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This document discusses persuasive speaking in a democratic society. It explains that persuasion is rooted in controversy and involves questions of fact, value, and policy. It also outlines the concepts of ethos, pathos, and logos in persuasive appeals. Ethos refers to the speaker's credibility, pathos to emotional appeals, and logos to the use of evidence. The document provides tips for strengthening ethos, such as sharing experiences with the audience, citing experts, and considering different viewpoints. It also notes the importance of appealing to audience emotions through techniques like affective language and vivid details.
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Introduction to the Case Study
This last chapter is different from the others. Instead of introducing a new area of critical thinking, it is a capstone activity in which you will apply the skills you've learned to one contemporary, controversial issue.
The topic for this case study is global climate change. Because it is beyond the scope of this course to thoroughly evaluate a complex scientific topic, you will not be expected to form a position or offer your opinion on this topic. Rather, the material in this chapter is presented for you to practice evaluating arguments, identifying fallacies, and questioning sources—with the hope that you will continue to apply these skills whenever you encounter material aimed to persuade.
This chapter won't present any new exposition. Instead, we provide some relevant review notes that have been excerpted from the earlier chapters. You can consult these notes if you need a refresher as you work through the final videos, articles, and questions in the course.
REVIEW NOTES
Arguments
To say that something is true is to make a claim. But to give reasons to believe that it is true is to make an argument. Thus all arguments consist of at least two parts:
1. premise – one or more reasons to support the claim
2. conclusion – the claim being supported
Common Fallacies
Fallacy:a type of flawed reasoning
1. Begging the question: fallacy where the argument relies on a premise that resembles the conclusion, depends on the conclusion, or is as controversial as the conclusion.
2. Appeal to popularity: fallacy where the arguer attempts to bolster his or her argument by mentioning that "everybody" (or a large group of people) shares the same belief, preference, or habit.
3. Post hoc ergo propter hoc: fallacy where the arguer assumes that because there is a correlation between two events (i.e., one preceded the other), then the first must have caused the second. The phrase is Latin for "after this, therefore because of this."
4. Appeal to ignorance: fallacy where the arguer claims that because something cannot be proven false, it must be true unless the opponent can disprove the conclusion.
5. Appeal to emotion: fallacy where the arguer tries to persuade the audience by arousing feelings such as pity, fear, patriotism, flattery, etc. in lieu of presenting rational arguments.
6. Unqualified authority: fallacy where the arguer tries to get people to agree by appealing to the reputation of someone who is not an expert in the field or otherwise qualified to prove that something is true.
7. Ad hominem: fallacy where the arguer attacks his or her opponent's personal characteristics, qualifications, or circumstances instead of the argument presented. The phrase is Latin for "to the man."
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REVIEW NOTES
Arguments
To say that something is true is to make a claim. But to give reasons to believe that it is true is to make an argument. Thus all arguments consist of at least two parts:
1. premise – one or more reasons to support the claim
2. conclusion – the claim being supported
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Fallacy:a type of flawed reasoning
1. Begging the question: fallacy where the argument relies on a premise that resembles the conclusion, depends on the conclusion, or is as controversial as the conclusion.
2. Appeal to popularity: fallacy where the arguer attempts to bolster his or her argument by mentioning that "everybody" (or a large group of people) shares the same belief, preference, or habit.
3. Post hoc ergo propter hoc: fallacy where the arguer assumes that because there is a correlation between two events (i.e., one preceded the other), then the first must have caused the second. The phrase is Latin for "after this, therefore because of this."
4. Appeal to ignorance: fallacy where the arguer claims that because something cannot be proven false, it must be true unless the opponent can disprove the conclusion.
5. Appeal to emotion: fallacy where the arguer tries to persuade the audience by arousing feelings such as pity, fear, patriotism, flattery, etc. in lieu of presenting rational arguments.
6. Unqualified authority: fallacy where the arguer tries to get people to agree by appealing to the reputation of someone who is not an expert in the field or otherwise qualified to prove that something is true.
7. Ad hominem: fallacy where the arguer attacks his or her opponent's personal characteristics, qualifications, or circumstances instead of the argument presented. The phrase is Latin for "to the man."
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2. An advertisement features a crying child to promote donations to an orphanage. (pathos)
3. Statistics are presented showing a correlation between secondhand smoke and cancer rates. (logos)
4. A celebrity endorses a brand of shoes in a television commercial. (ethos, pathos)
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1.
