including biosafety cabinets, CO2 incubators, centrifuges, microscopes, and supplies. It emphasizes the importance of aseptic technique to prevent microbial contamination when working with cell cultures.
This document discusses systems biology and its goals of understanding how biological molecules interact and systems function as a whole. It covers:
1) Systems biology uses large datasets from "omics" experiments and computational models to understand complex biological interactions beyond individual molecules.
2) Pioneering work used microarrays to measure thousands of genes in serum-stimulated cells, finding over 500 changed in proliferation.
3) The field aims to discover emergent system properties and functions not evident from separate parts, like switches that change cell behavior.
Systems biology for Medicine' is 'Experimental methods and the big datasetsimprovemed
油
This document discusses experimental methods used in systems biology to generate large datasets, including microarrays, sequencing-based methods, mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography. It explains that systems biology studies must be quantitative and enable computational modeling. Key methods covered are microarrays, RNA-seq, ChIP-seq, whole-genome sequencing, whole-exome sequencing, proteomics using mass spectrometry, and combining liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry for lipidomics, metabolomics and glycomics. Sources of variation are also discussed for genomic and proteomic studies.
Systems biology for medical students/Systems medicineimprovemed
油
Systems biology takes a holistic approach to studying biological systems by considering all the interactions within a system and how they generate complex behaviors. Lecture 1 introduces key concepts in systems biology like how increasing levels of biological organization give rise to new system properties like robustness. Lecture 2 discusses experimental methods like genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics that generate large data sets for systems analysis. Lecture 3 covers mathematical and statistical tools for analyzing these data sets, such as using differential equations to model signaling networks. Lecture 4 provides examples of medical applications of systems biology in finding diagnostic markers, personalizing therapy, and predicting disease interactions from human disease networks, with the future of medicine taking a more predictive, preventive, and personalized approach
The document discusses several use cases for applying data mining and machine learning techniques in healthcare and biomedical research. Three examples are:
1) Early diagnosis of cancers like lung cancer and breast cancer through predictive modeling of patient data to detect cancers at earlier stages when survival rates are higher.
2) Predicting patient responses to drug therapies for cancers like breast cancer by combining different types of molecular profiling data using techniques like support vector machines and random forests.
3) Using imaging data and temporal analysis of metrics like medication purchases to better understand and predict chronic diseases like diabetes and associated health complications.
The document discusses various data mining methods. It describes data mining as seeking patterns within large databases. Common data mining methods mentioned include clustering, regression, rule extraction, and data visualization. Machine learning algorithms often used for health data include logistic regression, support vector machines, decision trees, and neural networks. The document also discusses newer techniques like graph-based data mining, topological data mining, and data visualization for exploring complex data.
This document discusses biomedical informatics and the increasing role of data in medicine. It notes that medicine is becoming a more data-intensive field due to growing sources of electronic health data. Biomedical data is often large in volume, diverse, complex, weakly structured, noisy, and inconsistent. Extracting knowledge from this "big data" through techniques like data mining, machine learning, and integrating human-computer interaction can provide insights to improve healthcare outcomes. Key applications include personalized and predictive medicine through patient stratification and risk analysis. However, overcoming obstacles like heterogeneous and non-standardized data is challenging.
