Age, Ageing and Wellbeing in later life
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This document examines the effects of aging on subjective well-being in later life using data from the English Longitudinal Study of Aging. It finds that measures of well-being such as quality of life and depressive symptoms continue to decline with age even after controlling for circumstances, but life satisfaction increases with age after accounting for conditions. The study explores how aging relates to different conceptualizations of well-being and whether its effects can be explained by declining health and social factors.
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Age, Ageing and Wellbeing in later life
- 1. Age effects on subjective well-being in later life Stephen Jivraj, Bram Vanhoutte, James Nazroo & Tarani Chandola University of Manchester Frailty, Resilience and Inequality in Later Life
- 2. Background In general population wellbeing is U-shaped over age (Blanchflower & Oswald 2008) How does well-being evolve in later life (50+)? Is there a third age (Laslett 1989) ? What does ageing substantively mean? Only a decline in conditions and circumstances (health, social support, partnership, ses, )?
- 3. What is subjective well-being? Subjective well-being (SWB) is mental health more than physical health? subjective judgement more than objective conditions? a social construct rather than universal truth? Measuring SWB relates to normative ideas about what the good life is about!
- 4. Aristotle Epicurus/Aristippus
- 5. Hedonic well-being Philosophical roots in Aristippus of Cyrene, Epicurus, Bentham, Mill Well-being is maximalisation of pleasure, minimalisation of suffering Affective and cognitive aspect (Diener 1984) Both + and affect, based on moods and emotions Individual assessment of quality of life, based on internal criteria (Life satisfaction)
- 6. Hedonic Well-being Affective Cognitive + - Positive Negative Domain Holistic Affect Affect specific CES-D SWLS
- 7. Eudaimonic well-being Philosophical roots in Aristotle: Well-being is about developing one-self and realising ones potential (Maslow 1968; Erikson 1959) Different operationalisations, with similar subdimensions: Psychological Well-being (Ryff & Singer, 1998) Self-determination Theory (Ryan & Deci, 2000) In later life: CASP (Hyde, Wiggins, Higgs & Blane, 2003)
- 8. Eudaimonic Well-being Eudaimonic Well-being Autonomy & Self- Pleasure realisation Control CASP CASP15
- 9. Research Questions What are the effects of ageing, cross-sectional and longitudinal, on well-being? Do different measures show similar age- effects? Does controlling for circumstances explain away age-effects ?
- 10. Data English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) Longitudinal unbalanced sample 10.331 respondents (aged 50+) in wave 1 (2002-2003) 5.913 in wave 5 (2010-2011) Average of 3.1 waves completed SWB Measures: CASP15: quality of life, autonomy, self- actualisation CES-D: depressive symptoms SWLS: evaluative of life satisfaction
- 11. Method: Latent Growth model Multilevel/Hierarchical/Random model with 2 levels observations (L 1) nested in individuals (L 2) Steps Null model => 50-30 % of change in SWB is intra- individual. Model with only age Full Model
- 12. Evolution CASP 15 40 35 Predicted CASP-15 score 30 25 20 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 Age
- 13. Evolution CES-D 3.5 3 2.5 Predicted CES-D score 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 Age
- 14. Evolution Life Satisfaction 27 26 25 Predicted SWLS score 24 23 22 21 20 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 Age
- 15. Explaining age effects Controlling for conditions, is there still an age effect? (Full model => 32-40% of total variance is explained ) Controls: Wave / gender / ethnicity / marital status / wealth / social class / education / employment status / LLSI / ADL / chronic conditions / close contacts / social support / volunteering / caring
- 16. Age vs Full model CASP 15 Full model Age Model 38 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85
- 17. Age vs Full Model CES-D Age model Full Model 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85
- 18. Age vs Full model SWLS Age model Full model 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85
- 19. Conclusion Different measures different stories? What does ageing mean in terms of well- being, is it only a decline in conditions or is something else happening? CASP quality of life in later life still declines, taking into account all known correlates CES-D- rise in depressive symptoms can almost entirely be explained by conditions SWLS controlling for conditions, people evaluate their life in more positive terms as they get older.