BIOC 2011 TH
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This document discusses Parkinson's disease and its treatment with L-DOPA and carbidopa. Parkinson's is characterized by the death of dopaminergic neurons in the brain, resulting in movement issues from low dopamine levels. L-DOPA is converted to dopamine in the brain by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase, while carbidopa inhibits tyrosine hydroxylase outside the brain to prevent side effects from excess dopamine elsewhere. The combination treatment localizes the therapeutic effects of dopamine production to the brain.
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Glutamatergic neurotransmission involves glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. There are two pathways for glutamate synthesis from precursors and multiple receptor types including NMDA, AMPA, KA, and metabotropic receptors. The different receptor subunits provide diversity in function. Glutamate signaling is involved in many brain pathways and clinical implications include roles in schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, and drug mechanisms of action.ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS by TARANNUM KHAN
ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS by TARANNUM KHANTarannumKhan786
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This document summarizes the study of synthesis and mechanism of action of various atypical antipsychotic drugs. It discusses diazepam, oxazepam, alprazolam, and quetiapine. It describes their chemical structures and synthesis routes. It also explains the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines at the GABA receptor complex and how they work to increase the efficiency of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. Finally, it states that the exact mechanism of quetiapine is unknown but it may inhibit dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake.Lac operon
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The document describes the lac operon in E. coli, which regulates genes involved in lactose metabolism. The lac operon contains three structural genes - lacZ, lacY, and lacA - that are regulated by the lac repressor and catabolite activator protein (CAP). The lac repressor normally binds to the operator region and blocks transcription. In the presence of lactose, allolactose binds to the lac repressor and causes it to detach from DNA. CAP promotes transcription when glucose levels are low, allowing the cell to preferentially metabolize lactose over glucose. Together, these regulatory mechanisms ensure the lac genes are only expressed when lactose is available and glucose is not.Glutamate seminar
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Glutamate receptors play an important role in many neurological conditions. They are involved in processes like synaptic plasticity and excitotoxicity. Dysfunctions in glutamate receptors have been linked to conditions like ADHD, autism, ischemia, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's, schizophrenia, and seizures. Glutamate receptors, especially NMDA and AMPA receptors, are implicated in several neurodegenerative and neuroimmune diseases as well. Targeting glutamate receptors may provide treatment strategies for some of these conditions.GABA, glutamate receptors and their modulation
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This document provides an overview of glutamate and GABA, their receptors and therapeutic applications. It discusses the synthesis, storage, release and termination of glutamate and GABA in the central nervous system. It describes the ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors and GABAA and GABAB receptors. It also discusses conditions associated with glutamate like seizures, neurodegenerative diseases and stroke. Finally, it outlines current and upcoming therapeutic agents that target glutamate and GABA receptors and their uses, mechanisms and adverse effects.Trp operon
Trp operonsiva ni
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The document discusses the tryptophan (trp) operon in bacteria. The trp operon contains five structural genes that encode enzymes for tryptophan biosynthesis. Expression of the structural genes is regulated by a trp promoter, operator sequence, and repressor protein. In the absence of tryptophan, the repressor cannot bind to the operator and the structural genes are transcribed. However, in the presence of tryptophan, it binds to the repressor and prevents transcription of the structural genes. The trp operon is also regulated by attenuation - a mechanism where tryptophan availability affects the formation of transcription terminator stem loops in the mRNA leader sequence.63 bacterialgenecontrol2007
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This document summarizes how bacteria control gene expression through operons in response to environmental changes. It describes how operons group genes together and are regulated by repressor proteins binding to operator sites on the DNA. When an end product is present, like tryptophan, the repressor protein is activated to block transcription of the operon. But when a new nutrient becomes available, like lactose, the nutrient can bind to the repressor protein and induce transcription of the operon to produce digestive enzymes. This allows bacteria to efficiently regulate metabolic pathways and allocate resources by turning genes on and off.Glutamate receptors
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This document discusses glutamate receptors, including their history, types, roles, and drugs that act on them. It notes that glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. There are two main types of glutamate receptors: ionotropic receptors which are ligand-gated ion channels including NMDA, AMPA, and kainate receptors, and metabotropic G protein-coupled receptors divided into groups 1, 2, and 3. The roles of glutamate receptors include synaptic plasticity, learning and memory, and excitotoxicity. Many drugs have been developed that act as agonists or antagonists at glutamate receptors and are being investigated for conditions like Alzheimer's, ParkinsonGlutamate receptor
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Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. It acts through ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. Ionotropic receptors are ligand-gated ion channels composed of NMDA, AMPA, and kainate receptor subtypes that allow cation influx. Metabotropic receptors are G protein-coupled receptors divided into three groups based on sequence homology and signaling pathways. Glutamate receptors play important roles in normal neurotransmission but excessive activation can lead to excitotoxicity involved in various neurological disorders.A reading report for <Obesity-induced DNA hypermethylation of the adiponectin...
