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Atp pc energy system
- 1. ASSIGNMENT Topic; How much ATP are produce through carb, fats, proteins and explain the process of glycolysis, glycogenesis and acetyl-coA. Submit to; Sir sajjad Ali Gill Submit by; Ahmad Raza Class; MSc sports sciences Evening section Roll No; 124
- 2. What is ATP? (Adenosine Triphosphate)& (Phosphocreatine) It is the bodies fuel, and is in the form of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate), made by 3 energy systems. ATP is found in almost every cell and the majority of ATP is made in the mitochondria. Our body stores energy in the form of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) We get most of our energy from food such as carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Major energy currency of all cells is a nucleotide The ability of ATP to store and release energy is due to its molecular structure. Each molecule has three subunits: (a) adenine-a double ringed nitrogenous base; (b) a ribose a five- carbon sugar; and (c) three phosphate groups in a linear chain.
- 3. ATP is stored in limited quantities in the muscle, so each muscle fiber must be able to create its own from the food fuels. ATP is an adenosine molecule with three phosphate molecules attached. For release of energy, one phosphate molecule breaks off, releasing energy and creating adenosine diphospate (ADP). As long as there are sufficient energy substrate this process can be reversed with the use of food fuels and ATP is rebuilt with the addition of another phosphate molecule. Other names of this energy system Short term energy system Alectic anaerobic energy system ATP PCr energy system Startup energy system ATP PC energy system PCr energy system Energy Our body requires energy, this energy comes from the breakdown of ATP in our cells.
- 4. Breakdown of ATP=Energy=Movement All energy for cellular activity comes from ATP How ATP is generated Our cells cant get energy directly from food Needs to be stored as a useable form of energy ATP The food we eat contains energy (kilojoules) This energy is used to produce ATP molecules Energy is stored in ATP like a battery
- 5. Carbohydrates When carbohydrates are digested they are broken down to glucose for blood transportation and then stored as glycogen in the muscles and liver. Glycogen can provide energy for ATP production under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions. One gram of carbohydrates 38 ATP Protein Protein is only minimally contributes to ATP production. Only in extreme events such as starvation or a ultra- marathon will protein contribute to ATP production.
- 6. One gram of protein 38 ATP Fats Fats provides major source of energy for long term physical activity. During a long term or a marathon, fats as either triglycerides muscle or free fatty acids usually contribute to ATP production to meet sub maximal energy demands. During rest conditions, fats produce the majority the required ATP. One gram of fats = 131 ATP
- 7. Energy Systems ATP is generated through 3 different energy systems The energy system the body generates it through depends on the Intensity and the duration of the exercise being performed ATP-PC system = very quick explosive exercise Lactic Acid system= moderately intense exercise lasting several minutes Aerobic system= Long duration exercise Anaerobic and Aerobic An anaerobic energy system is one that does not require oxygen to generate ATP An aerobic energy system is one that does require oxygen to generate ATP ATP-PC system- How it works ATP is stored in the muscles and liver for quick access ATP stores run out in 2-3 seconds When you move ATP is broken down to ADP +P to generate energy for the body to use. When the Phosphate is split thats where the energy comes from
- 8. ATP stores in the muscle run out very quickly therefore we must generate more VERY useful for quick explosive exercises, generates ATP very quickly but also runs out quickly.
- 13. ENERGY STORAGE Energy produced in metabolism is stored in an energy-rich molecule ATP Adenosine triphosphate ATP the battery of life Biological processes requiring energy use ATP The accessible energy in ATP lies in the triphosphate link Removing one phosphate gives adenosine diphosphate (ADP) plus energy.
