Cholera
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Cholera is a disease caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae that causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. It originated in India in the 1500s and has since caused several pandemics spreading across Asia, Europe, Africa, and Latin America. John Snow first established its waterborne transmission in 1855. Filippo Pacini discovered the causative bacteria in 1854 and Robert Koch later isolated it. Symptoms include rice water stools, vomiting, and rapid dehydration. Treatment focuses on oral rehydration with solutions like ORS and intravenous fluids. Antibiotics are also used. Prevention relies on access to safe water, proper food handling, hygiene, and sanitation.
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Cholera
CholeraDrVikas Kumar
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Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae. It causes a severe watery diarrhea that can lead to dehydration and death if untreated. It is transmitted through contaminated food or water and has caused several pandemics throughout history. John Snow's work in the 1850s London cholera outbreak helped establish contaminated water as a transmission route by tracing cases to a contaminated water pump. Treatment involves oral rehydration therapy with fluids and salts. Prevention relies on access to clean water, sanitation, hygiene education and vaccination in endemic areas.Cholera
CholeraPriyamadhaba Behera
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Cholera is an acute diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It remains a global threat, with an estimated 100,000-120,000 deaths per year. The disease spreads through contaminated food and water and outbreaks often occur in areas with poor sanitation and limited access to clean water. While most infected individuals are asymptomatic, cholera can cause severe dehydration and death if left untreated. Effective treatment involves oral rehydration therapy. Prevention relies on vaccination, improved water quality, sanitation and hygiene. The WHO recommends surveillance, preparedness, treatment and use of oral cholera vaccines to control outbreaks.VIBRIO CHOLERAE.pdf
VIBRIO CHOLERAE.pdfOnyangoMoses1
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1. Cholera is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae and is transmitted through contaminated food or water. It has caused several pandemics starting in India in the 19th century.
2. The causative agent was first discovered by Filippo Pacini in 1854 in Italy and later rediscovered by Robert Koch in 1884. V. cholerae is a comma-shaped, gram-negative bacterium that secretes a toxin causing fluid loss and dehydration.
3. Symptoms include watery diarrhea, muscle cramps, vomiting and dehydration. Diagnosis involves isolating V. cholerae from stool and detecting antibodies. Treatment focuses on oral rehydration therapyvibro cholerae (physiology and toxicology of this bacteria
vibro cholerae (physiology and toxicology of this bacteriachanderhash kumar
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Cholera is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae which was first discovered in 1883 by Filippo Pacini. It is transmitted via the fecal-oral route through contaminated food or water. V. cholerae is a gram-negative, comma-shaped bacterium that secretes a toxin causing a rapid onset of diarrhea which can lead to dehydration and death if untreated. Symptoms include watery diarrhea, muscle cramps, vomiting and loss of skin elasticity. Treatment involves oral or intravenous rehydration to replace lost fluids. Prevention strategies include water purification, hygiene education and vaccination.cholera2.ppt
cholera2.pptssuserc61284
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Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of cholera and has caused at least 8 pandemics since the 19th century. It is a gram-negative, comma-shaped bacteria that secretes a toxin causing severe diarrhea and dehydration. The bacterium is usually transmitted through contaminated food or water and infects the small intestine before releasing the toxin. Symptoms include watery diarrhea, muscle cramps, vomiting and dehydration. Treatment focuses on oral rehydration and antibiotics while prevention emphasizes water purification, hygiene and vaccination.Cholera
Cholera Semanoor Arj
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Cholera is an acute intestinal infection caused by ingesting the Vibrio cholerae bacteria. It has caused several pandemics throughout history and is still prevalent in low-income and developing areas with poor sanitation. The disease causes profuse watery diarrhea which can lead to severe dehydration and death if untreated. While symptoms are often mild, transmission is through contaminated food or water. Treatment focuses on oral rehydration and antibiotics can reduce symptoms. Prevention relies on access to clean water, food safety, and basic hygiene.cholera
choleraKamal Budha
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Cholera is an infection of the small intestine caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It causes watery diarrhea and vomiting and can spread rapidly in areas with poor sanitation. If not treated, it can cause severe dehydration and death. Cholera remains a major public health problem in many developing countries in Asia, Africa, and South America. Prevention focuses on access to clean drinking water, proper sewage disposal, handwashing, and oral rehydration therapy for treatment.Epidemiology and control of cholera
Epidemiology and control of choleraDaniel Moriah
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Cholera is an acute diarrheal infection caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It spreads through contaminated food and water and causes severe watery diarrhea that can kill within hours if untreated. Cholera remains a global threat in developing countries where access to clean water and sanitation is limited. Prevention focuses on improving water, sanitation, and hygiene through measures like water treatment, handwashing, and food hygiene. Vaccines can also help control outbreaks. Proper case management including oral rehydration is critical to reducing death rates from cholera during outbreaks.History of cholera