A reading report for <Obesity-induced DNA hypermethylation of the adiponectin...ÐÇÔÆ Íõ
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1. Obesity causes inflammation which increases DNMT1 expression and activity, leading to DNA hypermethylation of the adiponectin gene promoter and reduced adiponectin expression.
2. Inhibition of DNMT with RG108 prevents obesity-induced hypermethylation of the adiponectin gene, increasing adiponectin levels and improving insulin resistance.
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My presentation on neurotransmitter glutamate. References from Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry 9th edition and Stahl's essential psychopharmacology 4th edition. Proteinsynthesis
Proteinsynthesispunxsyscience
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Protein synthesis involves two main steps: transcription and translation. In transcription, RNA polymerase uses DNA as a template to make mRNA strands in the nucleus. The mRNA then moves to the cytoplasm. In translation, ribosomes read the mRNA and join amino acids specified by codons through attachment to tRNAs. The amino acids bond together into a protein chain that eventually folds into its functional tertiary structure.Trp operon
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The tryptophan operon is a negatively induced operon in E. coli that is regulated by the presence of tryptophan. It contains structural genes that code for enzymes involved in tryptophan biosynthesis. In low tryptophan conditions, transcriptional attenuation allows the transcription of the structural genes. In high tryptophan conditions, transcriptional attenuation terminates transcription before the structural genes. The mechanism involves the formation of alternative stem loop RNA structures and stalling of ribosomes in the leader region.Gaba ppt
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This document discusses GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. It outlines GABA's mechanism of action via GABA-A and GABA-B receptors, synthesis, functions in relieving anxiety and improving mood, and relationship to health conditions like insomnia, depression, seizures, and panic disorders when deficient. The conclusion states that GABA functions to inhibit nerve impulses by blocking them, preventing nerve cells from firing too often or easily.Glutamate muztaba
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1) The document presents information on glutamate and glycine, two important neurotransmitters in the central nervous system.
2) Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and is synthesized from glucose or glutamine. It acts through ionotropic and metabotropic receptors.
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This document provides an overview of glutamate, the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. It discusses that glutamate is widely distributed in the CNS and involved in many behavioral and physiological functions. It also describes the different types of glutamate receptors, including ionotropic AMPA, kainate, and NMDA receptors and metabotropic receptors. Excitotoxicity is explained as the pathological process by which nerve cells are damaged from excessive stimulation by glutamate leading to calcium overload. The physiological and pathological roles of the different receptors are also summarized.ProteinSynthesisbyoung
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The document describes the two-stage process of protein synthesis: transcription and translation. In transcription, RNA polymerase copies DNA in the nucleus to produce mRNA. Translation then occurs in the cytoplasm, where ribosomes read the mRNA to assemble amino acids into a protein chain according to the mRNA's codons. Through this two-step process, the genetic code stored in DNA is used to synthesize functional proteins.Negative gene regulation
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Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used to produce a functional product like a protein. The document discusses gene regulation in E. coli using the lac operon as an example. The lac operon controls lactose metabolism and consists of 3 genes regulated by the lac repressor and catabolite activator protein (CAP). When glucose is present, the lac operon is off, but when glucose is low and lactose available, the operon is strongly expressed to use lactose.Lac operon (1)
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The regulation of gene expression is critical for all organisms. There are two main types of genes - constitutive genes that are always "on" and non-constitutive or luxury genes that are regulated. Gene regulation involves turning genes on and off through transcriptional and translational control. Key elements that regulate genes include regulatory genes, structural genes, and regulatory elements in DNA that control transcription. Regulation can occur at the level of DNA, transcription, mRNA processing, translation, and post-translation. The lac operon in E. coli is an example of negative inducible gene regulation involving a repressor, operator, and inducer to control lactose metabolism genes.Gaba receptors & drugs acting on them
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Includes definition, discovery.Enzyme induction?is a process in which a molecule (e.g., a drug) induces (i.e., initiates or enhances) the expression of an enzyme.
The induction of?heat shock proteins?in the fruit fly?Drosophila melanogaster.
The?Lac operon?is an interesting example of how gene expression can be regulated.
Viruses, despite having only a few genes, possess mechanisms to regulate their gene expression, typically into an early and late phase, using collinear systems regulated by anti-terminators (lambda phage) or splicing modulators (HIV).
Gal4 is a transcriptional activator that controls the expression of GAL1, GAL7, and GAL10 (all of which code for the metabolic of galactose in yeast). The?GAL4/UAS system?has been used in a variety of organisms across various phyla to study gene expression.