2. Definicija
kliniki suenje je istra転ivanje kod ljudi se oekuje da e
otkriti ili potvrditi kliniku, farmakolo邸ke i / ili drugih farmako
Uinci istra転ivakog proizvod (e) i / ili odrediti bilo kakve
negativne reakcije na istra転ivakom proizvod (e) i / ili na
studij apsorpciju, distribuciju, metabolizam i izluivanje
istra転ivakog proizvod (e) s ciljem da se otkriju njegova
sigurnost i / ili efikasnost
3. Sluajni kontrolavodio ispitivanja
RCT pru転iti najvi邸e
nivo dokaza
Meta-analize i
sustavni
pregledi
RCT
Kohortne studije
Studije sluaja-kontrole
Presjene studije
Ispitivanja na 転ivotinjama i in vitro
studije
Izvje邸taji o sluajevima, mi邸ljenja i pismaHijerarhija od znanstvena dokaz
4. Put RCT
formulirati odreeni istra転ivaki pitanje biti odgovorio
odluka o metodi odabirom teme
osigurati najveu moguu broj predmeta tijekom studija
razdoblje
5. Put RCT
nakon uzorkovanje, randomizacije je potrebna kako bi se
podijeliti predmete u najmanje dva ispitivana skupina
(izlo転en i neosvijetljeni ili kontrolirati skupina)
neosvijetljeni grupa e dobiti ili placebo, ako je zdrav
subjekt, ili zlatni standard, ako je subjekt sa bole邸u
6. Randomizacije
Postupak koji omoguuje nepredvidljivosti raspodjele
predmeta u izlo転enoj skupini i skupini neosvijetljeni one
omoguuje nam da eliminira uinak zbrka imbenici
postii usporedivosti skupini ispitanika u odnosu na
odreene znaajne svojstvima teme (mi postii jednaku
distribuciju sve karakteristike)
7. Randomizacije
mo転e se ostvariti u mnogim naine: koristei Sluajni broj
stolova, uporabom zatvorenih kuverti, crte転 crvene ili zelene
loptice, a danas je najlak邸e uiniti s raunalom koristei
statistiki programi
stratificirani randomizacije pristup osigurava potpuna
usporedivost ispitanika u skupine prema vrlo va転ne
imbenike, kao 邸to su dob i spol
8. Praenje i prikupljanje podataka
data zbirka mora slijediti unaprijed odreeni protokol i
mora se obavljati jednako dobro u obje skupine ispitanika,
kako bi se izbjeglo pojavljivanje prekida dijagnostiku
postupak
osigurana pomou zasljepljujue, maskiranje, koja mo転e biti
jednostruka, dvostruka ili trostruka
9. Praenje i prikupljanje podataka
jedan zaepljenja - samo subjekti ne znam u kojoj skupini su
bili potpisani u
dvostruko zasljepljujue - ni ispitanici niti istra転ivai koji
skupljaju podatke tijekom razdoblja praenja ispitanika ne
zna tko je od ispitanika je u kojoj skupini
10. Praenje i prikupljanje podataka
trostruki zasljepljujue - ni teme, ni istra転ivai ni the osoba
Analizirajui podatke ini Ne znam tko je od subjekata u kojoj
skupina
zasljepljujue se mo転e obaviti samo ako je placebo, ili zlatni
standard droge su iste pojave (boja i oblik), te転ine, okus i
miris kao lijek pod istragom
11. Praenje i prikupljanje podataka
mogue je da imaju placebo efekt kada je neuinkovit tvar
takoer pobolj邸ava zdravstveno stanje, kao i pojavu
Hawthorne efekt, koji je obilje転en pozitivne reakcije
ispitanika, jer znanstvenici brinu o njima
12. Mjerenje zdravstvenih ishoda
ovisi o istra転ivakom pitanju i bolesti smo istra転uje
rezultati su podijeljen na primarni i sporedan
the osnovni zdravstveni ishod u istra転ivanju je obino jedan, a
to je odgovor na najva転niji dio istra転ivanja pitanje
sekundarni ishod mogu biti nuspojave lijeka, ali i ponavljanje
bolesti, funkcionalno o邸teenje, invaliditet, itd
13. Vrste RCT dizajna
besides Naje邸e kori邸teni dizajn, gdje su ispitanici
randomizirani u jednu od dvije ili vi邸e ruku i gdje je svaka ruka
dodijeljen drugaiji tretman - tzv paralelni
drugo mogue pristupi u istra転ivanjima u eksperimentalnoj
epidemiologije je kori邸tenje tzv cross-over dizajn ili upotreba
faktorski dizajn
15. Vrste RCT dizajna
Osnovno naelo cross-over tipa dizajna je staviti ispitanike u
grupe nasuminim odabirom, primjenom ispitivanog lijeka u
izlo転enoj skupini i placebom / standardnim lijekom u
neeksponiranoj skupini i praenjem zdravstvenih ishoda.