History of choleraPramukha123
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Cholera is an acute diarrheal disease caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae that can lead to severe dehydration and death if untreated. There have been 7 recorded pandemics of cholera since the early 1800s. John Snow's study of a cholera outbreak in London in 1854 helped establish contaminated water as a mode of transmission and led to major public health reforms. While Filippo Pacini first isolated V. cholerae in 1854, Robert Koch's work in 1883 established it as the definitive cause. Rehydration with oral rehydration salts is now the primary treatment recommended by health organizations to prevent dehydration from cholera.cholera.ppt
cholera.pptRahul Netragaonkar
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Cholera is an acute diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It remains a global threat, with an estimated 2.9 million cases and 95,000 deaths worldwide annually. The disease spreads through contaminated food and water and can kill within hours if left untreated. Cholera outbreaks typically occur in areas with poor sanitation and lack of clean drinking water. Prevention relies on vaccination, water treatment, hygiene and proper sanitation.cholera2.pptx
cholera2.pptxShubham Shukla
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This document summarizes the history and key details about cholera and its causative agent, Vibrio cholerae. It outlines the 8 pandemics of cholera that have occurred since 1817, with the first reaching parts of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. John Snow discovered the waterborne transmission of cholera in 1855. Filippo Pacini first discovered and described V. cholerae under the microscope in 1854. Robert Koch rediscovered it in 1884. V. cholerae is a gram-negative, comma-shaped bacteria that secretes an enterotoxin causing fluid hypersecretion and diarrhea through activation of chloride channels in the small intestine. Transmission is through the fecal-oral route viaCholera @ Taun - Komunikasi Kesihatan
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Cholera is a severe gastrointestinal disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, leading to intense diarrhea and vomiting, often resulting in death if untreated. It primarily spreads through contaminated water, particularly in areas with poor sanitation, and has a significant historical impact through pandemics. Treatment includes rehydration and antibiotics, while prevention focuses on safe water practices, hygiene, and vaccination.Cholera
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1. Assess the patient's level of dehydration by checking vital signs, hydration status, and symptoms.
2. For severe dehydration, begin intravenous rehydration then transition to oral rehydration solution once hydration is improved.
3. Continue giving oral rehydration solution along with zinc supplementation for children under 5.
4. Monitor the patient's hydration status and provide antibiotic treatment. Discharge once hydration is fully restored.Epidemiology and Control Measures for Cholera
Epidemiology and Control Measures for CholeraAB Rajar
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Cholera, caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, primarily spreads through contaminated water and food, leading to severe watery diarrhea and vomiting. Globally, it affects 3-5 million people yearly, resulting in approximately 100,000-130,000 deaths, predominantly in the developing world. Control measures include proper sanitation, early case identification, and treatment with rehydration therapy and antibiotics.Epidemiology_Cholera
Epidemiology_CholeraAen Rosh
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Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, primarily transmitted through contaminated food or water. It has a significant global history with seven pandemics since 1817, and while rare in developed nations, it has been endemic in places like Malaysia since 1996. Effective treatments include oral rehydration therapy and antibiotics, alongside preventive measures such as drinking safe water and proper food preparation.CHOLERA.pptx
CHOLERA.pptxNavseerat Kaur
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Cholera is an acute bacterial infection of the small intestine caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It spreads through contaminated food or water and causes severe watery diarrhea that can lead to dehydration and death if untreated. Prevention focuses on access to clean water, proper sanitation, and vaccination. Nurses play an important role in early diagnosis, oral rehydration therapy, patient management, and educating patients and communities about prevention.Cholera
CholeraKULDEEP VYAS
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This document provides information on the epidemiology of cholera. It discusses that cholera is an acute diarrheal disease caused by the Vibrio cholerae bacteria. Cases can range from asymptomatic to severe infections. Typical cases are characterized by sudden onset of profuse watery diarrhea and vomiting which can lead to rapid dehydration. Unless fluids and electrolytes are replaced quickly, the fatality rate can be as high as 30-40%. Cholera transmission is closely linked to inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene. The bacteria typically spreads through contaminated food and water. Laboratory testing is required to confirm diagnosis through culture methods. Control efforts include early detection, oral rehydration therapy, epidemiological investigation, sanitation andCholera disease
Cholera disease Al-amin Hossain