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Gaba15arya
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a presentation on GABA including its synthesis, storage and degradation, types of receptors, and implications in various neuropsychiatric disorder, and finally a small chart on the drugs acting on GABA system.Gaba
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GABA is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. It acts on three main receptor types: GABAA, GABAB, and GABAC. GABAA is a ligand-gated ion channel whose activation allows chloride ion influx. GABAB is a G-protein coupled receptor whose activation opens potassium channels and closes calcium channels. Anti-epileptic drugs can act on these GABA receptors and neurotransmitter pathways. Newer anti-epileptics discussed include lamotrigine, gabapentin, topiramate, levetiracetam, zonisamide, tiagabine, and vigabatrin. Their mechanisms of action involve effects on sodium channels,Dkelly protein sythesis 
Dkelly protein sythesis punxsyscience
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Protein synthesis begins with the transcription of DNA into mRNA within the nucleus. RNA polymerase separates the DNA strands and copies the coding region of DNA into a mRNA strand until reaching the termination sequence. The mRNA strand then exits the nucleus and binds to a ribosome in the cytoplasm. Transfer RNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA codons. The amino acids are linked together through peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain until a stop codon is reached. The polypeptide chain folds into its tertiary structure to become a functional protein.GABA
GABANH Milon
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GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system that was first isolated from mouse brain in the 1950s. It exists in two types of receptors - GABA A receptors which are ligand-gated ion channels and GABA B receptors which are G-protein coupled receptors. GABA is synthesized from glutamate by the enzyme GAD and acts to hyperpolarize neurons, reducing neuronal excitability. Drugs like barbiturates and benzodiazepines enhance the effects of GABA to produce sedative and anxiolytic effects. Deficiencies in GABA can lead to symptoms of anxiety, depression, and restlessness.Ci 350 webquest
Ci 350 webquestbrownfield5
?
DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA through a process called transcription. During transcription, the enzyme RNA polymerase matches DNA nucleotide bases with complementary RNA bases to produce mRNA. The mRNA is then translated into amino acids through translation. Translation occurs as the mRNA codons are read by ribosomes to build amino acid sequences. The document provides interactive tutorials and simulations for students to transcribe a provided DNA template into mRNA and then translate the mRNA into a protein by matching tRNAs to the mRNA codons. Students are evaluated based on whether they produce the correct protein sequence. Errors in transcription or translation could result in detrimental effects if essential proteins are not produced correctly.Trp operon
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?
The document discusses the trp operon in prokaryotes. The trp operon encodes for enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of tryptophan. It consists of 5 structural genes (trpE, trpD, trpC, trpB, trpA) that are regulated by a single promoter. The expression of the operon is controlled by the trp repressor and feedback inhibition via the mechanism of attenuation. When tryptophan levels are high, the trp repressor binds to the operator region and blocks transcription. When levels are low, transcription occurs and the enzymes are produced to synthesize tryptophan via a series of reactions.
REFORMA LABORAL 2012mariluzrl2012
?
La reforma laboral de 2012 redujo la indemnizaci¨®n por despido de 45 a 33 d¨ªas por a?o trabajado y permiti¨® a las empresas despedir a trabajadores pagando 20 d¨ªas por a?o con un l¨ªmite de 12 mensualidades si demuestran descensos de ingresos durante 3 trimestres. Adem¨¢s, facilit¨® los expedientes de regulaci¨®n de empleo al eliminar la necesidad de aprobaci¨®n administrativa y prioriz¨® los convenios de empresa sobre otros ¨¢mbitos para descentralizar la negociaci¨®n colectiva. Los sindicatos estiman que la reforma destruy¨® 633
DefinicionesM¨®nica Aguado
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Este documento discute el uso de medios y recursos did¨¢cticos en el aula. Explica que tradicionalmente el libro de texto ha sido el principal recurso, pero que ahora hay un mayor ¨¦nfasis en el uso de medios tecnol¨®gicos. Tambi¨¦n analiza diferentes paradigmas curriculares y c¨®mo esto afecta el uso de medios, incluyendo un enfoque t¨¦cnico de transmisi¨®n de conocimiento versus un enfoque pr¨¢ctico que se adapta mejor a cada contexto.More Related Content
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?
1. Obesity causes inflammation which increases DNMT1 expression and activity, leading to DNA hypermethylation of the adiponectin gene promoter and reduced adiponectin expression.
2. Inhibition of DNMT with RG108 prevents obesity-induced hypermethylation of the adiponectin gene, increasing adiponectin levels and improving insulin resistance.
3. RG108 treatment in obese mice reduces adiponectin gene hypermethylation, elevates adiponectin levels, and improves glucose tolerance and insulin signaling without affecting body weight or organ function.L-Glutamate
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?
My presentation on neurotransmitter glutamate. References from Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry 9th edition and Stahl's essential psychopharmacology 4th edition. Proteinsynthesis
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?
