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Air Quality and Climate Change Presentation

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Mark Chapman
Mark Chapman

This document discusses the linkages between air quality and climate change. It notes that climate change presents serious global risks and requires an urgent response. Several key greenhouse gases that affect climate change are also air pollutants. Changes in climate can impact air quality through changes in emissions, transport, chemistry and deposition. Climate change may increase extreme air pollution events like heat waves and stagnant winter days. The effects of some air pollutants on climate change are complex, as they can both warm and cool the climate depending on chemical interactions. Solutions to improve air quality and reduce greenhouse gases must consider these complex interactions.

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Air Quality and Climate Change Mark Chapman Air Quality & Acoustics Technical Coordinator
2 The scientific evidence is now overwhelming: climate change presents very serious global risks, and it demands an urgent global response. Stern Review, 2006
3 Local Air Quality UK Air Quality Strategy Benzene 1,3-butadiene Carbon monoxide Lead Nitrogen dioxide Ozone Particulate Matter (PM10) Sulphur dioxide Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) UK Air Quality Regulations Benzene 1,3-butadiene Carbon monoxide Lead Nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen oxides Particulate Matter (PM10) Sulphur dioxide
4 Climate Change What is understood by the term Climate Change? 1. Impact on the Planet 2. Weather 3. Impact on People 4. Uncertainty 5. Things or Events 6. Causes 7. Global Warming 8. Fear 9. Time Context 10.Other Public Perception of Climate Change (2006 Risk Communication Study - UWE) 56 Participants in Bristol Top 10 Themes Climate Change is an Environmental Issue Climate Change is an Society Issue
5 The Simplified Greenhouse Effect Explanation
6 The Enhanced Greenhouse Effect
7 Air Quality & Climate Change Linkages Climate Change Main Greenhouse Gases Carbon dioxide (CO2) Methane (CH4) Nitrous oxide (N2O) Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) Air Quality Major Indirect Greenhouse Gases Carbon Monoxide (CO) Nitrogen oxides (NOx) Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) e.g. ammonium Aerosols Sulphur dioxide (SO2) Secondary Sulphate Particles Particulate Matter (PM10) / Nitrate Organic Carbon Black Carbon (Soot)
8 The Effects of Climate Change on Air Quality Climate Change is not just about changes in temperature: Humidity (Specific) Clouds and Precipitation Winds Others How might this affect Air Quality? Emissions Temperature dependence Transport Winds Chemistry Temperature and humidity Deposition Precipitation
9 The Effects of Climate Change on Air Quality Climate Change will increase the probability of local air pollution events Number and strength of summer highs (The ozone episode of 2003 will be a normal occurrence) Number and duration of calm winter days (The Great London Smog) Mean concentrations are likely to remain unchanged Higher chance of extreme concentrations Likelihood of increased associated mortality rates
10 The Effects of Air Quality on Climate Change VERY COMPLICATED VERY LOW SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING A few examples: Nitrogen Oxides (NO + NO2) Fossil Fuel Combustion and Natural Sources Reacts to produce ozone WARMING Reacts to produce nitrate aerosol COOLING Reacts to increase methane removal COOLING Overall NET COOLING Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Industry and Natural (Major Source) Reacts to produce ozone WARMING Reacts to decrease methane removal WARMING Reacts to form organic carbon aerosol COOLING Overall NET ??? Species Dependent : Some have better ozone production efficiency/others dont form aerosols Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) Coal-Fired Power Stations, Shipping and Natural Reacts to produce sulphate aerosol COOLING
11 Climate (or Radiative) Forcing: Change in the average net radiation at the top of the troposphere
12 Solutions? Energy Conservation and Efficiency Improvements Abatement Measures - (Flue-gas desulphurisation, catalytic converters, particle filters, NOx traps Improve air quality, but mostly INCREASE CO2 through decreased efficiency (getting better but very costly) Removing aerosol precursors can warm climate even further Removing black carbon particles cools climate Catalytic converters can generate N2O and greater primary NO2 Fuel Switching (e.g. Petrol to Diesel) Less CO2, but more black carbon (GWP 680) Bad for AQ; but NET effect on Climate ???
13 Summary What can we provide for our Clients to help bridge the Air Quality Climate Change Gap? Traffic Emission Optimisation Recommendation Speed HGV Driving Patterns Quantification and Relative Comparison of CO2e Abatement Specification and Design Advice
14 Further Details Mark Chapman Air Quality & Acoustics Technical Coordinator Planning & Consultation (1401) West Hall Tel: 01932 337 590 Mobile: 07976 344 311 mark.chapman@mouchelparkman.com

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Air Quality and Climate Change Presentation

  • 1. Air Quality and Climate Change Mark Chapman Air Quality & Acoustics Technical Coordinator
  • 2. 2 The scientific evidence is now overwhelming: climate change presents very serious global risks, and it demands an urgent global response. Stern Review, 2006
  • 3. 3 Local Air Quality UK Air Quality Strategy Benzene 1,3-butadiene Carbon monoxide Lead Nitrogen dioxide Ozone Particulate Matter (PM10) Sulphur dioxide Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) UK Air Quality Regulations Benzene 1,3-butadiene Carbon monoxide Lead Nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen oxides Particulate Matter (PM10) Sulphur dioxide
  • 4. 4 Climate Change What is understood by the term Climate Change? 1. Impact on the Planet 2. Weather 3. Impact on People 4. Uncertainty 5. Things or Events 6. Causes 7. Global Warming 8. Fear 9. Time Context 10.Other Public Perception of Climate Change (2006 Risk Communication Study - UWE) 56 Participants in Bristol Top 10 Themes Climate Change is an Environmental Issue Climate Change is an Society Issue
  • 5. 5 The Simplified Greenhouse Effect Explanation
  • 7. 7 Air Quality & Climate Change Linkages Climate Change Main Greenhouse Gases Carbon dioxide (CO2) Methane (CH4) Nitrous oxide (N2O) Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) Air Quality Major Indirect Greenhouse Gases Carbon Monoxide (CO) Nitrogen oxides (NOx) Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) e.g. ammonium Aerosols Sulphur dioxide (SO2) Secondary Sulphate Particles Particulate Matter (PM10) / Nitrate Organic Carbon Black Carbon (Soot)
  • 8. 8 The Effects of Climate Change on Air Quality Climate Change is not just about changes in temperature: Humidity (Specific) Clouds and Precipitation Winds Others How might this affect Air Quality? Emissions Temperature dependence Transport Winds Chemistry Temperature and humidity Deposition Precipitation
  • 9. 9 The Effects of Climate Change on Air Quality Climate Change will increase the probability of local air pollution events Number and strength of summer highs (The ozone episode of 2003 will be a normal occurrence) Number and duration of calm winter days (The Great London Smog) Mean concentrations are likely to remain unchanged Higher chance of extreme concentrations Likelihood of increased associated mortality rates
  • 10. 10 The Effects of Air Quality on Climate Change VERY COMPLICATED VERY LOW SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING A few examples: Nitrogen Oxides (NO + NO2) Fossil Fuel Combustion and Natural Sources Reacts to produce ozone WARMING Reacts to produce nitrate aerosol COOLING Reacts to increase methane removal COOLING Overall NET COOLING Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Industry and Natural (Major Source) Reacts to produce ozone WARMING Reacts to decrease methane removal WARMING Reacts to form organic carbon aerosol COOLING Overall NET ??? Species Dependent : Some have better ozone production efficiency/others dont form aerosols Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) Coal-Fired Power Stations, Shipping and Natural Reacts to produce sulphate aerosol COOLING
  • 11. 11 Climate (or Radiative) Forcing: Change in the average net radiation at the top of the troposphere
  • 12. 12 Solutions? Energy Conservation and Efficiency Improvements Abatement Measures - (Flue-gas desulphurisation, catalytic converters, particle filters, NOx traps Improve air quality, but mostly INCREASE CO2 through decreased efficiency (getting better but very costly) Removing aerosol precursors can warm climate even further Removing black carbon particles cools climate Catalytic converters can generate N2O and greater primary NO2 Fuel Switching (e.g. Petrol to Diesel) Less CO2, but more black carbon (GWP 680) Bad for AQ; but NET effect on Climate ???
  • 13. 13 Summary What can we provide for our Clients to help bridge the Air Quality Climate Change Gap? Traffic Emission Optimisation Recommendation Speed HGV Driving Patterns Quantification and Relative Comparison of CO2e Abatement Specification and Design Advice
  • 14. 14 Further Details Mark Chapman Air Quality & Acoustics Technical Coordinator Planning & Consultation (1401) West Hall Tel: 01932 337 590 Mobile: 07976 344 311 mark.chapman@mouchelparkman.com