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background of intervensions british.docx
- 1. background of intervension british: • 1. Importantly, some of these ports had earlier histories as trading emporiums, but reached a highpoint of connectivity with global networks in the 19th and 20th centuries. These colonial port cities were not only hubs for trade and travelers but served as gateways or imperial bridgeheads connecting maritime centers to the peoples and economies of the port hinterlands, drawing them into a global (imperial) economy. Famous ports: n nineteenth- and twentieth-century South and Southeast Asia, such cities included Aden, Karachi, Bombay, Madras, Colombo, and Calcutta along the littorals of the Indian Ocean; Penang, Melaka and Singapore along the Straits of Melaka; Batavia, Semarang, Surabaya, and Makassar around the Java Sea; and Saigon, Hong Kong For colonize China: Macau & Hongkong- Portuguese & British DURING THE FIRST FEW YEARS AFTER THE PANGKOR TREATY, THE EXTENT OF BRITISH ADVISE WERE FAR FROM CERTAIN. EVEN THE LOCAL OFFICIALS CARRY OUT AS MUCH AS CHANGES WHICH SOME CASES WERE CLASHED WITH THE TRADITIONAL PRIVILLAGE OF THE MALAY ARISTOCRACY. ON THE OTHER, THE COLONIAL OFFICE WISHED TO KEEP BRITISH INVOLVEMENT IN THE STATE AS FREE OF CLONFLICTS. Economy: 19th century, british scientist develop a method of canning food and when napoleon war 1799-1815, british soldier eat canninh food without any harm, so canning industry become well established. then,a massive increase in demand for tin to supply to canning industry. by right, in Perak, there is tin discovered at Larut, Perak which can produce more than one million dollars worth of tin each year. This area become most important tin-producing area and make Malaya the world’s largest producer of tin from 1883. Smaller numbers of Tamils were also recruited for building Malaya’s infrastructure, such as roads, railways, and ports, and for more skilled occupations, such as clerks, technicians, and teachers (Sandhu, 1969). Sandhu, K. S. 1969. Indians in Malaya: Immigration and Settlement 1786–1957. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. The basis for the admission of immigrants or the importation of Chinese and Indian laborers: The British brought in a large number of Chinese, Indian, and Indonesian laborers, exceeding the local population, namely the Malays. This uncontrolled influx caused dissatisfaction among the local community as it disrupted the status quo of the Malays. UNFEDERATED MALAY STATES: Consequences of British Control: 1. Political Changes: o The autonomy of the sultans in the UMS was significantly eroded over time, though they remained important cultural and symbolic figures. 2. Economic Integration:
- 2. o The UMS were integrated into the broader British colonial economy, with their resources exploited for British benefit. 3. Preservation of Local Traditions: o By maintaining a more hands-off approach, the British allowed the UMS to preserve more of their traditional practices and governance systems compared to the FMS. 4. Path to Independence: o The distinction between the UMS and FMS persisted until 1946, when both groups were merged into the Malayan Union, and later the Federation of Malaya in 1948, leading eventually to the independence of Malaysia in 1957. The British strategy in the UMS highlights their pragmatic approach to colonial governance, balancing indirect rule with economic and strategic control. 4o You said: who in charge? residents or what? ChatGPT said: ChatGPT In the Unfederated Malay States (UMS)—Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Perlis, and Terengganu—the British did not appoint Residents like they did in the Federated Malay States (FMS). Instead, they implemented a system of British Advisors to maintain indirect control. Key Roles in the UMS: 1. British Advisors: o Each Unfederated Malay State had a British Advisor, appointed under treaties with the respective sultans. o Advisors' authority was less formalized than that of Residents in the FMS but was nonetheless substantial. o They provided "advice" to the sultans on administrative matters, particularly finance, foreign relations, and judicial affairs. o While the sultans retained formal authority, they were expected to act on the advice of the British Advisors in most significant decisions. 2. Role of the Sultan: o The sultans officially remained the rulers of their states, with autonomy in certain areas, such as Islamic laws and Malay customs. o In practice, their decision-making was often heavily influenced by the British Advisors, especially in matters that affected British colonial interests. 3. High Commissioner for the Malay States: o The High Commissioner, who was usually the British Governor of the Straits Settlements, oversaw British interests in the UMS and FMS. o The Advisors reported to the High Commissioner, ensuring that their actions aligned with broader British colonial policy.
- 3. 4. Comparison with Residents in the FMS: o In the FMS (Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, and Pahang), Residents had more direct control, effectively running the states with the sultans serving as figureheads. o In the UMS, the system of British Advisors allowed the sultans to retain more formal authority, creating the appearance of sovereignty while ensuring British dominance behind the scenes. Why Advisors Instead of Residents? The use of Advisors instead of Residents was a strategic choice by the British:  Respect for Autonomy: To placate the sultans and reduce resistance to British control, Advisors allowed for a semblance of local sovereignty.  Siamese Legacy: States like Kedah, Kelantan, Perlis, and Terengganu had previously been under Siamese suzerainty. The British respected their historical ties and avoided imposing a centralized system like in the FMS.  Political Pragmatism: Johor, as an economically developed state, was particularly resistant to British interference. Its ruler, Sultan Abu Bakar, maintained strong relations with the British and negotiated terms that preserved his state’s autonomy. Outcome of the Advisor System:  The system of British Advisors allowed the British to exercise control over the UMS while maintaining the image of sultans as independent rulers.  Over time, British influence grew, and the sultans became increasingly dependent on their advisors for governance. This indirect rule arrangement lasted until the restructuring of Malaya under the Malayan Union in 1946 and later the Federation of Malaya in 1948