Protein synthesis involves two main steps: transcription and translation. In transcription, RNA polymerase uses DNA as a template to make mRNA strands in the nucleus. The mRNA then moves to the cytoplasm. In translation, ribosomes read the mRNA and join amino acids specified by codons through attachment to tRNAs. The amino acids bond together into a protein chain that eventually folds into its functional tertiary structure.Trp operon
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The tryptophan operon is a negatively induced operon in E. coli that is regulated by the presence of tryptophan. It contains structural genes that code for enzymes involved in tryptophan biosynthesis. In low tryptophan conditions, transcriptional attenuation allows the transcription of the structural genes. In high tryptophan conditions, transcriptional attenuation terminates transcription before the structural genes. The mechanism involves the formation of alternative stem loop RNA structures and stalling of ribosomes in the leader region.Gaba ppt
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This document discusses GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. It outlines GABA's mechanism of action via GABA-A and GABA-B receptors, synthesis, functions in relieving anxiety and improving mood, and relationship to health conditions like insomnia, depression, seizures, and panic disorders when deficient. The conclusion states that GABA functions to inhibit nerve impulses by blocking them, preventing nerve cells from firing too often or easily.Glutamate muztaba
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1) The document presents information on glutamate and glycine, two important neurotransmitters in the central nervous system.
2) Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and is synthesized from glucose or glutamine. It acts through ionotropic and metabotropic receptors.
3) Glycine is another neurotransmitter that acts as an obligatory co-agonist along with glutamate at NMDA receptors, allowing calcium influx and excitation of postsynaptic neurons. Excess glutamate activation can lead to excitotoxicity and neuronal damage in various neurological conditions.Glutamate recp
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This document provides an overview of glutamate, the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. It discusses that glutamate is widely distributed in the CNS and involved in many behavioral and physiological functions. It also describes the different types of glutamate receptors, including ionotropic AMPA, kainate, and NMDA receptors and metabotropic receptors. Excitotoxicity is explained as the pathological process by which nerve cells are damaged from excessive stimulation by glutamate leading to calcium overload. The physiological and pathological roles of the different receptors are also summarized.ProteinSynthesisbyoung
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The document describes the two-stage process of protein synthesis: transcription and translation. In transcription, RNA polymerase copies DNA in the nucleus to produce mRNA. Translation then occurs in the cytoplasm, where ribosomes read the mRNA to assemble amino acids into a protein chain according to the mRNA's codons. Through this two-step process, the genetic code stored in DNA is used to synthesize functional proteins.Negative gene regulation
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Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used to produce a functional product like a protein. The document discusses gene regulation in E. coli using the lac operon as an example. The lac operon controls lactose metabolism and consists of 3 genes regulated by the lac repressor and catabolite activator protein (CAP). When glucose is present, the lac operon is off, but when glucose is low and lactose available, the operon is strongly expressed to use lactose.Lac operon (1)
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The regulation of gene expression is critical for all organisms. There are two main types of genes - constitutive genes that are always "on" and non-constitutive or luxury genes that are regulated. Gene regulation involves turning genes on and off through transcriptional and translational control. Key elements that regulate genes include regulatory genes, structural genes, and regulatory elements in DNA that control transcription. Regulation can occur at the level of DNA, transcription, mRNA processing, translation, and post-translation. The lac operon in E. coli is an example of negative inducible gene regulation involving a repressor, operator, and inducer to control lactose metabolism genes.Gaba receptors & drugs acting on them
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?
- GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain. It acts through GABAA, GABAB, and GABAC receptors.
- GABAA receptors are ligand-gated chloride channels modulated by drugs like benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and general anesthetics. GABAB receptors are G-protein coupled receptors that inhibit neurotransmitter release and hyperpolarize neurons.
- Drugs that enhance GABAergic transmission through GABAA receptors like benzodiazepines are used as sedatives, anxiolytics, and anticonvulsants. The GABAB agonist baclofen is used as a muscle relaxant for spasticNeurotransmitters
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This document discusses neurotransmitters, including their classification and the synthesis of dopamine. Neurotransmitters transmit signals between neurons through synapses. They are classified into amino acids, peptides, amines, and others based on their chemical structure. Dopamine is an amine neurotransmitter that is synthesized through specific pathways in the brain. Dopamine deficiency is associated with Parkinson's disease, where there is degeneration of an area of the brain called the substantia nigra resulting in decreased dopamine production and characteristic motor symptoms.Lac operon concept
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?
Includes definition, discovery.Enzyme induction?is a process in which a molecule (e.g., a drug) induces (i.e., initiates or enhances) the expression of an enzyme.
The induction of?heat shock proteins?in the fruit fly?Drosophila melanogaster.
The?Lac operon?is an interesting example of how gene expression can be regulated.
Viruses, despite having only a few genes, possess mechanisms to regulate their gene expression, typically into an early and late phase, using collinear systems regulated by anti-terminators (lambda phage) or splicing modulators (HIV).
Gal4 is a transcriptional activator that controls the expression of GAL1, GAL7, and GAL10 (all of which code for the metabolic of galactose in yeast). The?GAL4/UAS system?has been used in a variety of organisms across various phyla to study gene expression.
