life course pathways to later life wellbeing
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This document discusses how socioeconomic factors across the life course influence subjective well-being in later life. It presents three life course models - critical period, accumulation, and social mobility - and focuses on testing the accumulation model using data from the English Longitudinal Study of Aging. The study examines trajectories of affective, cognitive, and eudaimonic well-being based on participants' occupational class at three time points: parents' occupation at age 14, own education level at age 20, and own occupation at age 50. It finds support for the accumulation model, with diverging well-being trajectories in the third age but leveling off or convergence in the fourth age.
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life course pathways to later life wellbeing
- 1. Life course pathways to later life wellbeing Bram Vanhoutte, James Nazroo & Alan Marshall CCSR, University of Manchester
- 3. Subjective well-being Hedonic Eudaimonic (cognitive+affective) ? Roots in Epicurus, Bentham, Mill -Well-being is maximalisation of pleasure, minimalisation of suffering ? Roots in Aristotle: - Well-being is about developing one-self and realising one¡¯s potential (Maslow 1968; Erikson 1959)
- 4. Life course models ? Critical period model ¨C Influences at a specific point in time (often early life) have a life lasting influence ? Accumulation model ¨C The accumulation of advantage/ disadvantage across the life course is most relevant ? Social Mobility ¨C What are the consequences of rising and falling on the social ladder?
- 5. Accumulation model ? The accumulation of advantage/ disadvantage across the life course is most relevant ? Accumulation through environmental, behavioural and psychosocial processes ? Examples: ¨C Matthew effect (Merton 1968) ¨C Habitus (Bourdieu 1984) ¨C Allostatic load (McEwen & Stellar 1993)
- 6. Life course models ? Plenty of supportive evidence for accumulation model for Mortality and Physical Health/Illness (Case & Paxson 2011, Pollitt, Rose & Kaufman 2005, Kuh & Schlomo 2004, and many more) ? No investigation of Subjective Well-being and limited research on Psychological health (exceptions: Luo & Waite 2005, Haas 2008, both using HRS)
- 7. Research questions ? Do trajectories of wellbeing in later life differ according to accumulative socio-economic profiles? ? Divergence or convergence of wellbeing in later life (Dannefer 1988 , House, Kessler, Herzog et al. 1990) ?
- 8. Data ? English Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSA) ¨C 5 Waves (2002-2010) ¨C Wave 1 :11000 participants aged 50+ ¨C Wave 5: 6200 core participants ¨C Refresher + Booster samples ? Available at ukds.co.uk
- 9. Affective, Cognitive and Eudaimonic Wellbeing Depressive Symptoms (CES-D) (Radloff, 1977) -Felt depressed -Was happy -Could not get going -Enjoyed life -... Satisfaction With Life Scale (Diener, 1984) -In most ways my life is close to ideal -The conditions of my life are excellent -... CASP15 (Hyde et al, 2003) Control/Autonomy -I feel that what happens to me is out of control Pleasure -I enjoy the things that I do Self-Actualisation Yes/No Strongly agree to Strongly disagree (7 categories) Score from 0-8 Score from 5-35 -I choose to do things that I have never done before Often/Sometimes/Not often/Never Score from 4-45
- 10. Life course trajectories ¨C Occupation of Parent (age 14) ¨C Educational level (age 20) ¨C Current/last occupation (age 50)
- 11. Accumulation ? ? Restructure life course by advantaged/ disadvantaged social positions ¨C Lowest exposure ? 000 = Parent Managerial / Professional Class +High level of education + Self in Managerial/Professional Class ¨C Highest exposure ? 222 = Parent Routine and Manual Class + Low level of education + Self Routine and Manual Class > assumes difference between two classes is equivalent + same value for each point in time
- 12. Some descriptives ? Most common trajectories: ¨C 222: always in the lowest category (23%) ¨C 221: low background, but middle class job (7%) ¨C 000: always in the highest category (6%) ? A lot of missing info on parental occupations (other jobs/something else = 21%) ? Recoded to three categories of similar size
- 13. Growth curve models ? Ideally suited to describe change at the personal level ? Intercept (cross-sectional difference at W1) and slope (longitudinal evolution) ? Age-vector model: growth model based illustration of how a cohort (5y) changes over time ? Assumes Missing at Random(MAR)¡
- 15. Dealing with Attrition ? Selective drop-out : ¨C Related to outcome/trajectory? ¨C Related to differential mortality? ¨C Related to unobserved factor influencing both(eg. physical health) ? Use selection model (Diggle & Kenwood) and shared parameter model (Wu & Carrol) to compare findings
- 18. Eudaimonic well-being men 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94
- 19. Conclusions ? The life course accumulation has an effect on later life trajectories of well-being ? Strong diverging tendencies across cognitive, affective and eudaimonic aspects of wellbeing in third age ? Leveling off or converging in fourth age
Editor's Notes
- #4: Hedonic wb is about pleasure and avoidance of painEudaimonc is about self-development and auonomy
- #11: The dynamic processes of change over the life span (Elder 1995)
- #15: Selection model : missingness can be related to value at t-1 (MAR) and also to value at t (NMAR)Shared parameter : Missingness dependent on trajectory