Audience/Rhetorical Situation:
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2.
Claim:
what is the main claim ( or thesis)? What type of claim is it? In other words, what is the argument working toward? Does it seek to make the audience evaluate the worth of something (claim of value); believe in a past. Present, or future condition (fact); or want to do something (claim of policy)?
3.
Line of Reasoning:
Every argument has some line of reasoning – premises that walk the audience toward the main claim. What individual premises are asserted? How do they lead to the main claim? What premises are unstated? What points does the reader fill in?
4.
Other Appeals:
How does the argument tap into shared value(courage, peace. Honor, trust, personal responsibility, knowledge)? How does the argument prompt a certain feeling (fear, anger, hope, regret)? How does the argument call on basic human needs (safety, belonging, actualization)? How does the argument refer directly to the writer’s own experience or wisdom?
5.
Examples and evidence:
how does the argument rely on allusions, scenarios, illustrations, anecdotes, personal testimony, facts, or statistics? How do the specific forms of example or evidence function in overall argument? How do they support the main claim or serve within an appeal?
6.
Opposition:
In what ways does the argument engage opposition? Or how does the opposition shape the premises of the argument?
7.
Values:
what assumptions do you detect? What does the argument assume, but not necessarily state, about the topic – or people, institutions, life, social norms, and so on? Do those assumptions point to any underlying values
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ORGANIZING AND DELIVERING A PERSUASIVE SPEECH.pptxsherylduenas
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This document provides guidance on organizing and delivering an effective persuasive speech. It discusses adapting a speech to different audience types, such as favorable, neutral, apathetic, or hostile audiences. It also covers the different types of appeals that can be used in a persuasive speech, including emotional appeals, establishing credibility or ethics, and using logical reasoning. Finally, it discusses qualities that make for an effective persuasive speech, such as having a clear goal and main point, using supporting evidence, engaging the audience, and appealing to both logic and emotion.Chapter 10
- 1. Chapter 10 Persuasive Speaking in a Democratic Society
- 2. The Anatomy of Public Controversy ~ Persuasion is rooted in controversy. ~ We deal with personal controversies every day, yet not all controversies involve matters of public importance.
- 3. Ethos, Pathos, Logos Ethos-- the audience’s perception of whether a speaker is qualified on a given topic. (competence/character) Logos —when evidence or supporting materials used to prove or disprove a claim. Pathos --emotional appeal (fear, compassion, pride, anger, guilt, reverence, etc.)
- 4. Questions of Fact, Value & Policy ~ Persuasive issues revolve around questions of fact (what is true), value (what is good or bad), and policy (what should be done in the future). ~ As you prepare to speak about a particular topic, you need to identify the types of issues surrounding that topic and focus your efforts on unresolved controversies.
- 5. Ethical Proof in Persuasive Speaking (Ethos) Trustworthiness Competence Open-mindedness Dynamism
- 6. Factors Influencing Ethos Show your audience that you share their experiences and concerns. Bolster your ethos with reputable experts. Strengthen your ethos with personal experiences. Strive to be clear and interesting. Show your audience that you have considered different points of view Develop a dynamic, audience-centered delivery.
- 7. Appealing to Audience Emotions Affective language Identify shared values Use vivid detail Use visualization Compare the unfamiliar to the familiar
Editor's Notes
- #3: When you speak about a public controversy, you have an obligation to do more than simply express your opinion. As a citizen, you have an obligation to back up your opinions with arguments and evidence. Prayer in the schools, the future of social security, the patriot act, illegal immigration, affirmative action, medical malpractice, gay marriage; all of these issues spark controversy because people have strong yet conflicting opinions. They are public controversies because they affect large numbers of people – and because they require that we make decisions about new laws, how to spend tax dollars, or what programs and policies we adopt.
- #6: Ethical proof: refers to the audience’s perception of the credibility of the speaker and his or her sources. The constituents of strong ethos are trustworthiness, competence, open-mindedness, and dynamism.
- #8: For persuasion to take place, you need to engage your listeners’ emotions. You can engage your audience’s emotions by using strong, affective language, appealing to shared social values, providing specific, vivid details, helping listeners to visualize what you are talking about, or comparing the unfamiliar to the familiar. Emotional appeals, however, can be deceptive and manipulative and should never replace reasoned arguments (think back the demagogue videos).