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Gaba15arya
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a presentation on GABA including its synthesis, storage and degradation, types of receptors, and implications in various neuropsychiatric disorder, and finally a small chart on the drugs acting on GABA system.Gaba
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GABA is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. It acts on three main receptor types: GABAA, GABAB, and GABAC. GABAA is a ligand-gated ion channel whose activation allows chloride ion influx. GABAB is a G-protein coupled receptor whose activation opens potassium channels and closes calcium channels. Anti-epileptic drugs can act on these GABA receptors and neurotransmitter pathways. Newer anti-epileptics discussed include lamotrigine, gabapentin, topiramate, levetiracetam, zonisamide, tiagabine, and vigabatrin. Their mechanisms of action involve effects on sodium channels,Dkelly protein sythesis
Dkelly protein sythesis punxsyscience
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Protein synthesis begins with the transcription of DNA into mRNA within the nucleus. RNA polymerase separates the DNA strands and copies the coding region of DNA into a mRNA strand until reaching the termination sequence. The mRNA strand then exits the nucleus and binds to a ribosome in the cytoplasm. Transfer RNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA codons. The amino acids are linked together through peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain until a stop codon is reached. The polypeptide chain folds into its tertiary structure to become a functional protein.GABA
GABANH Milon
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GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system that was first isolated from mouse brain in the 1950s. It exists in two types of receptors - GABA A receptors which are ligand-gated ion channels and GABA B receptors which are G-protein coupled receptors. GABA is synthesized from glutamate by the enzyme GAD and acts to hyperpolarize neurons, reducing neuronal excitability. Drugs like barbiturates and benzodiazepines enhance the effects of GABA to produce sedative and anxiolytic effects. Deficiencies in GABA can lead to symptoms of anxiety, depression, and restlessness.Ci 350 webquest
Ci 350 webquestbrownfield5
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DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA through a process called transcription. During transcription, the enzyme RNA polymerase matches DNA nucleotide bases with complementary RNA bases to produce mRNA. The mRNA is then translated into amino acids through translation. Translation occurs as the mRNA codons are read by ribosomes to build amino acid sequences. The document provides interactive tutorials and simulations for students to transcribe a provided DNA template into mRNA and then translate the mRNA into a protein by matching tRNAs to the mRNA codons. Students are evaluated based on whether they produce the correct protein sequence. Errors in transcription or translation could result in detrimental effects if essential proteins are not produced correctly.Trp operon
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The document discusses the trp operon in prokaryotes. The trp operon encodes for enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of tryptophan. It consists of 5 structural genes (trpE, trpD, trpC, trpB, trpA) that are regulated by a single promoter. The expression of the operon is controlled by the trp repressor and feedback inhibition via the mechanism of attenuation. When tryptophan levels are high, the trp repressor binds to the operator region and blocks transcription. When levels are low, transcription occurs and the enzymes are produced to synthesize tryptophan via a series of reactions.Viewers also liked (7)
REFORMA LABORAL 2012mariluzrl2012
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La reforma laboral de 2012 redujo la indemnizaci¨®n por despido de 45 a 33 d¨ªas por a?o trabajado y permiti¨® a las empresas despedir a trabajadores pagando 20 d¨ªas por a?o con un l¨ªmite de 12 mensualidades si demuestran descensos de ingresos durante 3 trimestres. Adem¨¢s, facilit¨® los expedientes de regulaci¨®n de empleo al eliminar la necesidad de aprobaci¨®n administrativa y prioriz¨® los convenios de empresa sobre otros ¨¢mbitos para descentralizar la negociaci¨®n colectiva. Los sindicatos estiman que la reforma destruy¨® 633DefinicionesM¨®nica Aguado
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Este documento discute el uso de medios y recursos did¨¢cticos en el aula. Explica que tradicionalmente el libro de texto ha sido el principal recurso, pero que ahora hay un mayor ¨¦nfasis en el uso de medios tecnol¨®gicos. Tambi¨¦n analiza diferentes paradigmas curriculares y c¨®mo esto afecta el uso de medios, incluyendo un enfoque t¨¦cnico de transmisi¨®n de conocimiento versus un enfoque pr¨¢ctico que se adapta mejor a cada contexto.
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The document discusses various mechanisms of gene expression and regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It explains that gene expression involves the transcription of DNA into mRNA and the translation of mRNA into protein. In prokaryotes, genes may be organized into operons and regulated through repression and induction. The lactose and tryptophan operons are discussed as examples. Eukaryotes have additional complexities in gene expression including RNA processing, alternative splicing, and transport of mRNA. Gene expression is regulated at transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels.Antiparkinson drugs
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To explain pathogenesis of Schizophrenia
To classify antipsychotic drugs
To describe mechanism of action of antipsychotics
To enlist side effects of antipsychotic drugs.
Atypical antipsychotics have mixtures of pharmacological properties.