- 14. Energy productionin the cell Energy is produced by oxidation of molecular fuels - small molecules derived from carbohydrates, lipids, proteins The oxidation uses oxidised forms of coenzymes ultimately producing CO2 , H2 O and stored energy Energy is stored directly as ATP or as reduced forms of coenzymes that ultimately reduce oxygen to H2 O Reduction of oxygen to H2 O yields more ATP and oxidised form of coenzymes Molecules in metabolism Organic molecules from metabolised nutrients often enter metabolic pathway reactions bound to a coenzyme. Coenzyme A is an important coenzyme Phosphate is often bound to organic molecules Oxidation/reduction (electron transport) reactions use NADH NAD + GLUCONEOGENESIS
- 15. Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway occurring in living beings for synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors. It converts pyruvate and its related three- and four-carbon compounds into glucose. It is an irreversible process. It occurs in cytosol. COENZYME A Usually written as HS-CoA
- 16. ACETYL CoA THE CROSSROADS HS-CoA activates organic molecules for metabolic reactions by binding through HS-group to give reactive CoA species Acetyl-CoAis an important example acetyl-CoA fatty acids fatscarbohydrates glycogen glucose CO2 + energy proteins amino acids pyruvate citric acid cycle glycolysis fatty acid oxidation fatty acid synthesis Glucose in excess of metabolic needs results in fat deposition oxidation
- 17. SOURCES OF ACETYL CoA Three metabolic reactions of food components produce are linked o Glycolysis of glucose o Oxidation of fatty acids o Amino acid deamination Each can act as a source of Acetyl-CoA Acetyl-CoA is oxidised in the citric acid (Krebs) cycle producing energy. THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE All air-breathing organisms use the citric acid cycle to generate energy Several metabolic pathways deliver acetyl-CoA and other intermediates for the cycle: o Glycolysis of glucose via pyuvate to acetyl-CoA o Fatty acid oxidation via acetyl-CoA o Amino acid deamination via 留- ketoacids
- 18. ENERGY FROM GLUCOSE OXIDATION CO2 CO2 CH2 C=O CO2 - CO2 - oxaloacetate CH3 C=O SCoA acetyl CoA CH2 HO-C - CO2 - CH2 CO2 - CO2 - citrate HO-CH - CO2 -H - C CH2 CO2 - CO2 - isocitrate C= O C H CO - CO - C H - ketoglutarat C=O CH2 CO2 - CH2 SCoA succinyl CoA CO2 - CH2 CO2 - CH2 succinate CO2 - CH CO2 - CH fumarate CO2 HOC CO2 CH2 malat THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE Two carbon atoms enter as acetyl-CoA and are ejected as to CO2
- 19. Three processes are involved o Glycolysis of glucose to two pyruvate molecules o Pyruvate oxidation to acetyl-CoA o Oxidation of acetyl-CoA to CO2 in the citric acid cycle Energy stored from oxidation of one molecule of glucose = 36 ATP after all reduced coenzymes are reoxidised
- 22. AMINO ACID METABOLISM Amino acids, from protein hydrolysis, can be deaminated to form 留-ketoacids Some 留-ketoacids can be converted to pyruvate or to other intermediates in the citric acid cycle for glucose synthesis Others are converted into acetyl-CoA, used in fatty acid synthesis. LIPID (FAT) SYNTHESIS Lipids (fats) are fatty acid esters of glycerol Fatty acids are synthesised by sequential addition of two-carbon units to acetyl-CoA Acetyl CoA is derived from several sources, eg glycolysis of glucose, from dietary carbohydrates Acetyl CoA is produced in the mitochondria but fatty acid synthesis takes place in the cytosol Lipids are synthesisedfrom fatty acids in adipose tissue and in the liver Fatty acids for lipid synthesis can also arise from dietary fats
- 23. CHEMICAL CONTROLS Hormones are chemicals messengers released by a cell or a gland in one part of the body that transmit messages that affect cells in other parts of the organism. Important hormones in human metabolism include: o Ghrelin- the hunger-stimulating hormone o Leptin - the satiety (full-feeling) hormone
- 24. o Glucagon - the stored glucose releasing hormone o Insulin - stimulates the formation of stored fat from glucose Insulin and glucagon are part of a feedback system to regulate blood glucose levels o Leptin production is suppressedby abdominal fat.
- 26. REFERENCES http://breakingmuscle.com/health- medicine/understanding-energy-systems-atp-pc- glycolytic-and-oxidative-oh-my http://hsc.csu.edu.au/index.html Nutrition for all = sir zafar Iqbqll Butt http://hyperphysics.phy- astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/atp.html http://medical- dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/phosphocreatine http://weighttraining.about.com/od/glossary/g/pc.ht m http://www.bodybuilding.com/fun/berardi29.htm http://www.energysuspensionparts.com/?utm_sourc e=bingads&utm_medium=cpc&utm_content=Energ ySearch&utm_campaign=EnergySearch Energy systems = HOD DR; Zfar iqbqll