Vrijeme
ono 邸to je specifino za ovaj pristup je promjena izlo転enosti u
ispitivanim skupinama i izlo転ena skupina u drugom dijelu
istra転ivanja postaje neeksponirana i obrnuto
16. Vrste RCT dizajna
ova promjena izlo転enosti i statusa ne-izlaganja svakog subjekta
mo転e se postii nakon odreenog vremena koje je potrebno da
se prethodno primijenjena tvar potpuno izlui iz tijela
u ovom dizajnu svaki subjekt je sam sebi kontrola
17. Vrste RCT dizajna
problem: trajno djelovanje poetnog izlaganja (ili ne-izlaganja)
kako la転no tumai uinak ne-izlaganja (ili izlaganjem)
problem: Redoslijed izlaganja i unexposure jer je Placebo efekt
je izra転eniji na poetku studije, kao i injenica da je ovaj pristup
ne mo転e se uvijek primijeniti
18. Vrste RCT dizajna
pomou faktorskog dizajna istodobno istra転ujemo uinak vi邸e
lijekova
ovi lijekovi neizbje転no moraju imati razliitu farmakokinetiku i
njihova aktivnost mora biti potpuno neovisna
prednost: kori邸tenje jednog uzorka ispitanika za istra転ivanje
uinka vi邸e lijekova, 邸to mo転e u邸tedjeti znatnu koliinu novca i
drugih resursa
19. Vrste RCT dizajna
prednost: Tijekom praenja ispitanika mo転emo zaustaviti
ekspozicije za jednog lijeka, ako postoji potreba za to, a da je
drugi dio istra転ivanja i dalje bez prekid
Problem: slo転enost ispitivanje dizajna i statistike analize
20. Predstavljanje rezultata
mo転emo izraunati relativni rizik za zdravstvene ishode
koristei incidenciju u izlo転enoj i neeksponiranoj skupini
ispitanika
mo転emo pokazati pre転ivljavanje ispitanika u skupine, za koje
mo転emo koristiti Kaplan-Meier krivulje pre転ivljavanja, koja
pokazuje udio pre転ivjelih tijekom praenja vremena
21. Predstavljanje rezultata
za analizu pre転ivljavanja mo転emo koristiti multivarijatnu analizu
pre転ivljavanja - Coxov regresijski model (model proporcionalnih
opasnosti), a kao rezultat toga dobivamo omjer opasnosti
za razliku od Kaplan-Meierove metode, Coxova regresija uzima
u obzir uinak zbunjujuih imbenika
22. Predstavljanje rezultata
konano mo転emo izraunati uinkovitost
izlo転ena grupa je grupa koja je primila lijek istra転uje, dok
skupine neosvijetljeni je onaj koji je dobio placebo ili zlatni
standard lijek
23. Predstavljanje rezultata
mo転emo izraunati Broj ljudi koji vam je potrebno tretirati na
odreeni nain kako bi se sprijeilo jedan nepo転eljan ishod (broj
potreban za lijeenje - NNT)
24. Zakljuci
budui da rezultati randomiziranog kontroliranog klinikog
ispitivanja mogu imati znaajan utjecaj na ljudsko zdravlje i na
nain na koji se pru転a zdravstvena skrb, vrlo je va転no razumjeti
cjelokupni tijek svakog pojedinanog istra転ivanja.
CONSORT (Konsolidirani standardi izvje邸tavanja suenja) - koji
se sastoji od popisa sastavnih dijelova istra転ivanja koji moraju
biti opisani u znanstvenom lanku i dijagramu tijeka istra転ivanja