Beyond antagonism of 5HT2A and D2 receptors, they interact with multiple other receptor subtypes for both dopamine and serotonin, and have effects on other neurotransmitter systems as well.
Some of these multiple pharmacological properties can contribute to the therapeutic effects of atypical antipsychotics (e.g., antidepressant, antimanic, and anxiolytic effects), whereas others can contribute to their side effects (e.g,. sedative-hypnotic and cardiometabolic effects).
No two atypical antipsychotics have identical binding properties, which probably helps to explain why they all have distinctive clinical properties.
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Second messengers cAMP and cGMPFarazaJaved
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Second messengers are intracellular signaling molecules that are released within cells in response to extracellular first messengers like hormones and neurotransmitters. They amplify and propagate intracellular signals. Examples include cyclic AMP (cAMP), cyclic GMP (cGMP), inositol trisphosphate, and calcium. cAMP and cGMP are produced from ATP and GTP by adenylate and guanylate cyclases, respectively. They activate downstream effector proteins like protein kinase A and G. This leads to phosphorylation of various target proteins and physiological responses like metabolism, gene expression, cell survival, proliferation and apoptosis. The document discusses the mechanisms, targets, functions and therapeutic applications of cAMP and cGMP second messenger systems in detail.Anti -Parkinsonian Drugs-Medicinal Chemistry
Anti -Parkinsonian Drugs-Medicinal ChemistryNarminHamaaminHussen
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Parkinson's disease is caused by a loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra. Symptoms include tremors, stiffness, and impaired movement. Anti-Parkinsonian drugs work by increasing dopamine levels in the brain. These include dopamine precursors like levodopa, dopamine receptor agonists, MAO-B inhibitors, COMT inhibitors, and anticholinergic agents. Newer treatments include the dopamine releaser amantadine and drugs that target the adenosine A2A receptor like istradefylline. Deep brain stimulation is also used to treat motor symptoms.Dopamine
DopamineOoha Biddala
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Dopamine is a neurotransmitter involved in reward, pleasure, and motor control. It is synthesized from tyrosine and degraded by monoamine oxidase and catechol-O-methyltransferase. Dopamine pathways include the nigrostriatal pathway for motor control, mesolimbic pathway for reward, and mesocortical pathway for cognition. Dopaminergic dysfunction is implicated in psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia, depression, and Parkinson's disease. Antipsychotics work by blocking dopamine receptors, which can cause extrapyramidal side effects, while dopamine agonists are used to treat Parkinson's disease. Understanding dopamine and its pathways has informed treatment for many neurological and psychiatric conditions.Lydia Yeshitla, Research Scholar at the Neurobiology Section of UCSD
Lydia Yeshitla, Research Scholar at the Neurobiology Section of UCSDLydia Yeshitla
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1) The document describes an experiment cloning a pH-sensitive fluorescent protein (pHRed) onto the GLUA1 AMPA receptor subunit to track intracellular trafficking and degradation of AMPA receptors by lysosomes.
2) Restriction enzymes (AGE1 and BSRG1) were used to cut the DNA in order to ligate pHRed onto GLUA1 using PCR. This would allow detection of AMPA receptors in the acidic lysosome lumen.
3) Bacteria were transformed with the ligated pHRed-GluA1 DNA. Colonies were selected and the DNA was sequenced to validate that the cloning procedure was done correctly.Treatment of Parkinsonism.pptx
Treatment of Parkinsonism.pptxFarazaJaved
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Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra. The main symptoms are tremors at rest, muscle rigidity, and slowed movement. Treatment aims to increase dopaminergic activity through dopamine precursors like levodopa, MAO-B inhibitors, COMT inhibitors, and dopamine receptor agonists. Anticholinergic drugs may also be used to reduce tremors. However, current treatments are only able to manage symptoms and more research is needed on neuroprotective therapies that could slow the progression of the disease.Clementi_Thesis_Final
Clementi_Thesis_FinalMario Clementi
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This document discusses a study examining the interaction between dopamine and histamine in the basal ganglia. It provides background information on synaptic transmission, the histaminergic system, dopamine signaling in the striatum, and Parkinson's disease. The study aims to investigate how activation of dopamine D1 receptors regulates phosphorylation of glutamate AMPA receptors and DARPP-32 in striatal slices, and how histamine H3 receptor activation may oppose these effects of dopamine signaling. The results suggest dopamine increases phosphorylation of AMPA receptors and DARPP-32, while histamine H3 receptor activation reduces dopamine-induced phosphorylation, indicating opposing regulation of cAMP/PKA signaling by dopamine and histamine in striatal neurons.Neurotransmitter - Dopamine
Neurotransmitter - DopamineSankaraleengam Alagapan
