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Arches in Bricks and stone, Types of Arches
- 1. ARCHESINBRICKSAND STONE,TYPESOFARCHES Presentation by Group 5 (Section B) Construction and Materials RAR202 FOAP, AKTU
- 2. WOODGROVE BANK CONTENTS 2 Introduction and terminology History of arches Construction of arches Types of Arches based on Workmanship and Construction Materials Types of arches according to shape Types of arches based on number of centers Advantages and disadvantages of arches and its uses Uses of arches
- 3. WOODGROVE BANK 3 INTRODUCTION An Arch is a structure constructed of wedge shaped unit , joining together with mortar & spanning an opening to support of the wall above it with other super imposed loads. Due to wedge like from the units support each other the load tends to make them to transmit the pressure downloads to their supports. The arch is way of making a roof or a doorway or a window without using any beams at all just a lot of small stone or small block pf wood or clay bricks.
- 4. WOODGROVE BANK 4 TERMINOLOGY Intrados This is an inner curve of an arch. Extrados Outer curve of an arch. Soffit - Inner surface of an arch. Voussoirs these are wedge shape units. Crown highest part of extrados. Spandril - curved triangular space from the between extrados and horizontal line.
- 5. WOODGROVE BANK 5 Key wedge shaped unit fixed at the crown of the arch. Skew back it is inclined or splayed surface on the abutment. Spring point these are the points from which the curve of the arch spring. Spring line it is an imaginary line joining the spring point of either ends. Abutment End point of an arch.
- 6. WOODGROVE BANK 6 Springer - it is the first voussoir at spring level. Pier intermediate support of an arcade. Haunch lower half of the arch between the crown and skew back. Ring it is the circular course forming an arch. Impost it is the projecting course at upper part of the pier or abutment to stress the spring line. Bed joint joints between the voussoirs which radiant from center.
- 7. WOODGROVE BANK 7 Arcade it is a row of arches in continuation. Centre or striking point this is geometrical centre point from where the arch forming the extrados arc ring , intrados. span clear horizontal distance between the supports.
- 8. WOODGROVE BANK 8 HISTORYOFARCHES Arches appeared as early as the 2nd millennium BC In Mesopotamian brick architecture, and their systematic use started with the ancient Romans, who were the first to apply to apply the technique to a wide range of structures.
- 9. WOODGROVE BANK 9 BRONZEAGE:ANCIENT NEAR EAST True arches, as opposed to corbel arches, were known by a number of civilizations in the Ancient Near East including the Levant. Use was infrequent and mostly confined to underground structures, such as drains Ex- Rare exceptions are an arched mudbrick home doorway. (2000BC) Iraq and two Bronze age arched Canaanitee city gates. (1850 BC) An Elamite tomb (1500 BC)
- 10. WOODGROVE BANK 10 CLASSICAL PERSIAAND GREECE In ancient Persia, the Achaemenid Empire (550 BC330 BC) built small barrel vaults known as iwan, which became massive, monumental structures during the later Parthian Empire. This architectural tradition was continued by the Sasanian Empire (224651), which built the Taq Kasra at Ctesiphon in the 6th century AD, the largest free-standing vault until modern times. An early European example of a voussoir arch appears in the 4th century BC Greek Rhodes Footbridge
- 11. WOODGROVE BANK 11 ANCIENT ROME The ancient Romans learned the arch from the Etruscans. The Romans were the first builders in Europe, perhaps the first in the world, to fully appreciate the advantages of the arch. They also introduced the triumphal arch as a military monument, The segmental arch was first built by the Romans who realized that an arch in a bridge did not have to be a semicircle.
- 12. WOODGROVE BANK 12 ANCIENT CHINA In ancient China, most architecture was wooden, including the few known arch bridges from literature and one artistic depiction in stone- carved relief. Paifang (arch in English) is a wooden or stone archway built mainly to commemorate the great achievements or loftiness of a family's ancestors. It is often erected in front of a tomb, temple, and ancestral hall or along the road.
