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Alcohol
Alkene
Carbohydrate
Alcohol
fermentation Addition
+ Sodium
dehydration
Combustion
Oxidation
(+K2CrO7/KMnO4)
Preparation of alchohol
Fermentation of Carbohydrate (Glucose)
C6H12O6 ｯｯ 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
Addition of Alkene
C2H4 + H2O ｯｯ C2H5OH
[Catalyst:Phosphoric acid; Temperature:300o
C; Pressure: 60atm ]
or
C2H4 + H2SO4 ｯｯ CH3CH2OSO3H
CH3CH2OSO3H + H2O ｯｯ CH3CH2OH + H2SO4
Combustion of Alcohol
C2H5OH + 3O2 ｯｯ 2CO2 + 3H2O
Dehydration of Alcohol
C2H5OH + ｯｯ C2H4 + H2O
Alcohol + Sodium
2C2H5OH + 2Na ｯｯ 2C2H5ONa + H2
Oxidation of Alcohol
C2H5OH + 2[O] ｯｯ CH3COOH + H2O
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Carboxylic Acid
Aldehydes
Alchohol
Carboxylic acid
Oxidation Oxidation
+ Metal
+ oxide base
+ alkali + Metal carbonate + Alchohol
Salt + H2O Salt + H2O Salt + H2
Salt + CO2
+ H2O
Esther
Preparation of Carboxylic acid
Oxidation of Alcohol
C2H5OH + 2[O] ｯｯ CH3COOH + H2O
Oxidation of Aldehyde
C2H6O + [O] ｯｯ CH3COOH
Reaction
Carboxylic Acid + Alkali
CH3COOH + NaOH ｯｯ CH3COONa + H2O
Carboxylic Acid + Metal Oxide
2CH3COOH + MgO ｯｯ Mg(CH3COO)2 + H2O
Carboxylic Acid + Metal
2CH3COOH + Mg ｯｯ Mg(CH3COO)2 + H2
Carboxylic Acid + Metal Carbonate
2CH3COOH + CaCO3 ｯｯ Ca(CH3COO)2 + CO2 +H2O
Carboxylic Acid + Alchohol
CH3COOH + C2H5OH ｯｯ CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
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Displacement of Metal
[A more reactive metal can displace a less reactive ion of metal from its compound.]
Example:
Mg + PbCl2 ｯ MgCl2 + Pb
3Zn + Fe2O3 ｯ 3ZnO + 2Fe
Al + CuSO4 ｯ Al2(SO4)3 + Cu
Electrochemical Series
Reactivity Series
Displacement of Halogen
[A more reactive halogen can displace a less reactive halide from its compound.]
Example:
Cl2 + KBr ｯ KCl + Br2
Br2 + NaI ｯ NaBr + I2
F2 + KI ｯ KF + I2
Reactivity of Halogen
Colour of Halogen and Halide
Halogen Colour in
water
Colour in
CCl4
Chlorine (Cl2) Pale Yellow Pale Yellow
Bromine (Br2) Brown/Orange/
Yellow
Brown/Orange/
Yellow
Iodine (I2) Brown/Orange/
Yellow
Purple
Halogen Colour in
water
Colour in
CCl4
Chloride (Cl-
) Colourless Colourless
Bromide (Br-
) Colourless Colourless
Iodide (I-
) Colourless Colourless
More reactive
ｯｯｯｯ
F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2 > At2
More reactive
ｯｯｯｯ
K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, C, Zn, H, Fe, Sn, Pb, Cu, Ag
More electropositive
ｯｯｯｯ
K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Sn, Pb, H, Cu, Ag
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Preparation of Oxygen Gas
Decomposition of Potassium Manganate (VII)
2KMnO4 ｯ K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2
Decomposition of Potassium Chlorate (V)
2KClO3 ｯ 2KCl + 3O2
[Manganese(IV) Oxide as catalyst]
Decomposition of Potassium Nitrate
2KNO3 ｯ 2KNO2 + O2
Extraction of Iron From Its Ore
Production of Carbon Dioxide
C + O2 ｯ CO2
Production of Carbon Monoxide
CaCO3 ｯ CaO + CO
Reduction of Iron Ore to Iron
Upper Section of the Ballast Furnace
Fe2O3 + 3CO ｯ 2Fe + 3CO2
Fe3O4 + 4 CO ｯ 3Fe + 4CO2
