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Beautiful quotation
? A father’s goodness is higher than the mountain,
A mother’s goodness is deeper than the sea.

Presented by
Kulsoom PirJan
baloch

Sub topics
1… introduction of
Phytochrome
7…Biosynthesis of phytochrome
2…Forms of phytochrome 8…photoperiodism
3…Discovery of phytochrome 9…Circadian clock in plants
4…photomorphogenesis 10… phytochrome system.
5…cryptochrome
6…Phytochrome concentration
in plants

Introduction of phytochrome
? Phytochrome is a photoreceptor, a pigment that
plants, and some bacteria and fungi, use to
detect light
? It is sensitive to light in the red and far-red
region of the visible spectrum.
? In other word a blue-green pigment found in
many plants, in which it regulates various
developmental processes.

Introduction cont..
? Many flowering plants use it to regulate the time
of flowering based on the length of day and night
(photoperiodism) and to set circadian rhythms.
? It also regulates other responses including the
germination of seeds(photoblasty), elongation of
seedlings, the size, shape and number of leaves
etc
?

phytochrome cont..
? This pigment has a regulatory role in all phases
of plant growth and development
(photomorphogenesis) and is apparently
ubiquitous in all taxonomic groups of eukaryotic
plants with the exception of fungi.

phytochrome cont…
Light, in addition to providing the energy which
drives photosynthesis,also acts as a regulatory
environmental stimulus.
Many light-controlled plant responses are now
believed to be mediated by the photoreceptor,
phytochrome.

Phytochrome cont..
? Other plant photoreceptors include
cryptochromes, phototropins, and UVR8, which
are sensitive to light in the blue and ultra-violet
regions of the spectrum.

Forms of phytochrome
? phytochrome has two different chemical
structures that are inter-convertible. The forms
are named by the color of light that they absorb
maximally
? Pr is a blue form that absorbs red light and Pfr
is a blue-green form that absorbs far-red light

Forms of phytochrome conti..
? The phytochrome molecule is the photoreceptor
for red light responses. It exists in two forms, Pr
and Pfr.
? Phytochrome is a family of proteins with a small
covalently-bound pigment molecule
?Phytochrome proteins occur as a dimer of two
identical polypeptides,

Forms of phytochrome conti..
?When the chromophore absorbs light, there is a
slight change in its structure.
?The pigment is called the chromophore. It is a
linear tetrapyrrole.(4pyrrol ring)

Forms of phytochrome cont…
? The Pr form:
?Absorbs at a peak of 660nm
?Is the form synthesized in dark-grown seedlings.
?When Pr absorbs red light, it is converted to the
Pfr form

Forms conti..
? The Pfr form:
?Absorbs at a peak of 730 nm.
?The Pfr form is the active form that initiates
biological responses.
?When Pfr absorbs far red light, it is converted to
the Pr form.

What is strange about these pigments
????
When these pigments absorbed light (photon),
they change chemically into the OTHER form.
The two forms of phytochrome differ in their
absorption spectra.

Discovery
? The phytochrome pigments was discovered by
sterling hendricks and harry borthwick at the
agricultural research center in maryland during
a period from the late 1940s to the early 1960s .
? By using spectrograph( an apparatus for
photographing or recording spectra)

Plant pigment – phytochrome
? A plant pigment is any type of colored substance
produced by a plant. In general, any chemical
compound which absorbs visible radiation
between about 380 nm (violet) and 760 nm
(ruby-red) is considered a pigment.
? There are many different plant pigments, and
they are found in different classes of organic
compounds.

Plant pigment – phytochrome
? Plant pigments give color to leaves, flowers, and
fruits and are also important in controlling
photosynthesis, growth, and development.
? Phytochrome is a blue-green plant pigment
which regulates plant development, including
seed germination, stem growth,leaf expansion,
pigment synthesis, and flowering.

photomorphogenesis
? The process by which plant development is
controlled by light is called photo-
morphogenesis , typically photomorphogenic
responses are most obvious in germinating
seedlings but light affects plant development in
many ways throughout all stages of development

Photomorphogenesis cont…
? Light has profound effects on the development
of plants .
? Most striking effects of light are observed when a
germinating seedling emerges from the soil and
exposed to light for first time .
? Normally the seedling radicle ( root) emerge first
from the seed,

Photomorphogenesis cont..
? And shoot appears as the root becomes
established . Later , with growth of the shoot (
particularly when it emerge into the light) there
is increased secondary root formation and
branching .
? Simply it’s a coordinated progression of
developmental responses ..

Photomorphogenesis cont..
? In this phenomena where the root affects the
growth of the shoot and vice versa , to a large
degree , the growth responses are hormones
mediated.

Analysis of Photomorphogenesis
? Plants exhibit different growth habits in dark
and light
? In the dark they have elongated stems,
undifferentiated chloroplasts and unexpanded
leaves. This is called skotomorphogenesis.
? Photomorphogenesis (light grown) involves the
inhibition of stem elongation, the differentiation
of chloroplasts and accumulation of chlorophyll,
and the expansion of leaves.

Analysis of photomorphogenesis
? Thus the same stimulus causes opposite effects
on cell elongation in leaves and stems.
Photomorphogenesis can be induced by red, far
red and blue light.
? You know that a pigment absorbs light and is
altered electronically .
? results in a change in other chemicals in the
immediate environment to drive photosynthesis.

Analysis of photomorphogenesi cont….
? Chlorophyll is not the only important pigment,
you learned about antenna pigments too. Today
we are examining a pigment that fundamentally
alters plant behavior. It is phytochrome.
? Now the seed germination laboratory exercise
with lettuce demonstrates a classic phytochrome
effect.

Analysis of photomorphogenesis cont…
? The seeds germinate better in red light and fail
in far-red light compared to control seeds in
kept in darkness.

cryptochromes
The word cryptochrome is derived frome greek
word crypto = hidden , chrome = colours
? Cryptochromes are photoreceptors that
regulates entrainment by light of the circadian
clock in plants and animals .

Cryptochrome cont…
? They also act as integral parts of the central
circadian oscillator in animals brains and as
receptors controlling photomorphogenesis in
response to blue or UV light in plants.
? Cryptochromes are flavoprotein photo-
receptors first identified in Arabidopsis thaliana

Crypto…
? Cryptochrome play key roles in growth and
development .
? A plant pigment that absorbs mainly blue and uv
light and also involved in various plant
responses to light.
? Including phototropism and hypocotyl
elongation

Cryptochrome absorbed blue 濒颈驳丑迟…..

Phytochrome concentrations vary
within the plant…….

Biosynthesis of phytochrome..
? Phytochrome is produced in different parts of
the cell and assembled from those parts.
? The phytochrome binding protein is coded in
nuclear genes, transcribed in the nucleus and
translated on cytosolic ribosomes.
? The phytochrome chromophore is produced in
the plastid. These are assembled in the cytosol.

Biosynthesis of phytochrome..
? phytochrome has been found to be associated
with plastids in terms of final destination.
? The phytochrome protein includes a kinase
domain that, after exposure to red light (i.e.
when the chromophore is in Pfr form), allows
the protein to phosphorylate itself. This way the
autophosphorylation of phytochrome protein
activates it.

photoperiodism
? the response of an organism to seasonal changes
in day length.
? Many flowering plants (angiosperms) use a
photoreceptor protein, such as phytochrome or
cryptochrome,to sense seasonal changes in night
length, or photoperiod, which they take as
signals to flower.

Phytochrome system…
? The phytochrome system acts as a biological
light switch. It monitors the level, intensity,
duration, and color of environmental light.
? The biologically-inactive form of phytochrome
(Pr) is converted to the biologically-active form
Pfr under illumination with red light. Far-red
light and darkness convert the molecule back to
the inactive form.

Phytochrome system cont..
? Pfr can slowly revert to Pr in the dark or break
down over time. and then physiological response
induced by red light is reversed. The active form
of phytochrome (Pfr) can directly activate other
molecules in the cytoplasm, or it can be
trafficked to the nucleus, where it directly
activates or represses specific gene expression.

Circadian clock in plants..
? Circadian rhythms govern many plant processes,
including movements of organs such as leaves
and petals, stomata opening, stem elongation,
sensitivity to light of floral induction, metabolic
processes such as respiration and
photosynthesis and expression of a large number
of different genes.

refrences
? Yang X, Kuk J, Moffat K (2009). "Crystal
structure of P. aeruginosa bacteriaphytochrome
PaBphP photosensory core domain mutant
Q188L". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106:
15639–15644.
? Walker TS, Bailey JL. Two spectrally different
forms of the phytochrome chromophore
extracted from etiolated oat seedlings. Biochem
J. 1968 Apr;107(4):603–605.

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