Proteinsynthesis
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Protein synthesis involves two main steps: transcription and translation. In transcription, RNA polymerase uses DNA as a template to make mRNA strands in the nucleus. The mRNA then moves to the cytoplasm. In translation, ribosomes read the mRNA and join amino acids specified by codons through attachment to tRNAs. The amino acids bond together into a protein chain that eventually folds into its functional tertiary structure.
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please explain transcription and translation
Solution
Ans:
Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence. This copy, called a
messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, leaves the cell nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where it
directs the synthesis of the protein, which it encodes. Translation is the process of translating the
sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein
synthesis. The genetic code describes the relationship between the sequence of base pairs in a
gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence that it encodes. In the cell cytoplasm, the
ribosome reads the sequence of the mRNA in groups of three bases to assemble the protein.
Transcription is the process by which DNA is copied (transcribed) to mRNA, which carries the
information needed for protein synthesis. Transcription takes place in two broad steps. First, pre-
messenger RNA is formed, with the involvement of RNA polymerase enzymes. The process
relies on Watson-Crick base pairing, and the resultant single strand of RNA is the reverse-
complement of the original DNA sequence. The pre-messenger RNA is then \"edited\" to
produce the desired mRNA molecule in a process called RNA splicing.
Formation of pre-messenger RNA
The mechanism of transcription has parallels in that of DNA replication. As with DNA
replication, partial unwinding of the double helix must occur before transcription can take place,
and it is the RNA polymerase enzymes that catalyze this process.
Unlike DNA replication, in which both strands are copied, only one strand is transcribed. The
strand that contains the gene is called the sense strand, while the complementary strand is the
antisense strand. The mRNA produced in transcription is a copy of the sense strand, but it is the
antisense strand that is transcribed.
Ribonucleotide triphosphates (NTPs) align along the antisense DNA strand, with Watson-Crick
base pairing (A pairs with U). RNA polymerase joins the ribonucleotides together to form a pre-
messenger RNA molecule that is complementary to a region of the antisense DNA strand.
Transcription ends when the RNA polymerase enzyme reaches a triplet of bases that is read as a
\"stop\" signal. The DNA molecule re-winds to re-form the double helix.
RNA splicing
The pre-messenger RNA thus formed contains introns which are not required for protein
synthesis. The pre-messenger RNA is chopped up to remove the introns and create messenger
RNA (mRNA) in a process called RNA splicing
Alternative splicing
In alternative splicing, individual exons are either spliced or included, giving rise to several
different possible mRNA products. Each mRNA product codes for a different protein isoform;
these protein isoforms differ in their peptide sequence and therefore their biological activity. It is
estimated that up to 60% of human gene products undergo alternative splicing.
Alternative splicing contributes to protein diversity a single gene transcript (RNA) can have
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Solution
Ans:
Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence. This copy, called a
messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, leaves the cell nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where it
directs the synthesis of the protein, which it encodes. Translation is the process of translating the
sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein
synthesis. The genetic code describes the relationship between the sequence of base pairs in a
gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence that it encodes. In the cell cytoplasm, the
ribosome reads the sequence of the mRNA in groups of three bases to assemble the protein.
Transcription is the process by which DNA is copied (transcribed) to mRNA, which carries the
information needed for protein synthesis. Transcription takes place in two broad steps. First, pre-
messenger RNA is formed, with the involvement of RNA polymerase enzymes. The process
relies on Watson-Crick base pairing, and the resultant single strand of RNA is the reverse-
complement of the original DNA sequence. The pre-messenger RNA is then \"edited\" to
produce the desired mRNA molecule in a process called RNA splicing.
Formation of pre-messenger RNA
The mechanism of transcription has parallels in that of DNA replication. As with DNA
replication, partial unwinding of the double helix must occur before transcription can take place,
and it is the RNA polymerase enzymes that catalyze this process.