Lower Section of the Ballast Furnace
Fe2O3 + 3C ｯ 2Fe + 3CO
Fe3O4 + 4 C ｯ 3Fe + 4CO2
Removal of Impurities
CaO + SiO2 ｯ CaSiO3
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- 1. ONE-SCHOOL.NET http://www.one-school.net/notes.html 1 Short Notes: Form 5 Chemistry Rate or Reaction Calculation Rate of Reaction (Average Rate) Quantity change of reactants/products Rates of reaction = Total time for the reaction If the quantity change is immeasurable 1 Rates of reaction = Total time for the reaction Find the Rate From a Graph Average Rate Rates At an Instant The rate of reaction is equal to the slope of the graph of quantity against time. (Product) Rate of Reaction = (Time) The rate of reaction at an instant, t, is equal to the slope of tangent at that instant. (Product) Rate of Reaction = (Time) www.studyguide.pk
- 2. ONE-SCHOOL.NET http://www.one-school.net/notes.html 2 Chemical Reaction Precipitation of Sulphur 2HCl(aq) + Na2S2O3(aq) ｯ 2NaCl(aq) + S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l) Notes: 1. Yellow precipitate (sulphur) is formed. 2. The reaction is slow. Na2S2O3: Sodium thiosulphate Potassium Dichromate (VI) with Ethanedioic Acid Cr2 O7 2- + 14H+ + 3C2O4 2- ｯ 6CO2 + 7H2O + 2Cr3+ Notes: 1. In the reaction, the orange colour of the solution turns into green. Cr2 O7 2- : dichromate(VI) ion (Orange) C2O4 2- : ethanedioate ion (Colourless) Cr3+ : Chromium(III) ion (green) Potassium Manganate(VII) with Ethanedioic Acid 2MnO4 - + 16H+ + 5C2O4 2- ｯ 10CO2 + 8H2O + 2Mn2+ Notes: 1. Mn2+ is colourless 2. In the reaction, the purple colour of the solution turns into colourless. MnO4 - : Manganate(VII) ion (Purple) Mn2+ : Manganese(II) ion colourless Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide 2H2O2 - ｯ 2H2O + O2 Catalyst: manganese(IV) oxide(MnO2), Iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3), silver (Ag) Haber Process (Manufacture Ammonia) N2 + 3H2 ｯ 2NH3 (More detail in Form 4 Chapter 9) Contact Process(Manufacture Sulphuric Acid) 2SO2 + O2 ｯ 2SO3 (More detail in Form 4 Chapter 9) www.studyguide.pk
- 3. ONE-SCHOOL.NET http://www.one-school.net/notes.html 3 Ostwald Process (Manufacture Nitric Acid) Stage 1 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) Notes: 1. Temperature = 900oC 2. Pressure = 4-10 atm 3. Catalyse = Platinum (Pt) Stage 2 2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g) Dissolve in water 3NO2(g) + H2O(l) 2HNO3(aq) + NO(g) Carbon Compound Alkane Alkane Combustion Complete Combustion Incomplete Combustion Substitution Reaction (Halogenation) Combustion Complete combustion C2H6 + 7 2 O2 ｯｯ 2CO2 + 3H2O Incomplete combustion C2H6 + 5 2 O2 ｯｯ 2CO + 3H2O C2H6 + 3 2 O2 ｯｯ 2C + 3H2O www.studyguide.pk
- 4. ONE-SCHOOL.NET http://www.one-school.net/notes.html 4 Substitution Reaction Alkene Alkene Combustion Complete Combustion Incomplete Combustion Addition Reaction + Bromine/Chlorine + Potassium Manganate(VII) + Hydrogen + Hydrogen Halide + Steam Polymerization Alkane Alcohol Craking Dehydration Preparation of Alkene Cracking of Alkane 2C4H10 ｯ CH4 + C2H4 + C2H6 + C3H6 Dehydration of Alchohol C2H5OH + ｯｯ C2H4 + H2O www.studyguide.pk