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Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a key role in reward processing, motor control, and addiction. It acts through two families of G protein-coupled receptors and is synthesized and transported via specific pathways in the brain, notably the mesolimbic pathway associated with reward. Dopamine neurons fire in response to unexpected rewards and encode reward prediction errors, helping to reinforce rewarding behaviors. Imbalances in dopamine signaling are implicated in various disorders like addiction, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia.Pharmacology of dopamine
Pharmacology of dopaminesumitwankh
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This document provides an overview of the pharmacology of dopamine. It discusses dopamine synthesis, receptors, pathways in the brain, and the role of dopamine in conditions like Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and addiction. Dopamine is synthesized from phenylalanine and tyrosine and acts on D1-like and D2-like receptors in the mesolimbic, mesocortical, and nigrostriatal pathways. Imbalances in dopaminergic signaling are implicated in disorders such as Parkinson's, schizophrenia, and ADHD. Drugs that modify dopamine transmission are used to treat these conditions.Snigdha Sama Sigma Xi Presentation
Snigdha Sama Sigma Xi PresentationBoinkoBoink
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This document summarizes a study that investigated a novel therapeutic approach for treating Parkinson's disease by targeting Lewy body aggregation and dopaminergic neuronal death in Drosophila melanogaster (fruit flies). The study examined the effects of administering the drugs ambroxol and ruthenium red, alone and in combination, to wild-type fruit flies and those with alpha-synuclein transgenes or rotenone-induced parkinsonism. Assays were conducted to measure glucocerebrosidase activity, ATP production, and motor function. The results showed that both drugs conferred neuroprotective effects and improved motor function in the fruit flies, and their combination was more effective than either drug alone. This supported the hypothesis thatPharmacology of antiparkinsons drug
Pharmacology of antiparkinsons drugAshviniGovande
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Parkinson's disease results from the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the brain. Antiparkinsonian drugs work to increase dopamine levels in the brain and alleviate motor symptoms. These include levodopa which is converted to dopamine, dopamine agonists, MAO-B inhibitors to prevent dopamine breakdown, and COMT inhibitors to reduce dopamine metabolism. Peripheral decarboxylase inhibitors like carbidopa are given with levodopa to reduce side effects from conversion to dopamine outside the brain.NON ADRENERGIC NON CHOLINERGIC TRANSMISSION.pptx
NON ADRENERGIC NON CHOLINERGIC TRANSMISSION.pptxNivethaSarangapani
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Non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC) transmission/mediators describes a part of the nervous system which does not use acetylcholine or noradrenaline as transmitters.Antiparkinsonian Drugs (Full Lecture) 
Antiparkinsonian Drugs (Full Lecture) Sawsan Aboul-Fotouh
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1. Drug-induced Parkinsonism
2. Mechanism of Action of Antiparkinsonian drugs
3. Dopaminergic Drugs
-L-dopa
- DA agonists
- MAOB inhibitors
- COMT inhibitors
- Amantadine
4. Anticholinergic Drugs
5. Treatment AlgorithmGENE EXPRESSION AND REGULATION.pptx
GENE EXPRESSION AND REGULATION.pptxashharnomani
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This document discusses gene expression and regulation. It begins by defining gene expression as the process by which information from a gene is used to create a functional gene product like a protein. This occurs through two main steps - transcription of DNA into mRNA in the nucleus, and translation of mRNA into proteins in the cytoplasm. Regulation of gene expression controls which genes are expressed, such as through the lac operon which expresses lactose metabolism genes only in the presence of lactose. The lac operon provides an example of positive and negative gene regulation through a repressor protein that binds to the operon's DNA to block or allow transcription.2nd_Med-NS_2020_L9.pptx
2nd_Med-NS_2020_L9.pptxKehoeMaths
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This document discusses several neurotransmitters and gliotransmitters:
1. D-serine, which is released by astrocytes and binds to NMDA receptors.
2. Purinergic neurotransmitters like ATP and adenosine, which signal through P1 and P2 receptors and are involved in processes like sleep, epilepsy, and hypoxia.
3. Melatonin, a hormone synthesized from serotonin in the pineal gland that provides circadian timing cues and is implicated in sleep and affective disorders.
4. NAA and NAAG, which are involved in myelin synthesis and trafficking in neurons.Epilepsy management by dr anoop.k.r
Epilepsy management by dr anoop.k.ranoop k r
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The document discusses factors to consider in the differential diagnosis of epilepsy, including syncope attacks, cardiac arrhythmias, migraine, hypoglycemia, narcolepsy, panic attacks, and pseudoseizures. It provides guidelines for routine investigations such as bloodwork, imaging, and EEG. It also lists advanced investigations that may be used when epilepsy is intractable, including neuropsychological evaluations and specialized EEG and imaging tests. Common and newer antiepileptic drugs are also discussed, along with their mechanisms of action and metabolic pathways.
