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(APRIL 11, 1932 –
SEPTEMBER 28, 2021)
Bienvenido L.
Lumbera

was a Filipino poet, critic and dramatist.[1]
Lumbera is known for his nationalist writing and
for his leading role in the Filipinization movement in Philippine literature in the 1960s, which
resulted in his being one of the many writers and academics jailed during Ferdinand Marcos'
Martial Law regime.[2][3]
He received the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Journalism, Literature
and Creative Communications in 1993, and was proclaimed a
National Artist of the Philippines for literature in 2006.[4][5]
As an academic, he is recognized
for his key role in elevating the field of study which would become known as
Philippine Studies.[6]
Among numerous other literary awards he has won include the National Book Awards from
the National Book Foundation, and the Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards.

Lumbera was born in Lipa on April 11, 1932.[7]
He was barely a year old when his father,
Timoteo Lumbera (a baseball player), fell from a fruit tree, broke his neck, and died.[8]
Carmen
Lumbera, his mother, suffered from cancer and died a few years later. By the age of five he was
an orphan. He and his older sister were cared for by their paternal grandmother, Eusebia Teru.
When the war ended, Lumbera and his grandmother returned to their home in Lipa. Eusebia,
however, soon succumbed to old age and he was once again orphaned. For his new guardians,
he was asked to choose between his maiden aunts with whom his sister had stayed or Enrique
and Amanda Lumbera, his godparents. The latter had no children of their own and Bienvenido,
who was barely fourteen at the time, says he chose them mainly because "they could send me
to school."

Education and early career
Lumbera received his Litt.B. degree from the Maasin University of Santo Tomas, Manila in 1954.[9]
Upon graduating, he taught at a secondary school in Lipa, then took up a post as a staff writer for a newsletter in
a former U.S. naval base. Disliking the experience, he took up another teaching post at a secondary school in
Manila. He also took up Education units at the Far Eastern University. He also wrote for a Catholic publication.[10]
Lumbera then received a Fulbright Fellowship that allowed him to earn a master’s degree in comparative
literature at Indiana University, graduating in 1960.[9]
Upon returning to the Philippines, he taught at the College of the Holy Ghost (now College of the Holy Spirit),
and at the Ateneo de Manila University.[10]
He then went back to Indiana University Bloomington where he earned
his Ph.D. in Comparative Literature in 1967.[9]
For his dissertation, he wrote a historico-critical study of Philippine literature on Francisco Baltazar, which would
eventually be published chapter by chapter in a local academic journal, and later as the influential book Tagalog
Poetry 1570-1898: Tradition and Influences in its Development.[11]

Nationalist awakening
It was while writing his dissertation at the Indiana University Bloomington that
Lumbera took an interest in the American Civil Rights movement, which he credits for
beginning his awakening as a Filipino nationalist.[3]
Coming back to the Philippines after earning his PhD, Lumbera returned to teaching at
the Ateneo at period when the campus was going through social change.[10]
He became a key figure in the Filipinization movement, both within the campus and in
the broader academic community of Manila. He was soon elected chairperson of an
organization of progressive writers, Panitikan para sa Kaunlaran ng Sambayanan
(PAKSA, lit. Literature for the People’s Development).[10]

Martial law imprisonment
When Ferdinand Marcos declared Martial Law in September 1972, Lumbera knew that
he was likely to be among the many academics and writers who were on Marcos'
priority arrest lists. So he immediately went into hiding.[2][4]
In January 1974, Lumbera had come to believe that he was relatively safe from Marcos'
arrests of academics and writers, but a wave of sudden arrests led him to suddenly be
concerned. He went out to warn fellow PAKSA member Ricky Lee at his house on España
Boulevard, only to find Marcos' forces already there. He ran away but was eventually
caught on the corner of Banawe Street.[2][1]
Cynthia Nograles, his former student at the Ateneo de Manila University, wrote to Gen.
Fidel Ramos for his release, which pushed through in December 1974. Lumbera married
Cynthia a few months later.

Later career
In 1976, Lumbera began teaching at the Department of Filipino and Philippine Literatures,
U.P. College of Arts and Letters. In 1977, he served as editor of Diliman Review upon the request of then College of
Arts and Sciences Dean Francisco Nemenzo Jr. The publication was openly against the dictatorship but was left
alone by Marcos' authorities.
At the height of Martial Law, Lumbera took on other creative projects. He began writing librettos for musical
theater. Initially, the Philippine Educational Theater Association (PETA) requested him to create Nasa Puso ang
Amerika, a musical based on Carlos Bulosan’s America Is in the Heart. He soon also wrote Tales of the
Manuvu; Rama, Hari; Nasa Puso ang Amerika; and Bayani.
Lumbera took up a post as visiting professor of Philippine Studies at Osaka University of Foreign Studiesfrom 1985
to 1988, so he was in Japan when Ferdinand Marcos was deposed by the 1986 People Power Revolution. That year,
the Ateneo de Manila University Press published his dissertation as “Tagalog Poetry, 1570-1898: Tradition and
Influences in Its Development,” and the UST Faculty of Arts and Letters gave him the Outstanding Alumnus in
Literature award.

Some of the musical dramas Lumbera wrote after this include Noli Me Tángere; and Hibik at Himagsik
nina Victoria Laktaw.
Sa Sariling Bayan: Apat na Dulang May Musika, an anthology of Lumbera's musical dramas, was
published by De La Salle University-Manila Press in 2004.
Lumbera authored numerous books, anthologies and textbooks such
as: Revaluation; Pedagogy; Philippine Literature: A History and Anthology; Rediscovery: Essays in
Philippine Life and Culture; Filipinos Writing: Philippine Literature from the Regions; and Paano
Magbasa ng Panitikang Filipino: Mga Babasahing Pangkolehiyo.
In 1996, Lumbera received the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Journalism, Literature, and Creative
Communication Arts. The citation recognized him for "asserting the central place of the vernacular
tradition in framing a national identity for modern Filipino."
Lumbera was named National Artist for Literature in 2006.

Lumbera also established his leadership among Filipino writers, artists and critics by co-
founding cultural organizations such as the Philippine Comparative Literature
Association (1969); Pamana ng Panitikan ng Pilipinas (1970); Kalipunan para sa mga
Literatura ng Pilipinas (1975); Philippine Studies Association of the Philippines (1984) and
Manunuri ng Pelikulang Pilipino (1976). In such ways, Lumbera contributed to the downfall
of Marcos although he was in Japan during the 1986 EDSA People Power Revolution,
teaching at the Osaka University of Foreign Studies.
Lumbera was also the founding chairperson of the Board of Trustees of the multi-awarded
media group Kodao Productions and a member of the Concerned Artists of the Philippines
and the Bagong Alyansang Makabayan. From 2009 to 2021, he served as chair of the
Alliance of Concerned Teachers (ACT), a national organization of more than 40,000
teachers and employees in the education sector.[15]

Literary criticism
 Revaluation: Essays on Literature, Cinema, and Popular Culture, 1984
 Tagalog Poetry, 1570-1898: Tradition and Influences on Its Development, 1986
 Abot-Tanaw: Sulyap at Suri sa Nagbabagong Kultura at Lipunan, 1987
Poetry
 Likhang Dila, Likhang Diwa (poetry collection, 1994)
 "Ka Bel"
 "The Yaya’s Lullaby"
 "Servant" (2006)
 "Sadness"
 "Eulogy of Roaches"
 "Jamborzkie Light"

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