- 5. ONE-SCHOOL.NET http://www.one-school.net/notes.html 5 Combustion: Complete combustion: C2H4 + 3O2 ｯ 2CO2 + 2H2O Incomplete combustion C2H4 + 2O2 ｯ 2CO + 2H2O C2H4 + O2 ｯ 2C + 2H2O Addition Reaction: + Bromine: + Potassium Manganate(VII): + Hydrohen: (Catalyst: platinum/nickel) + Hydrogen Halide: + Steam (H2O): (Catalyst: phosphoric acid; Temperature: 300o C; Pressure: 60atm) Polymerization (Catalyst: oxygen; Temperature: 200o C; Pressure: 1200atm) www.studyguide.pk
- 6. ONE-SCHOOL.NET http://www.one-school.net/notes.html 6 Alcohol Alkene Carbohydrate Alcohol fermentation Addition + Sodium dehydration Combustion Oxidation (+K2CrO7/KMnO4) Preparation of alchohol Fermentation of Carbohydrate (Glucose) C6H12O6 ｯｯ 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 Addition of Alkene C2H4 + H2O ｯｯ C2H5OH [Catalyst:Phosphoric acid; Temperature:300o C; Pressure: 60atm ] or C2H4 + H2SO4 ｯｯ CH3CH2OSO3H CH3CH2OSO3H + H2O ｯｯ CH3CH2OH + H2SO4 Combustion of Alcohol C2H5OH + 3O2 ｯｯ 2CO2 + 3H2O Dehydration of Alcohol C2H5OH + ｯｯ C2H4 + H2O Alcohol + Sodium 2C2H5OH + 2Na ｯｯ 2C2H5ONa + H2 Oxidation of Alcohol C2H5OH + 2[O] ｯｯ CH3COOH + H2O www.studyguide.pk
- 7. ONE-SCHOOL.NET http://www.one-school.net/notes.html 7 Carboxylic Acid Aldehydes Alchohol Carboxylic acid Oxidation Oxidation + Metal + oxide base + alkali + Metal carbonate + Alchohol Salt + H2O Salt + H2O Salt + H2 Salt + CO2 + H2O Esther Preparation of Carboxylic acid Oxidation of Alcohol C2H5OH + 2[O] ｯｯ CH3COOH + H2O Oxidation of Aldehyde C2H6O + [O] ｯｯ CH3COOH Reaction Carboxylic Acid + Alkali CH3COOH + NaOH ｯｯ CH3COONa + H2O Carboxylic Acid + Metal Oxide 2CH3COOH + MgO ｯｯ Mg(CH3COO)2 + H2O Carboxylic Acid + Metal 2CH3COOH + Mg ｯｯ Mg(CH3COO)2 + H2 Carboxylic Acid + Metal Carbonate 2CH3COOH + CaCO3 ｯｯ Ca(CH3COO)2 + CO2 +H2O Carboxylic Acid + Alchohol CH3COOH + C2H5OH ｯｯ CH3COOC2H5 + H2O www.studyguide.pk
- 8. ONE-SCHOOL.NET http://www.one-school.net/notes.html 8 Summary of The Reaction www.studyguide.pk
- 9. ONE-SCHOOL.NET http://www.one-school.net/notes.html 9 Oxidation and Reduction Iron(II) to Iron(III) Oxidising agent: Chlorine or Bromine + Fe2+ ｯ Fe3+ + e Cl2 + 2e ｯ 2Cl 2Fe2+ + Cl2 ｯ 2Fe3+ + 2Cl + Fe2+ ｯ Fe3+ + e Br2 + 2e ｯ 2Br 2Fe2+ + Br2 ｯ 2Fe3+ + 2Cl Observation: 1. The green colour of Fe2+ solution turns brown Observation: 1. The green colour of Fe2+ solution turn brown 2. The brown colour of bromine water turns into colourless. Oxidising agent: Potassium Permanganate(VII) + Fe2+ ｯ Fe3+ + e MnO4 + 8H+ + 5e ｯｯ Mn2+ + 4H2O 5Fe2+ + MnO4 + 8H+ ｯ 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O Observation: 1. The green colour of solution Fe2+ turns brown 2. The purple colour of the MnO4 solution turns into colourless Oxidising agent: Potassium Dichromate(VI) + Fe2+ ｯ Fe3+ + e Cr2O7 2- + 14 H+ + 6e ｯｯ 2Cr3+ + 7H2O 6Fe2+ + MnO4 + 8H+ ｯ 6Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O Observation: 1. The green colour of solution Fe2+ turns brown. 2. The orange colour of the Cr2O7 2- solution turns green. Oxidising agent: Hidrogen Peroxide + Fe2+ ｯ Fe3+ + e H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e ｯｯ 2H2O 2Fe2+ + H2O2 + 2H+ ｯ 2Fe3+ + 2H2O Observation: 1. The green colour of solution Fe2+ turns brown Oxidising agent: Concentrated Nitric Acid + Fe2+ ｯ Fe3+ + e NO3 - + 4H+ + 3e ｯｯ NO + 2H2O 3Fe2+ + NO3 - + 4H+ ｯ 3Fe3+ + NO + 2H2O Observation: 1. The green colour of solution Fe2+ turns brown www.studyguide.pk
- 10. ONE-SCHOOL.NET http://www.one-school.net/notes.html 10 Iron(III) to Iron(II) Reducing Agent: More reactive Metal + Fe3+ + e ｯ Fe2+ Zn ｯ Zn2+ + 2e 2Fe3+ + Zn ｯ 2Fe2+ + Zn2+ Observation: 1. The brown colour of the iron(III) solution turn green. 2. Zinc powder dissolve in the solution. Reducing Agent: Sulphur Dioxide + Fe3+ + e ｯ Fe2+ SO2 + 2H2O ｯｯ SO4 2- + 4H+ + 2e 2Fe3+ + SO2 + 2H2O ｯ 2Fe2+ + SO4 2- + 4H+ Observation: 1. The brown colour of the iron(III) solution turn green. Reducing Agent: Hydrogen Sulphide + Fe3+ + e ｯ Fe2+ H2S ｯｯ 2H+ + S + 2e 2Fe3+ + H2S ｯ 2Fe2+ + 2H+ + S Observation: 1. The brown colour of the iron(III) solution turn green. 2. Yellow precipitate forms in the solution. Reducing Agent: Sodium Sulphite + Fe3+ + e ｯ Fe2+ SO3 2- + H2O ｯ SO4 2- + 2H+ + 2e 2Fe3+ + SO3 2- + H2O ｯ 2Fe2+ + SO4 2- + 2H+ Observation: 1. The brown colour of the iron(III) solution turn green. Reducing Agent: Tin(II) Chloride + Fe3+ + e ｯ Fe2+ Sn2+ ｯｯ Sn4+ + 2e 2Fe3+ + Sn2+ ｯ 2Fe2+ + Sn4+ Observation: 1. The brown colour of the iron(III) solution turn green. www.studyguide.pk
- 11. ONE-SCHOOL.NET http://www.one-school.net/notes.html 11 Displacement of Metal [A more reactive metal can displace a less reactive ion of metal from its compound.] Example: Mg + PbCl2 ｯ MgCl2 + Pb 3Zn + Fe2O3 ｯ 3ZnO + 2Fe Al + CuSO4 ｯ Al2(SO4)3 + Cu Electrochemical Series Reactivity Series Displacement of Halogen [A more reactive halogen can displace a less reactive halide from its compound.] Example: Cl2 + KBr ｯ KCl + Br2 Br2 + NaI ｯ NaBr + I2 F2 + KI ｯ KF + I2 Reactivity of Halogen Colour of Halogen and Halide Halogen Colour in water Colour in CCl4 Chlorine (Cl2) Pale Yellow Pale Yellow Bromine (Br2) Brown/Orange/ Yellow Brown/Orange/ Yellow Iodine (I2) Brown/Orange/ Yellow Purple Halogen Colour in water Colour in CCl4 Chloride (Cl- ) Colourless Colourless Bromide (Br- ) Colourless Colourless Iodide (I- ) Colourless Colourless More reactive ｯｯｯｯ F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2 > At2 More reactive ｯｯｯｯ K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, C, Zn, H, Fe, Sn, Pb, Cu, Ag More electropositive ｯｯｯｯ K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Sn, Pb, H, Cu, Ag Kalau Nak Cari Makanan Ada Zat Ferum Seperti Papaya Harus Cari di Argentina www.studyguide.pk
- 12. ONE-SCHOOL.NET http://www.one-school.net/notes.html 12 The Oxidising Agent and Reducing Agent Oxidising Agent (Reduction) Redusing Agent (Oxidation) Halogen Cl2 + 2e ｯ 2Cl Br2 + 2e ｯ 2Br I2 + 2e ｯ 2I Metal Mg ｯ Mg2+ + 2e Zn ｯ Zn2+ + 2e Al ｯ Al3+ + 2e Metal Ion Mg2+ + 2e ｯ Mg Pb2+ + 2e ｯ Pb Sn2+ + 2e ｯ Sn Halide Ion 2Cl ｯ Cl2 + 2e 2Br ｯ Br2 + 2e 2I ｯ I2 + 2e Fe3+ Fe3+ + e ｯ Fe2+ Fe2+ Fe2+ ｯ Fe3+ + e Potassium Manganate(VII) MnO4 + 8H+ + 5e ｯｯ Mn2+ + 4H2O Sulphur Dioxide SO2 + 2H2O ｯｯ SO4 2- + 4H+ + 2e Potassium Dicromate(VI) Cr2O7 2- + 14 H+ + 6e ｯｯ 2Cr3+ + 7H2O Hydrogen Sulphide H2S ｯｯ 2H+ + S + 2e Hydrogen Peroxide H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e ｯｯ 2H2O Sodium Sulphite Aqueous SO3 2- + H2O ｯｯ SO4 2- + 2H+ + 2e Concentrated Nitric Acid NO3 - + 4H+ + 3e ｯｯ NO + 2H2O Tin(II) Chloride Aqueous Sn2+ ｯｯ Sn4+ + 2e Rusting Step 1: Formation pf Ion Anode: Fe ｯ Fe2+ + 2e Cathode: O2 + H2O ｯ 4OH- + 4e Step 2: Corrosion of Iron Fe2+ + 2OH- ｯ Fe(OH)2 Step 3: Formation of iron(III) hydroxide 4Fe(OH)2 + H2O + O2 ｯ 4Fe(OH)3 Step 4: Formation of Hydrated Iron(III) Oxide Fe(OH)3 ｯ Fe2O3xH2O General Equation 4Fe + 3O2 + xH2O ｯ 2Fe2O3 xH2O www.studyguide.pk
- 13. ONE-SCHOOL.NET http://www.one-school.net/notes.html 13 Preparation of Oxygen Gas Decomposition of Potassium Manganate (VII) 2KMnO4 ｯ K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2 Decomposition of Potassium Chlorate (V) 2KClO3 ｯ 2KCl + 3O2 [Manganese(IV) Oxide as catalyst] Decomposition of Potassium Nitrate 2KNO3 ｯ 2KNO2 + O2 Extraction of Iron From Its Ore Production of Carbon Dioxide C + O2 ｯ CO2 Production of Carbon Monoxide CaCO3 ｯ CaO + CO Reduction of Iron Ore to Iron Upper Section of the Ballast Furnace Fe2O3 + 3CO ｯ 2Fe + 3CO2 Fe3O4 + 4 CO ｯ 3Fe + 4CO2 Lower Section of the Ballast Furnace Fe2O3 + 3C ｯ 2Fe + 3CO Fe3O4 + 4 C ｯ 3Fe + 4CO2 Removal of Impurities CaO + SiO2 ｯ CaSiO3 www.studyguide.pk
- 14. ONE-SCHOOL.NET http://www.one-school.net/notes.html 14 Thermochemistry Calculation Heat of Reaction Thermal Energy Change Number of Mole H = Thermal Energy Change Q = mc慮 m = mass of solution = volume of solution c = specific heat capacity of solution Number of Mole For solution 1000 MV n = For gas (When volume is given) 3 3 Volume of gas Molar volume of gas (22.4dm at stp / 24dm at rtp) n = For solid, liquid or gas ( When mass is given ) mass Molar mass (RAM/RMM) n = Chemical Reaction Exothermic Reaction Dissolving Alkali or Acid - 2 NaOH Na OH H O + ｯｯｯ + 2 2 2 4 4 H SO H SO H O + ｯｯｯ + Dissolving of Anhydrous Salt 2 2 2 4 4 CuSO Cu SO H O + ｯｯｯ + 2 2 2 3 3 Na CO 2Na CO H O + ｯｯｯ + www.studyguide.pk
- 15. ONE-SCHOOL.NET http://www.one-school.net/notes.html 15 Combustion of Fuel Example: Combustion of Carbon C + O2 ｯ CO2 Combustion of Hydrogen 2H2 + O2 ｯ 2H2O Combustion of Ethane C2H6 + 7 2 O2 ｯ 2CO2 + 3H2O Reaction of Acid Neutralisation HCl + NaOH ｯ NaCl + H2O 2HNO3 + CaO ｯ Ca(NO3)2 + H2O Acid + Reactive Metal H2SO4 + Zn ｯ ZnSO4 + H2 Acid + Carbonate Acid HCl + CaCO3 ｯ CaCl2 + CO2 + HCl Displacement Reaction Zn + CuSO4 ｯ ZnSO4 + Cu Endothermic Reaction Dissolving of Ammonium Chloride, Ammonium Nitrate and Ammonium Sulphate - 2 4 4 NH Cl NH Cl H O + ｯｯｯ + 2 4 3 4 3 NH NO NH NO H O + ｯｯｯ + 2 2 4 4 4 4 (NH )SO 2NH SO H O + ｯｯｯ + Dissolving of Hydrated Salt CuSO4xH2O ｯ Cu2+ + SO4 2- + xH2O Na2CO3xH2O ｯ 2Na+ + CO3 2- + xH2O Thermal Decomposition of salts CaCO3 ｯ CaO + CO2 2Ca(NO3)2 ｯ 2CaO + 4NO2 + O2 www.studyguide.pk