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Cholera is a severe diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, leading to an estimated 3-5 million infections and over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. Symptoms can range from mild to severe, with rapid dehydration potentially causing death within hours if untreated. Preventative measures include using safe drinking water, avoiding certain foods, and understanding the limited efficacy of existing vaccines.Cholera[1]...........................pptx
Cholera[1]...........................pptxkhansab181517
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Cholera is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, primarily transmitted through contaminated food and water, leading to severe diarrhea and dehydration. Effective treatment involves fluid replacement and, in some cases, antibiotics, while prevention focuses on improving water sanitation, vaccination, and public awareness. Cholera remains a global health challenge, with ongoing research and collaborative efforts needed to advance prevention and control measures.Cholera
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Cholera is an acute diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae O1. It spreads through contaminated food or water and causes profuse watery diarrhea and vomiting that can lead to severe dehydration and death if untreated. The key aspects of cholera prevention and control include early detection and treatment with oral rehydration, antibiotic therapy, improved water and sanitation, vaccination in at-risk areas, and health education on hygiene practices. National programs in India have focused on these measures to reduce the burden of cholera.Vibrio cholera disease presentation slide
Vibrio cholera disease presentation slideDeepikaSL1
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Cholera is an infection of the small intestine caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It is characterized by severe watery diarrhea that can lead to dehydration and death if untreated. The lecture discusses the epidemiology, morphology, culture characteristics, pathogenicity and symptoms of V. cholerae. It also covers the laboratory diagnosis, treatment involving antibiotics and oral rehydration solution, and prevention through basic sanitation and hygiene measures.Vibrio cholera disease presentation slide
Vibrio cholera disease presentation slideDeepikaSL1
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Cholera is an infection of the small intestine caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It is characterized by severe watery diarrhea that can lead to dehydration and death if untreated. The lecture discusses the taxonomy, morphology, culture characteristics, pathogenicity and symptoms of V. cholerae. It also covers the modes of transmission, laboratory diagnosis, treatment using antibiotics and oral rehydration solution, and prevention through sanitation and hygiene measures.CHOLERA
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Cholera is an infectious disease caused by the Vibrio cholerae bacterium found in contaminated food or water. It causes severe watery diarrhea that can lead to dehydration and death if untreated. The first cholera pandemic emerged in 1817 in India from contaminated rice. Symptoms include profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration. Treatment involves oral rehydration with clean water, while prevention focuses on drinking boiled or chemically treated water and eating cooked foods. A vaccine exists but rapid treatment of symptoms is still important to control cholera outbreaks.CHOLERA EPIDEMIOLOGY
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Cholera is an acute diarrheal disease caused primarily by Vibrio cholerae, characterized by profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting, and rapid dehydration. The disease can lead to severe outcomes if not treated swiftly with fluid and electrolyte replacement and is linked to poor sanitation and environmental management. Major challenges include the emergence of new virulent strains, antimicrobial resistance, and climate change, affecting cholera dynamics in various regions.Epidemiology of Cholera
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Epidemiology and control of cholera
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Cholera is an acute diarrheal infection caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It spreads through contaminated food and water and causes severe watery diarrhea that can kill within hours if untreated. Cholera remains a global threat in developing countries where access to clean water and sanitation is limited. Prevention focuses on improving water, sanitation, and hygiene through measures like water treatment, handwashing, and food hygiene. Vaccines can also help control outbreaks. Proper case management including oral rehydration is critical to reducing death rates from cholera during outbreaks.History of cholera
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Cholera is an acute diarrheal disease caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae that can lead to severe dehydration and death if untreated. There have been 7 recorded pandemics of cholera since the early 1800s. John Snow's study of a cholera outbreak in London in 1854 helped establish contaminated water as a mode of transmission and led to major public health reforms. While Filippo Pacini first isolated V. cholerae in 1854, Robert Koch's work in 1883 established it as the definitive cause. Rehydration with oral rehydration salts is now the primary treatment recommended by health organizations to prevent dehydration from cholera.cholera.ppt
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Cholera is an acute diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It remains a global threat, with an estimated 2.9 million cases and 95,000 deaths worldwide annually. The disease spreads through contaminated food and water and can kill within hours if left untreated. Cholera outbreaks typically occur in areas with poor sanitation and lack of clean drinking water. Prevention relies on vaccination, water treatment, hygiene and proper sanitation.cholera2.pptx
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1. Assess the patient's level of dehydration by checking vital signs, hydration status, and symptoms.