Unlike DNA replication, in which both strands are copied, only one strand is transcribed. The
strand that contains the gene is called the sense strand, while the complementary strand is the
antisense strand. The mRNA produced in transcription is a copy of the sense strand, but it is the
antisense strand that is transcribed.
Ribonucleotide triphosphates (NTPs) align along the antisense DNA strand, with Watson-Crick
base pairing (A pairs with U). RNA polymerase joins the ribonucleotides together to form a pre-
messenger RNA molecule that is complementary to a region of the antisense DNA strand.
Transcription ends when the RNA polymerase enzyme reaches a triplet of bases that is read as a
\"stop\" signal. The DNA molecule re-winds to re-form the double helix.
RNA splicing
The pre-messenger RNA thus formed contains introns which are not required for protein
synthesis. The pre-messenger RNA is chopped up to remove the introns and create messenger
RNA (mRNA) in a process called RNA splicing
Alternative splicing
In alternative splicing, individual exons are either spliced or included, giving rise to several
different possible mRNA products. Each mRNA product codes for a different protein isoform;
these protein isoforms differ in their peptide sequence and therefore their biological activity. It is
estimated that up to 60% of human gene products undergo alternative splicing.
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The document describes the processes of transcription and translation. During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA at a promoter region and unzips the DNA strands. It reads the template strand and synthesizes a complementary mRNA strand, replacing thymine with uracil. The DNA then rebonds its strands. The mRNA exits the nucleus through pores into the cytoplasm. During translation, the mRNA binds to ribosomes where transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules match their anticodons to the mRNA codons. This causes amino acids to attach to the growing polypeptide chain.Translation and post translational modifications
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The document discusses how genetic information passes from DNA to proteins. It explains that the DNA code is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated by ribosomes into proteins. During translation, the mRNA codons bind to complementary tRNA anticodons, which bring amino acids. The amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide chain, which then folds into a functional protein that carries out the genetic trait specified by the DNA.Protein.synthesis.flipbook
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The document outlines the process of protein synthesis: 1) RNA polymerase transcribes DNA into mRNA in the nucleus; 2) the mRNA exits the nucleus and binds to ribosomes in the cytoplasm; 3) the ribosomes then translate the mRNA into a polypeptide chain as tRNA molecules add amino acids according to the mRNA codons. This process continues until a stop codon is reached, resulting in a functional protein.Molec cellextracredit
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DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) in the cell nucleus. The mRNA is then transported out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm, where it is translated into a protein with the help of transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomes. Transcription and translation are the two main steps by which the genetic code stored in DNA is used to synthesize proteins according to the DNA instructions.A Presentation on Protein Synthesis for Students
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Protein Synthesis in Lucid and Easy LanguageTranslation: Protein synthesis
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Translation is the process by which the genetic code stored in mRNA is used to synthesize proteins. It occurs on ribosomes using transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules to add amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain. There are three sites on the ribosome - the A site binds incoming tRNA, the P site holds tRNA with the polypeptide chain, and the E site releases tRNA. Through the repetitive binding of tRNA to mRNA codons and formation of peptide bonds, proteins specified by the mRNA are assembled from amino acids based on the genetic code.Translation.pdf
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this document will describes how protein is synthesizing both in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms during gene expression Flip book
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The document describes the process of protein synthesis through transcription and translation. It shows RNA polymerase binding to DNA and transcribing mRNA using the DNA as a template. The mRNA then exits the nucleus through the nuclear pore and binds to a ribosome in the cytoplasm where translation occurs. Amino acids are joined together based on the mRNA codons to form a protein.Protein synthesis
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.iochemisty Translation (protei synthesis)
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The document summarizes the process of translation (protein synthesis) from messenger RNA to protein. It describes how mRNA travels from the nucleus to the ribosome in the cytoplasm. The ribosome reads the mRNA codons and uses transfer RNA to add amino acids in the proper sequence specified by the mRNA to produce a protein. Key aspects covered include the genetic code, structure and role of transfer RNA and ribosomes, and the three main stages of translation - initiation, elongation, and termination.More from punxsyscience (20)
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Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who is considered the father of genetics. He conducted experiments with pea plants in which he studied 7 different traits. Through his experiments, Mendel discovered the principles of heredity, including that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units called genes, and that some genes are dominant while others are recessive. When Mendel crossed plants with different traits, he found that the offspring expressed the traits of only one parent, not a blend, and that recessive traits could reappear in later generations. This led Mendel to propose that genes segregate and assort independently during the formation of gametes.Protein synthesis trenton stouffer
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The document describes the process of protein synthesis. It explains that RNA polymerase first breaks the hydrogen bonds of DNA to copy it and make an mRNA strand. The mRNA strand then leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm, the mRNA binds to a ribosome where tRNA reads its bases and adds complementary amino acids to form a polypeptide chain.Presentation1
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Transcription occurs in the cell nucleus where DNA is unzipped and RNA polymerase adds complementary RNA nucleotides to the DNA template strand, forming mRNA. The mRNA is processed - a cap and tail are added and introns are removed. The completed mRNA contains codons of three nucleotides that code for amino acids. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm where the mRNA binds to ribosomes and tRNA molecules with matching anticodons deliver amino acids specified by mRNA codons, assembling the polypeptide chain specified by the mRNA.Atcheson flip book
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This flip book depicts the process of protein synthesis, showing how DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated by ribosomes into a polypeptide chain. The flip book steps through transcription, where RNA polymerase copies DNA into mRNA, then translation, where the mRNA passes through the ribosome and interacts with tRNA and rRNA to add amino acids in the correct order specified by codons until a full protein is synthesized.Protein synthesis
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This document is a flip book that summarizes the process of protein synthesis. It shows how DNA is transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase in the nucleus. The mRNA is then transported out of the nucleus through the nuclear pore and binds to the ribosome in the cytoplasm. The ribosome reads the mRNA codons and binds transfer RNA (tRNA) with complementary anticodons. The tRNA brings amino acids to form peptide bonds and a polypeptide chain, which eventually folds into a functional protein.Protein synthesis
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This flip book depicts the process of protein synthesis, showing how DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated by ribosomes into a polypeptide chain. The flip book steps through transcription, where RNA polymerase copies DNA into mRNA, then translation, where the mRNA passes through the ribosome and interacts with tRNA and rRNA to add amino acids in the correct order specified by codons until a full protein is synthesized.Protein synthesis project
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The document describes the process of transcription and translation in a cell. RNA polymerase unwinds DNA and creates an mRNA strand in the nucleus. The mRNA strand then moves to the cytoplasm through the nuclear pore. In the cytoplasm, the mRNA strand binds to a ribosome where tRNA brings amino acids to add to a growing polypeptide chain based on the mRNA codons. The polypeptide chain then folds into the final 3D protein structure.Steven detrie protein synthesis model
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The document describes the process of protein synthesis, which occurs in two steps: transcription and translation. In transcription, DNA is unwound and an mRNA strand is created using nucleotides. In translation, the mRNA strand is sent to the cytoplasm where it binds to a ribosome. tRNA molecules then bind to the ribosome and add amino acids specified by the mRNA code, forming a peptide bond between amino acids and creating a protein chain.Steven detrie protein synthesis model
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The document describes the process of protein synthesis, which occurs in two steps: transcription and translation. In transcription, DNA is unwound and an mRNA strand is created using nucleotides. The mRNA strand is then released and the DNA strands rebind. In translation, the mRNA moves to the cytoplasm and binds to ribosomes. tRNA molecules bind to the ribosome according to the mRNA code, and each tRNA connects to a specific amino acid. Translation begins as tRNA molecules form base pairs with the mRNA, and peptide bonds form between the amino acids, creating a protein.alexis vite flip book
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The document describes the process of protein synthesis, which occurs in two main steps - transcription and translation. Transcription takes place in the nucleus and involves RNA polymerase copying genetic information from DNA to mRNA. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm at ribosomes, where the mRNA code is used to assemble amino acids in the correct order to produce a protein. The start codon on mRNA pairs with a complementary tRNA to initiate translation.Dna replicaton byrd
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This protein synthesis flip book illustrates the process of transcription and translation. It shows DNA being transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase in the nucleus. The mRNA is then transported to the cytoplasm where it passes through ribosomes. During this process, transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules match to the mRNA codons and add amino acids to form a polypeptide chain through peptide bonds. Eventually a full protein is synthesized from the mRNA instructions.RNA_LexiZanaglio
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The document outlines the process of protein synthesis which has two main parts - transcription and translation. In transcription, mRNA strands are created in the nucleus from a DNA template with the help of RNA polymerase. The mRNA then exits the nucleus through nuclear pores. In translation, which occurs in the cytoplasm, ribosomes read the mRNA to produce a protein. Transfer RNA molecules match their anticodons to mRNA codons and bring corresponding amino acids. The amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain, which becomes a protein when translation is complete.Protein synthesis flipbook @yoloswagginator24
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The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis. It describes how RNA polymerase unwinds DNA and copies it to mRNA. The mRNA strand then exits the nucleus through the nuclear pore and moves to ribosomes. At the ribosomes, the mRNA is read and translated to form a polypeptide chain of amino acids.Rna bio
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The document outlines the process of protein synthesis which has two main parts - transcription and translation. In transcription, mRNA strands are created in the nucleus from a DNA template with the help of RNA polymerase. The mRNA then exits the nucleus through nuclear pores. In translation, which occurs in the cytoplasm, ribosomes read the mRNA to produce a protein. Transfer RNA molecules match their anticodons to mRNA codons and bring corresponding amino acids. The amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain, which becomes a protein when translation is complete.Presentation1
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The document shows the process of protein synthesis:
1) In the nucleus, RNA polymerase unzips DNA and copies its sequence into a messenger RNA (mRNA) strand.
2) The mRNA exits the nucleus through the nuclear pore and enters the cytoplasm.
3) In the cytoplasm, the mRNA binds to a ribosome which reads its sequence in groups of three bases (codons).
4) Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules matching these codons bring specific amino acids to the ribosome.
5) The amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide chain, which later folds into a functional protein.Josh.godo protein synthesis 
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The document is a flip book that summarizes the key steps of protein synthesis: 1) DNA is unwound in the cell nucleus and an mRNA strand is produced, 2) the mRNA strand moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where ribosomes are located, 3) ribosomes read the mRNA strand and amino acids are attached through peptide bonds to form a protein, which then folds into its tertiary structure.Brock flipbook