BIOC 2011 TH
- 1. These drugs, and enzymeswill not be on the test. (excludingG-proteincoupledreceptorsof course). Do NOT memorize these drugs,enzymesand pathologies. These are for reviewof the concepts. Also,tryto refrainfromusinggoogle. All the answers canbe foundfairlyeasyif yougoogle them. Parkinson¡¯sdisease isthe neurodegenerative disease thatischaracterizedbythe deathof dopaminergic neuronsinthe brain. The symptomsof Parkinson¡¯sdiseaseare all movementrelatedissuessuchas shaking,rigidity,andpossibly the completeinabilitytomove causedbylow dopamine levelsinrelated synapses. ? Dopamine isa molecule (neurotransmitter) thatisusedforcommunicationfromone cell to another. ? One treatmentforParkinson¡¯sisthe combined administrationof Levodopa(L-DOPA) and carbidopa. o Levodopaisan inactive precursortodopamine thatisconvertedintoitsactive formby Tyrosine hydroxylase. o Carbidopaisan inhibitormoleculeforthe enzyme Tyrosinehydroxylase. o Carbidopacannotcross the bloodbrainbarrier(forsimplicitiessake,let¡¯ssayitcan¡¯t cross the cell membrane betweenthe circulatorysystemandthe brain) ? Tyrosine isfoundthroughoutthe bodyandnotjust withinthe brain. ? Tyrosine Hydroxylase: o Under the influence of feedbackinhibitionof amolecule namedinthisdocument What doesL in L-DOPA mean? Why isthe L inL-DOPA importantforthisdrug? What isthe substrate forTyrosine Hydroxylase? What isthe productfor Tyrosine Hydroxylase? Identifywhichmolecule isinvolvedinTyrosine Hydroxylase feedbackinhibition,andwhywould feedbackinhibitionbe important oruseful forthe body. Assumingdopamineisreleasedfromone cell,how isdopamine beingusedtocommunicate withthe other?Explainhowdopamine wouldcommunicate withthe othercell. Itoccurs ina logical stepbystep process.
- 2. Tyrosine hydroxylase doesnotworkwithoutthe presence of BH4,O2,andFe2+ . Knowingthatthese are not alteredinthe enzymescatalyticactivity,whatcanwe refertothese as? Alpha-methyl tyrosine isaninhibitorof thisenzyme. Asyoucan tell bythe name,it isverysimilarto tyrosine. Whatkindof inhibitionmightthiscause andif youincreasedthe amountof substrate,could the effectsof thisinhibitorbe negated? In the presence of a ProteinKinase A (PKA)thisproteinhasincreasedactivity. What isPKA doing? Draw twolinesonthiskineticsgraph. One indicatinghow the enzymewouldactwithoutaninhibitor and one indicatinghowitmightreactwitheither feedbackinhibitionorthe above inhibitor. Alsolabel Vmax onyourgraph. Rate of reaction Concentrationof substrate Assumingthatthe distributionof dopamine andL-DOPA inthispicture iscorrect,why mightthisbe? *the structuresare shownfora reason
- 3. Justfor completenesssake,I¡¯llexplaincarbidopa. Carbidopaisaninhibitorof tyrosine hydroxylase whichseemscounterintuitive since we wanttyrosine hydroxylasetoturnL-DOPA intodopamine. Dopamine isactuallysensedbythe chemoreceptortriggerzone (CTZ) foundsomewhereinourbodies. (I¡¯mnot sure where) Whenthe CTZis triggered,thiscausesvomiting. Carbidopa,unlike L-DOPA,cannot cross the bloodbrainbarriertherefore the tyrosinehydroxylase will notbe inhibitedinthe brain. So essentiallywhatthe combineddrugsL-DOPA andcarbidopaare doingis: ? L-DOPA can go anywhere itpleases. Itacts as the startingmaterial fordopamine ? Carbidopainhibitstyrosine hydroxylaseenzymesonlyinthe bloodstream preventingthe creationof dopamine thatistoxicinthe wrongportionsof our body. ? L-DOPA isconvertedintodopamine inthe brainproducingatherapeuticeffectwiththose with Parkinson¡¯s. ? Dopamine cannotcrossthe bloodbrainbarrier. Thisprevents itstoxiceffectsinotherpartsin the bodyand localizeditstherapeuticeffectinthe brain. As mentionedbefore,dopamine isaneurotransmitter. A dopamine synapse isdiagrammedbelow. Dopamine (DA) isreleasedfromcell 1intothe space betweenthe twocells.(synapse=space betweento neurons) DA can bindto one of two differentkindof receptors. Onreceptorisoncell 1, the other receptorison cell two. Both of these receptorsare G-proteincoupledreceptors. The receptoroncell 1 isexactlythe same as the example showninclass. Itspathwayactivatesadenylyl cyclase. Describe this pathway. 1. Dopamine bindstothe G proteincoupledreceptoroncell 2. 2. Exchange________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 3. G protein________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 4. Activation of____________________________by_____________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ 5. Adenylyl cyclase________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ _______