Rational numbers include all integers as well as numbers that can be expressed as fractions p/q where p and q are integers and q is not equal to 0. Rational numbers are closed under addition, subtraction, and multiplication but not division. They have identities and inverses. Rational numbers can be represented on a number line and there are an infinite number of rational numbers between any two given rational numbers, found using methods like the equivalent fractions method or mean method.