Calibration systems for extruded pipes

Nov 10, 2019Download as pptx, pdf

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This document discusses calibration systems used for extruded plastic tubes. There are two main types of calibration systems - external and internal. External calibrators employ a water-cooled forming tube that the extrudate slides against to harden, while internal calibrators use a tapered, water-cooled mandrel inside the tube. A combination system can provide smooth surfaces both inside and out. Proper sizing is important and factors like calibrator length, mandrel temperature, and vacuum assistance are considered to minimize defects during cooling and hardening of the extrudate.

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CALIBRATION SYSTEMS
Presented by,
Vishal K P.
Dept. of PS&RT
CUSAT

Introduction
? Extrudate emerges out from die as semi-molten
substance and need to be cooled to harden.
? Calibration systems or Extrusion sizing chills and
sizes the extrudate without much defects.
? For tubular films, cold air impingement may be
sufficient, but for rigid tubes more positive
methods must be employed.
? They are also known as forming boxes, sizing
formers, sizing die, etc.

Two types of calibrators for rigid &
semi-rigid tubes:
? External calibrators
? Internal calibrators

External calibrators
? Employs a water-cooled forming tube in
conjunction with internal air pressure.
? It consist of a water jacketed tube, the bore of
which is made to the required outer diameter
of the pipe + any allowances.
? This assembly is mounted in exact alignment
at the front of the extruder die.

Working:
? The thermoplastics tube is continuously
inflated from inside such that it comes in
sliding contact with the chilled interior wall of
the calibrator.
? The outer layer become frozen and become
supporting.
? The final cooling is done by passing through a
water bath.

Length of the calibrator tube:
? Length must be chosen such that the outer
layer of the pipe gets frozen to a sufficient
depth for self supporting during cooling.
? The shortest length must be chosen so as to
avoid friction, strain and inconvenience.

Problems:
? Reason: The tubes are inflated by internal
pressure, so must be sealed at both ends to
prevent air loss.
? Commonly used system to prevent air loss:
Floating plug attached to the die mandrel by
means of a chain or other flexible members.
Air loss through ends of the tube

? Vacuum is used to minimize the pressure loss.
? Two methods of vacuum sizing are used:
*Single unit, alternative cooling and vacuum
sections control the sizing of the tube.
*Longitudinally adjustable vacuum sizing units
within a cooling tank.

Internal calibrators
? Employs a cooled mandrel and secondary
external cooling.
? It consist of a tapered water cooled extension
to the mandrel which fixes the diameter of
pipe as in external calibration.
? It cools the tube both from inside and outside.
? It has higher rate of cooling hence sizing of the
tube.

? The extrudate is drawn over the extended
mandrel-It tends to shrinks on cooling.
? The shrinkage provides the calibration pressure
to size the product.
? The usual tapering dimensions are 0.004mm per
mm of extended mandrel length.
? Mandrel temperature for medium density P.E-
55°C, for rigid PVC pipe-lower ranges.

Drawbacks of Internal and External
calibrators
? In external system, the outside of the tube is
in sliding contact with smooth cooled metal
surface and gives polished surface, but interior
remains rough.
? The internal system gives better product and it
give a smooth product both from inside and
outside.
A combined external-internal system can be
used to overcome the drawbacks.

Combined External and Internal
calibration
? Here, a short water cooled external calibrator
is combined with an extended mandrel which
is heated at its upstream end.
? A high finish is given to the tube exterior by
contact with external calibrator, and by means
of carefully designed internal flow channels.

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本資料「To CoT or not to CoT?」では、大規模言語モデルにおけるChain of Thought（CoT）プロンプトの効果について詳しく解説しています。 CoTはあらゆるタスクに効く万能な手法ではなく、特に数学的?論理的?アルゴリズム的な推論を伴う課題で高い効果を発揮することが実験から示されています。一方で、常識や一般知識を問う問題に対しては効果が限定的であることも明らかになりました。複雑な問題を段階的に分解?実行する「計画と実行」のプロセスにおいて、CoTの強みが活かされる点も注目ポイントです。 This presentation explores when Chain of Thought (CoT) prompting is truly effective in large language models. The findings show that CoT significantly improves performance on tasks involving mathematical or logical reasoning, while its impact is limited on general knowledge or commonsense tasks.

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社内勉強会資料_Chain of Thought .狈础叠尝础厂株式会社

David Boutry - Mentors Junior DevelopersDavid Boutry

Calibration systems for extruded pipes

1. CALIBRATION SYSTEMS Presented by, Vishal K P. Dept. of PS&RT CUSAT

2. Introduction ? Extrudate emerges out from die as semi-molten substance and need to be cooled to harden. ? Calibration systems or Extrusion sizing chills and sizes the extrudate without much defects. ? For tubular films, cold air impingement may be sufficient, but for rigid tubes more positive methods must be employed. ? They are also known as forming boxes, sizing formers, sizing die, etc.

3. Two types of calibrators for rigid & semi-rigid tubes: ? External calibrators ? Internal calibrators

4. External calibrators ? Employs a water-cooled forming tube in conjunction with internal air pressure. ? It consist of a water jacketed tube, the bore of which is made to the required outer diameter of the pipe + any allowances. ? This assembly is mounted in exact alignment at the front of the extruder die.

5. Working: ? The thermoplastics tube is continuously inflated from inside such that it comes in sliding contact with the chilled interior wall of the calibrator. ? The outer layer become frozen and become supporting. ? The final cooling is done by passing through a water bath.

6. Length of the calibrator tube: ? Length must be chosen such that the outer layer of the pipe gets frozen to a sufficient depth for self supporting during cooling. ? The shortest length must be chosen so as to avoid friction, strain and inconvenience.

7. Problems: ? Reason: The tubes are inflated by internal pressure, so must be sealed at both ends to prevent air loss. ? Commonly used system to prevent air loss: Floating plug attached to the die mandrel by means of a chain or other flexible members. Air loss through ends of the tube

8. ? Vacuum is used to minimize the pressure loss. ? Two methods of vacuum sizing are used: *Single unit, alternative cooling and vacuum sections control the sizing of the tube. *Longitudinally adjustable vacuum sizing units within a cooling tank.

9. Internal calibrators ? Employs a cooled mandrel and secondary external cooling. ? It consist of a tapered water cooled extension to the mandrel which fixes the diameter of pipe as in external calibration. ? It cools the tube both from inside and outside. ? It has higher rate of cooling hence sizing of the tube.

10. ? The extrudate is drawn over the extended mandrel-It tends to shrinks on cooling. ? The shrinkage provides the calibration pressure to size the product. ? The usual tapering dimensions are 0.004mm per mm of extended mandrel length. ? Mandrel temperature for medium density P.E- 55°C, for rigid PVC pipe-lower ranges.

11. Drawbacks of Internal and External calibrators ? In external system, the outside of the tube is in sliding contact with smooth cooled metal surface and gives polished surface, but interior remains rough. ? The internal system gives better product and it give a smooth product both from inside and outside. A combined external-internal system can be used to overcome the drawbacks.

12. Combined External and Internal calibration ? Here, a short water cooled external calibrator is combined with an extended mandrel which is heated at its upstream end. ? A high finish is given to the tube exterior by contact with external calibrator, and by means of carefully designed internal flow channels.

13. References

14. THANK YOU

Editor's Notes

#7: Distortion during cooling