- 13. WOODGROVE BANK 13 GOTHIC EUROPE The semicircular arch was followed in Europe by the pointed Gothic arch or ogive, whose centreline more closely follows the forces of compression. Parabolic arches were introduced in construction by the Spanish architect Antoni Gaud鱈, who admired the structural system of the Gothic style. The first examples of the pointed arch in the European architecture are in Sicily and date back to the Arab-Norman period.
- 14. WOODGROVE BANK 14 INDIA Vaulted roof of an early Harappan burial chamberr has been noted from Rakhigarhi. In India, Bhitargaon temple and Mahabodhi temple built in by Gupta Dynasty are the earliest surviving examples of the use of voussoir arch vault system in India. Arches didn't gain prominence in the Indian architecture until 12th century after Islamic conquest. The Gupta era arch vault system was later used extensively in Burmese Buddhist temples in Pyu and Bagan
- 15. WOODGROVE BANK 15 CONSTRUCTION OFA ARCH Arch construction depends essentially on the wedge. If a series of wedge-shaped blocksi.e., ones in which the upper edge is wider than the lower edgeare set flank to flank in the manner result is an arch The proper performance of a brick masonry arch depends upon proper methods of construction and attention to workmanship. Layout of the arch prior to construction will help avoid poor spacing of voussoirs, which results in thicker mortar joints and unsymmetrical arches. Some arch applications, such as barrel vaults and domes, can be entirely self- supporting, even during construction. However, most applications of the masonry arch used today require proper shoring and bracing
- 16. WOODGROVE BANK 16 CENTERING Centering is used to carry the weight of a brick masonry arch and the loads being supported by the arch until the arch itself has gained sufficient strength Both structural and non-structural arches should be properly supported throughout construction. Brick masonry arches are constructed with the aid of temporary shoring, termed centering, or permanent supports, such as a structural steel angle.
- 17. WOODGROVE BANK 17 WORKMANSHIP All mortar joints should be completely filled, especially in a structural member such as an arch. If hollow brick are used to form the arch, it is very important that all face shells and end webs are completely filled with mortar. Brick masonry arches are sometimes constructed with the units laid in a soldier orientation. It may be difficult to lay units in a soldier position and also obtain completely filled mortar joints. This is especially true for an arch with tapered mortar joints. In such cases, the use of two or more rings of arch brick laid in rowlock orientation can help ensure full mortar joints
- 18. WOODGROVE BANK 18 Step 1 Build two pillars on either side of the opening to a height that ends at the point where the arch begins. Step 2 Cut a horizontal length of lumber the width of the opening. This piece will go under the base of the form. Lift and place the half-circle plywood form on top of this support frame. The frame will support the form while the bricks or stones of the arch are placed. Step 3 Place mortar like a wedge on top of one pillar with the narrow edge facing toward the inside of the arch. Place the first brick or stone on top of the mortar. The wedge shape of the mortar should align the brick so an imaginary line through the center of the brick would run right to the center striking point on the base of the arch form. Repeat on the other pillar. Step 4 Butter another brick in the same wedge shape and place it on top of the first brick. Repeat on the other side. Build the arch on both sides at the same time to keep it in balance. Continue until you reach the point where the keystone is to be placed. All the bricks or stones should be aligned with the center point. Step 5 Butter both edges of the keystone and wedge it into the space at the top of the arch. This will lock the bricks or stones of the arch into place and transfer the stress tension onto the pillars instead of the wood form. The keystone can be a bigger size for decorative purposes or it can be just one of the bricks or stones used to build the arch. A wedge-shaped stone like an upside-down triangle with the lower point lopped off works best as a keystone. Step 6 Allow the mortar to set for a day or two. At this time you can "point" the mortar, pressing and evening the lines of mortar, to give the arch definition between the bricks or stones. After the mortar has set, remove the support frame and the wood half-circle form. STEPS IN BUILDING AN ARCH
- 19. WOODGROVE BANK 19 TYPES OF ARCHES BASED ON WORKMANSHIP AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS 1. Stone Arches Based on workmanship, these are sub divided into two types. They are, Rubble arches very weak used only for inferior work. used up to spans of 1m. made of rubble stones. used as relieving arches up to a depth of 37.5cm
- 20. WOODGROVE BANK 20 Ashlar Arches stones are cut to proper shape of voussoirs (a wedge-shaped or tapered stone used to construct an arch) And fully dressed, joined with cement mortar. Ashlar stones are also used to make flat arches. 2. Brick Arches Rough brick arches constructed with ordinary bricks The arch curve is provided by forming wedge shaped joints with greater thickness at extrados and smaller thickness at intrados. So, it looks unattractive. not recommended for exposed brick works.
- 21. WOODGROVE BANK 21 Axed brick arches cut into wedge shape with the help of brick axe. roughly dressed in shape and size. Arch formed by these axed bricks is not very pleasant. bricks are cut to exact shape and size with the help of wire saw. bricks are finely dressed these bricks are joined by lime putty. for gauged brick arches only soft bricks are used. Gauged brick arches
- 22. WOODGROVE BANK 22 Purpose made brick arches The bricks are manufactured, matching with the exact shape and size of voussoirs, to get a very fine workmanship. Lime putty is used as binding material
- 23. WOODGROVE BANK 23 3. Concrete Arches Concrete arches are of two types: Precast concrete block arches the blocks are cast in molds to the exact shape and size of voussoirs. For key stone and skewbacks special molds are prepared. These will give good appearance because of exact shape and size. Cement concrete of 1:2:4 is used. Monolithic concrete block arches suitable for larger span. These are constructed form cast-in-situ concrete. These may be either plain or reinforced, depending upon the span and magnitude of loading. Form work is used for casting the arch. The curing is done for 2 to 4 weeks.
- 24. WOODGROVE BANK 24 TYPES OF ARCHES ACCORDING TO SHAPE Flat Arch In a flat arch, the intrados is flat and acts like the base of an equilateral triangle that was formed by the skewbacks at a horizontal angle of 60-degrees. However, even though the intrados is flat, a slight rise of camber of about 10-15mm per metric width of the opening is usually allowed for small settlements. Round Arch A Round arch whose inner curve is drawn with circles having three centers. type of: arch. (architecture) a masonry construction (usually curved) for spanning an opening and supporting the weight above it.
- 25. WOODGROVE BANK 25 Horseshoe Like its name suggests, this arch is in the shape of a horseshoe that is more curved than semi-circle. It is most often considered for architectural provisions. There are 2 types of horseshoe arches: Segmental Arch This is considered a basic type of arch, and it is used for buildings where the center of the arch lies below the springing line. In a segmental arch, the thrust transfers in an inclined direction all the way to the abutment. Considered one of the strongest arches available, it is able to resist thrust
- 26. WOODGROVE BANK 26 Three-Centered Arch Any arch that has more than three centers forms oval outlines, ellipses, or complicated shapes. They are less common, but they are still needed for period renovations and similar projects. Just as semi-circular and Gothic arches, a three-centered arch might need more support for the full thickness of the wall, and this includes the inner leaf. Pseudo three Centered Arch The pseudo-elliptical arch is an arch drawn with an odd number of arcs. The three- centered arch appears to be the most common form of basket-handle arch. It is drawn with three separate arcs. The primary arc consists of a relatively low, flat segment of a circle.
- 27. WOODGROVE BANK 27 Parabolic Arch This arch is, shaped like a parabola and they are used in bridges, cathedrals, and many other areas in both engineering and architecture. The St. Louis Arch is a great example of a parabolic arch. Triangular Arch Also called a Mayan arch, the triangular arch is formed with two very large diagonal stones which mutually support one another in order to span an opening. It can also be called a miter arch.
- 28. WOODGROVE BANK 28 Ogee Arches An ogee arch has an S-shaped curve and consists of two arcs curving in opposite senses. They do this so that the ends are parallel. It is a kind of sigmoid curve, and, in addition to architecture, the term is used in mathematics, construction, plastic surgery, and even clock design. Trefoil Arch Also called a three-foiled cusped arch, a trefoil arch incorporates the outline or shape of a trefoil; in other words, it has three overlapping rings. It is commonly used for its symbolic significance in Christian architecture.
