Ammara
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This document provides an overview of phrase structure rules in linguistics. It discusses that phrase structure rules determine how phrases are formed by governing what constituents can go into a phrase and their ordering. Examples of phrase structure rules are given for noun phrases (NP), prepositional phrases (PP), and verb phrases (VP). The document also includes example phrase structure trees illustrating how words and phrases are structured according to these rules.
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1) The document defines a phrase as a group of words that does not contain a subject or verb. It provides examples of phrases.
2) Phrases are analyzed using Universal Grammar and native speaker intuitions. This results in a theory of grammar that includes words, phrases, and categories like nouns and verbs.
3) Phrase structure rules determine what elements can go into a phrase and their ordering. Phrases are formed by heads like nouns and verbs combined with other constituents.Ammara
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1) The document defines a phrase as a group of words that does not contain a subject or verb. It provides examples of phrases.
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- 1. Presentation of call Presented to: Miss Amna Shahid Presented by: Ayesha Amjad(06) Nadia Majid (18) Amara Ahsan(04) Rashda Meraj(17) PGD ELT : Semester 2 University Of the Punjab( Dep't OF ENGLISH)
- 2. Phrase structure General Approach: -universal grammar(UG)/Language Instinct Data: -Native Speakers 'intuitions (acceptability judgment) Resulting theory of Grammar: -words,phrases,catagories for words and phrases(eg.noun,verbs,noun phrases, verb phrases)(basic concepts any theory of grammar must have in order to capture the data)
- 3. Phrase structure (review) 1) Every word belongs to a lexical category 2) Lexical categories forms heads of phrases 3) How phrases are formed is governed by rules (= phrase structure rules)
- 4. Phrase structure rules Rules that determine what goes into a phrase (constituents) how the constituents are ordered Constituent: a word or group of words that function as a unit and can make up larger grammatical units
- 5. Phrase structure rules General schema: X Y Z X consists of Y followed by Z
- 6. Phrase structure rules Noun phrase (NP) John N the boy Det N a little boy Det Adj N a boy in a bubble Det N PP Phrase structure rule for NPs: NP (Det) (Adj) N (PP) (where ( ) indicates optionality)
- 7. Phrase structure trees NP NP NP NP N Det N Det Adj N Det N PP John the boy a little boy a boy P NP in Det N a bubble
- 8. Prepositional phrase (PP) In P from a boy in a bubble NP Phrase structure rule for PPs: PP P (NP)
- 9. Phrase structure trees PP PP P P NP in from Det N PP a boy P NP in Det N a bubble
- 10. Verb phrase (VP) Sang V ate the cake V NP ate the cake hungrily V NP Adv sang a song in the shower V NP PP fell into the pond slowly V PP Adv Phrase structure rule for VPs: VP V (NP) (PP) (Adv)
- 11. VP VP VP V V NP V NP PP Adv sang ate Det N sang Det N P NP badly the cake a song in Det N the shower
- 12. THANK YOU.!