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The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis. DNA in the nucleus is transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase. The mRNA then exits the nucleus and binds to a ribosome in the cytoplasm. The ribosome reads the mRNA and uses transfer RNA molecules to add amino acids to form a protein chain. The protein folds into its final shape.Jimmy Carrier Protein Synthesis
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The document discusses protein synthesis in cells. It explains that RNA polymerase in the cell nucleus reads DNA and synthesizes mRNA. The mRNA then exits the nucleus through nuclear pores and binds to ribosomes. At the ribosomes, tRNA matches codons on the mRNA and releases amino acids, forming peptide bonds between amino acids to create a polypeptide chain. When the ribosome reaches a stop codon, the polypeptide releases and folds into its tertiary structure to become a functional protein.FlipbookHannahD
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The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. It explains that mRNA is produced from DNA in the cell nucleus and passes through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm. Ribosomes then read the mRNA and translate its codon sequence into a chain of amino acids, attaching different tRNAs to each codon. This continues until a stop codon is reached, resulting in a polypeptide that can fold into a functional protein. The key stages are transcription of DNA to mRNA in the nucleus, translation of mRNA to protein by ribosomes in the cytoplasm, and protein folding.Proteinsynthesis
- 1. Protein Synthesis By: Amanda Moore
- 6. T T Nucleus A G A T T C G A T G C A A T A A T C T A A G C T A C G T A RNA Polymerase mRNA Ribosomes
- 7. T T Nucleus A G A T T C G A T G C U A A T A A T C T A A G C T A C G T A RNA Polymerase mRNA Ribosomes
- 8. T T Nucleus A G A T T C G A T G G C U A A T A A T C T A A G C T A C G T A RNA Polymerase mRNA Ribosomes
- 22. T T Nucleus A G A T T C G A T G C A T A A T C T A A G C T A C G T A Cytoplasm Ribosomes AUGCAUCGAAU
- 23. A A T C T A A G C T A C G T A Cytoplasm Ribosomes Nucleus AUG CAU CGA AUC UAA Codon Starting codon Codon Codon Stopping codon
- 24. A A T C T A A G C T A C G T A Cytoplasm Ribosomes Nucleus Ribosome Small subunit Large subunit AUG CAU CGA AUC UAA Codon Starting codon Codon Codon Stopp codon
- 25. A A T C T A A G C T A C G T A Cytoplasm Ribosomes Amino acid Nucleus Anti codon tRNA UAC Ribosome Small subunit Large subunit AUG CAU CGA AUC UAA Codon Starting codon Codon Codon Stoppi codon
- 26. A A T C T A A G C T A C G T A Cytoplasm Ribosomes Amino acid Anti Nucleus codon tRNA UAC Amino acid tRNA GUA Ribosome Small subunit Large subunit AUG CAU CGA AUC UAA Codon Starting codon Codon Codon Stopping codon
- 27. A A T C T A A G C T A C G T A Cytoplasm Ribosomes Amino acid Amino acid Peptide Bond Nucleus Anti codon tRNA tRNA GUA UAC Codon Codon Ribosome Small subunit Large subunit AUG CAU CGA AUC UAA Starting codon Codon Stopping codon
- 28. A A T C T A A G C T A C G T A Cytoplasm Ribosomes Amino acid Peptide Bond Peptide Bond tRNA Anti codon Nucleus Amino acid UAC tRNA UAG Ribosome Small subunit Large subunit AUG CAU CGA AUC UAA Codon Starting codon Codon Codon Stopp codo
- 29. A A T C T A A G C T A C G T A Cytoplasm Ribosomes Amino acid Peptide Bond Peptide Bond Peptide Bond tRNA Nucleus UAG Ribosome Small subunit Large subunit AUG CAU CGA AUC UAA Codon Starting codon Codon Codon Stopp codon
- 30. A A T C T A A G C T A C G T A Cytoplasm Ribosomes Amino acid Peptide Bond Nucleus Ribosom Small subuni Large subuni AUG CAU CGA AUC UA Codon Starting codon Codon Codon Sto cod
- 31. A A T C T A A G C T A C G T A Cytoplasm Ribosomes Amino acid Ribosome Small subunit Large subunit Nucleus AUG CAU CGA AUC UA Codon Starting codon Codon Codon Stop codo
- 32. Protein synthesis Protein synthesis starts off with a process called transcription. Transcription is when RNA polymerase makes a mRNA strand using DNA. RNA polymerase unwinds DNA at the start of a gene. It uses one strand to get the complementary nucleotides for the mRNA strand. On the mRNA, A and U go together and G and C go together. The mRNA then breaks off when RNA polymerase is done using the DNA and goes into the cytoplasm. The DNA then goes back together.
- 33. Protein synthesis cont. • The next step of protein synthesis is translation. Translation is when the mRNA strand is read to make amino acids. The mRNA comes in contact with a ribosome and the ribosome reads the three sets of nucleotides. The ribosome begins at the start codon. Then tRNA transfer amino acids. The tRNA has an anti-codon that is the complement to the nucleotide on the mRNA. The tRNA binds temporarily on the mRNA until another tRNA comes to put an amino acid on another codon. The amino acid then forms a peptide bond with another amino acid. The ribosome stops at the stop codon. After all of the amino acids are made and bonded together, they fold on themselves and form a tertiary structure to give it a function.