- 29. WOODGROVE BANK 29 Shouldered Flat (Jack) Arch The jack arch is a structural element used in masonry construction andey provides support at the openings in the masonry. Unlike other arches, these arches are not semi-circular in form. Thare flat in profile and used under the same circumstances as lintels. Rampant Arches A rampant arch is one in which the support is higher on one side than the other.
- 30. WOODGROVE BANK 30 TYPES OF ARCHES BASED ON NUMBER OF CENTERS Based on number of centers the arches are classified as: One-centered Arches Segmental, semi-circular, flat, horse-shoe arches and stilted arches are one centered arches. In some cases, perfectly circular arch is provided for circular windows which is called as bulls eye arch is also come under these category.
- 31. WOODGROVE BANK 31 Two Centered Arches Pointed or gothic or lancet arches are generally come under this type. Three Centered Arches Semi elliptical and Florentine arches are generally having three number of centers.
- 32. WOODGROVE BANK 32 Four Centered Arches Venetian arch is a typical example for four-centered arch. Tudor arch is also having four centers. Five centered arches A good semi-elliptical shape arch contains five centers
- 33. WOODGROVE BANK 33 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ARCHES AND ITS USES In masonry construction, arches have several great advantages over horizontal beams, or lintels .They can span much wider openings because they can be made from small, easily carried blocks of brick or stone, as opposed to a massive, monolithic stone lintel.
- 34. WOODGROVE BANK 34 List of the Advantages of Arch Bridges 1. It offers higher levels of resistance compared to other designs 2. It continues to provide support without distortion over time. 3. It can be constructed from almost any material
- 35. WOODGROVE BANK 35 4. It provides an advantage when carrying loads 5. It can become stronger over time. 6. It offers the option to span a greater distance.
- 36. WOODGROVE BANK 36 List of the Disadvantages of Arch Bridges 1. It offers a finite span length to use. 2. It is a time-consuming project to complete. 3. It is a structure which requires careful maintenance.
- 37. WOODGROVE BANK 37 4. It is a bridge option that cannot be built in some locations. 5. It cannot have any design flaws for it to work as intended. 6. It requires expertise to build.
- 38. WOODGROVE BANK 38 USES OF ARCH THE MAIN FUNCTION OF AN ARCH IS TO BRIDGE AN OPENING IN A WALL. IT IS CONSIDERED ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT INVENTION IN ARCHITECTURE, DUE TO ITS STRENGTH, SIMPLICITY AND ECONOMY. THE USE OF THIS CAN BE SEEN IN CHURCHES, AQUEDUCTS, BRIDGES, COLLEGES AND SOME MONUMENTAL STRUCTURES.
- 39. WOODGROVE BANK 39 Rounded arch They were commonly employed by the builders of ancient history. Heavy masonry arches. Ancient Roman builders relied heavily on the rounded arch. Several arches placed in-line, end-to-end, form an arcade. Roman aqueduct near Nimes, France Horseshoe arches in mosque of Uqba, Tunisia
- 40. WOODGROVE BANK 40 Pointed arch Used by builders of Gothic style architecture. Advantage is that it produces less thrust at the base. This innovation allowed more closely spaced openings. Cathedral of St. Michal and St. Gudula in Brussels, Belgium Lincoln Cathedral, Lincoln, England
- 41. WOODGROVE BANK 41 Parabolic arch Employs the principle that when weight is uniformly applied. Internal compression resulting from that weight will follow a parabolic profile. Produces the most thrust at the base. Commonly used in bridge, where long spans are needed. Tyne Bridge in Newcastle upon Tyne, England Interior of Antoni Gaud鱈 Casa Mil
- 42. WOODGROVE BANK Group members Suyash Yadav Tanvi Giri Ujjawal Bansal Urvashi Seth Vaibhav Chandra Vikas Kumar Vinayak Rao (Group Leader) 42 THANK YOU