Alzheimer's Disease
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Alzheimer's disease is a brain disorder and the most common form of dementia, which causes people to lose mental abilities like memory, language, and attention. It was first discovered in 1901 by Alois Alzheimer after examining the brain of a deceased patient named Auguste Deter who had symptoms of memory loss and cognitive decline. While the causes of Alzheimer's are still unknown, risk factors include increasing age, family history, Down syndrome, and female gender. Symptoms include memory loss, problems solving problems, mood swings, and difficulty speaking. There is currently no cure for Alzheimer's.
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3) The search for a cure is ongoing through continued research, but so far a cure has remained elusive.Alzeimers jessica garmizo
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Mastering the Review Article: Structure, Strategy & SuccessRajendra Dev Bhatt
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A scoping search identified various types of review articles. For this training, most common types were selected, highlighting their key features, strengths, weaknesses, and uses.Tonsil anatomy, diseases and treatment options
Tonsil anatomy, diseases and treatment optionsManu Babu
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a brief decription of tonsil related pathologyUpdate on Anesthesia for Pediatric Ophthalmic Surgery.pptx
Update on Anesthesia for Pediatric Ophthalmic Surgery.pptxDr.Umang Sharma
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Based on practices on my hospital and 2021 bja articleCoarse Dispersion, Physical Pharmaceutics
Coarse Dispersion, Physical Pharmaceuticsnishiprakashj
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Its a compilation of unit 3 as per PCI syllabus of B.Pharm IV sem, Subject Physical Pharmaceutics.ANATOMY OF LARYNX -Prof.Dr.N.Mugunthan, KMMC.pdf
ANATOMY OF LARYNX -Prof.Dr.N.Mugunthan, KMMC.pdfKanyakumari Medical Mission Research Center, Muttom
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Anatomy of the Larynx
Larynx is a cartilaginous structure located in the **anterior neck** at the level of **C3C6 vertebrae**.
* Also called the **voice box**responsible for **phonation**, **airway protection**, and **breathing regulation**.
**Cartilages of the Larynx**
**Unpaired Cartilages:**
1. **Thyroid cartilage**:
* Largest cartilage; forms the **Adams apple (laryngeal prominence)**.
* Composed of two laminae that fuse anteriorly.
2. **Cricoid cartilage**:
* Ring-shaped; **only complete ring** around the airway.
* Located below thyroid cartilage; articulates with thyroid & arytenoid cartilages.
3. **Epiglottis**:
* Leaf-shaped elastic cartilage.
* Covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing.
**Paired Cartilages:**
1. **Arytenoid**:
* Pyramid-shaped; sit on top of cricoid.
* Attach vocal cords and muscles.
2. **Corniculate**:
* Small cartilages sitting atop the arytenoids.
3. **Cuneiform**:
* Embedded in the aryepiglottic folds; provide structural support.
**Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx**
> Responsible for controlling **vocal cord movement**.
| Muscle | Action | Nerve Supply |
| **Cricothyroid** | Tenses vocal cords | External laryngeal nerve |
| **Thyroarytenoid** | Relaxes vocal cords | Recurrent laryngeal nerve |
| **Posterior cricoarytenoid** | Abducts vocal cords (opens glottis) | Recurrent laryngeal nerve |
| **Lateral cricoarytenoid** | Adducts vocal cords | Recurrent laryngeal nerve |
| **Transverse & oblique arytenoids** | Closes the posterior glottis | Recurrent laryngeal nerve |
| **Vocalis** | Fine-tunes pitch | Recurrent laryngeal nerve | **Nerve Supply*
* **Motor**:
* All intrinsic muscles (except cricothyroid): **Recurrent laryngeal nerve** (branch of vagus nerve).
* Cricothyroid: **External branch of superior laryngeal nerve**.
* **Sensory**:
* Above vocal cords: **Internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve**.
* Below vocal cords: **Recurrent laryngeal nerve**.
**Blood Supply**
* **Superior laryngeal artery** (branch of superior thyroid artery).
* **Inferior laryngeal artery** (branch of inferior thyroid artery).
**Laryngeal Cavity & Folds**
Divided into 3 regions:
1. **Vestibule** from inlet to vestibular folds (false cords).
2. **Ventricle** between vestibular and vocal folds.
3. **Infraglottic cavity** below vocal cords to trachea.
**Vocal folds (true cords)** involved in sound production.Drug use in Peptic Ulcer_A complete review.pptx
Drug use in Peptic Ulcer_A complete review.pptxBaasir Umair Khattak
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Open PPT for detail description: Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Peptic ulcer disease refers to mucosal erosions equal to or greater than 5 mm in the stomach or proximal duodenum, caused primarily by an imbalance between gastric acid/pepsin secretion and mucosal defense mechanisms. The most common etiologies include Helicobacter pylori infection, chronic use of NSAIDs, and physiological stress.
Classification of Peptic Ulcers
Based on Location
Gastric Ulcers Occur in the stomach lining.
Duodenal Ulcers Occur in the first part of the small intestine (duodenum).
Based on Etiology
H. pyloriAssociated Ulcers
NSAID-Induced Ulcers
Stress-Related Mucosal Disease (SRMD)
ZollingerEllison Syndrome (gastrinoma-related)
Cushings Ulcer (due to intracranial injury)
Curlings Ulcer (seen in burn patients)
Pharmacological Management
1. Acid Suppression Therapy
Class Examples Mechanism
Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) Omeprazole, Pantoprazole Irreversibly inhibit H+/K+ ATPase pump
H2-Receptor Antagonists Ranitidine, Famotidine Block histamine-mediated gastric acid secretion
2. Mucosal Protective Agents
Class Examples Mechanism
Prostaglandin Analogues Misoprostol Increases mucus & bicarbonate; decreases acid; protects mucosa
Mucosal Coating Agents Sucralfate Forms protective barrier over ulcer site
Bismuth Compounds Bismuth subsalicylate Antimicrobial, mucosal protective, and anti-inflammatory
3. Eradication Therapy (for H. pylori)
Combination of:
PPI + Two Antibiotics (e.g., amoxicillin + clarithromycin OR metronidazole + tetracycline)
Duration: 714 days depending on local guidelines
See BNF regimens above for detailed protocols
4. Cytoprotective/Adjunctive Agents
Class Examples Role in PUD
Somatostatin Analogues Octreotide Used in bleeding ulcers; reduces splanchnic blood flow and gastric secretions
Antacids Magnesium hydroxide, Aluminium hydroxide Neutralize gastric acid; provide symptomatic relief
Non-Pharmacologic Measures
Avoid NSAIDs, smoking, alcohol, and spicy foods
Small, frequent meals in symptomatic patients
Stress reduction
Endoscopic therapy in case of bleeding or perforation
Surgical Indications (rarely needed)
Perforated ulcer
Gastric outlet obstruction
Refractory ulcers not responding to medical therapy
Severe bleeding unresponsive to endoscopic management
Summary
Peptic ulcer disease is primarily driven by H. pylori infection and NSAID use, with duodenal ulcers more common than gastric. Treatment is tailored based on etiology and includes acid suppression, H. pylori eradication, and mucosal protection. Advanced cases may require somatostatin analogues for hemorrhage control or surgery for complications. Prostaglandin analogues like misoprostol are especially valuable in preventing NSAID-induced ulcers.How to be and stay healthy: Live Wire Not a Couch Potato
How to be and stay healthy: Live Wire Not a Couch PotatoBiljanaPipovic
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Live Wire, Not a Couch Potato was an engaging international eTwinning project aimed at promoting physical activity among youth by blending creativity, tradition, and competition. Founded by teachers from Serbia and Portugal, with partners from Turkey and Greece, the project encouraged students to explore the importance of staying active through fun and meaningful challenges. Working within their local contexts, students from all four countries participated in physical activities at school and in their communities. They documented their experiences through photos, videos, and written reflections, which they shared on TwinSpace. The project helped transform exercise from a routine task into an enjoyable, culturally rich experience, while fostering teamwork, creativity, and international exchange.RCC Treatment Innovations in Practice: Preparing for Individualized Patient Care
RCC Treatment Innovations in Practice: Preparing for Individualized Patient CarePVI, PeerView Institute for Medical Education
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ANATOMY OF LARYNX -Prof.Dr.N.Mugunthan, KMMC.pdf
ANATOMY OF LARYNX -Prof.Dr.N.Mugunthan, KMMC.pdfKanyakumari Medical Mission Research Center, Muttom
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Ad
Alzheimer's Disease
- 2. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a brain disorder. It is the most common form of dementia. Dementia is when someone loses their mental ability like memory, language, and attention.
- 3. A famous psychiatrist in the late 19th century and the early 20th century was Alois Alzheimer. In 1901, Alois was with a patient at the Frankfurt Asylum whose name was Auguste Deter. Mrs. Deter had strange symptoms. She was 51 one years old. She had short- term memory loss. In April of 1906, Mrs. Deter strangely died. So Alois discovered that her brain wasnt like a humans because it was a different shape. Doctors called this disease Alzheimers disease after Alois Alzheimer.
- 4. Even though there has been a ton of research done on causes of Alzheimer's disease , doctors still dont know the causes.
- 5. There are many symptoms of Alzheimer's such as Memory loss( especially stuff you just recently learned or even forgetting your own name.) Its challenging to solve problems Poor judgment Mood swings ( hi, youre a good friend I hate you, youre a bad friend) Struggling to speak
- 6. No one really knows how you get Alzheimers until you actually see their brain when they have died. Their brain has plaques and tangles. There are, however, risk factors. Risk factors are things than can determine what type of person has a higher risk of getting it. One risk factor for Alzheimers is age. People who are in their 50s and 60s have a higher chance of getting it than a teenager or an adult in their 30s. some others are family history, people with down syndrome, gender ( men have a less chance of getting it than women).
- 7. As of this second, there has not been any scientific evidence on how to prevent Alzheimer's. Although many doctors recommend or suggest you do activities that can get your brain thinking like reading, playing board games, completing crossword puzzles, playing musical instruments. I dont think Ill ever get Alzheimers because I love to read, I play chess, crossword puzzles are a NO- BRAINER for me, and I play the violin in the orchestra.
- 8. There is not a single cure for Alzheimers Disease!
- 9. Since there is no cure for Alzheimer's disease, the disease worsens as it progresses and can eventually lead to death. Usually when the person who has Alzheimers wants their family and friends by them during their last happy moments of their lives together.
- 10. There are many famous people in the world who had or has Alzheimers. One such person is Ronald Wilson Reagan. Reagan was the 48th president of the united states. It was said in 1994, ( when Reagan was 83) he was diagnosed with Alzheimers. as the years went on, the president became worse. He began only noticing a few people, including his wife Nancy. Although ( this is what I find rather odd) he died from pneumonia, instead of Alzheimers. In 2009, Nancy asked Barack Obama to do even more research on Alzheimers disease since George Bush didn't listen.