2. For severe dehydration, begin intravenous rehydration then transition to oral rehydration solution once hydration is improved.
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Peptic ulcer disease refers to mucosal erosions equal to or greater than 5 mm in the stomach or proximal duodenum, caused primarily by an imbalance between gastric acid/pepsin secretion and mucosal defense mechanisms. The most common etiologies include Helicobacter pylori infection, chronic use of NSAIDs, and physiological stress.
Classification of Peptic Ulcers
Based on Location
Gastric Ulcers Occur in the stomach lining.
Duodenal Ulcers Occur in the first part of the small intestine (duodenum).
Based on Etiology
H. pyloriAssociated Ulcers
NSAID-Induced Ulcers
Stress-Related Mucosal Disease (SRMD)
ZollingerEllison Syndrome (gastrinoma-related)
Cushings Ulcer (due to intracranial injury)
Curlings Ulcer (seen in burn patients)
Pharmacological Management
1. Acid Suppression Therapy
Class Examples Mechanism
Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) Omeprazole, Pantoprazole Irreversibly inhibit H+/K+ ATPase pump
H2-Receptor Antagonists Ranitidine, Famotidine Block histamine-mediated gastric acid secretion
2. Mucosal Protective Agents
Class Examples Mechanism
Prostaglandin Analogues Misoprostol Increases mucus & bicarbonate; decreases acid; protects mucosa
Mucosal Coating Agents Sucralfate Forms protective barrier over ulcer site
Bismuth Compounds Bismuth subsalicylate Antimicrobial, mucosal protective, and anti-inflammatory
3. Eradication Therapy (for H. pylori)
Combination of:
PPI + Two Antibiotics (e.g., amoxicillin + clarithromycin OR metronidazole + tetracycline)
Duration: 714 days depending on local guidelines
See BNF regimens above for detailed protocols
4. Cytoprotective/Adjunctive Agents
Class Examples Role in PUD
Somatostatin Analogues Octreotide Used in bleeding ulcers; reduces splanchnic blood flow and gastric secretions
Antacids Magnesium hydroxide, Aluminium hydroxide Neutralize gastric acid; provide symptomatic relief
Non-Pharmacologic Measures
Avoid NSAIDs, smoking, alcohol, and spicy foods
Small, frequent meals in symptomatic patients
Stress reduction
Endoscopic therapy in case of bleeding or perforation
Surgical Indications (rarely needed)
Perforated ulcer
Gastric outlet obstruction
Refractory ulcers not responding to medical therapy
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Anatomy of the Larynx
Larynx is a cartilaginous structure located in the **anterior neck** at the level of **C3C6 vertebrae**.
* Also called the **voice box**responsible for **phonation**, **airway protection**, and **breathing regulation**.
**Cartilages of the Larynx**
**Unpaired Cartilages:**
1. **Thyroid cartilage**:
* Largest cartilage; forms the **Adams apple (laryngeal prominence)**.
* Composed of two laminae that fuse anteriorly.
2. **Cricoid cartilage**:
* Ring-shaped; **only complete ring** around the airway.
* Located below thyroid cartilage; articulates with thyroid & arytenoid cartilages.
3. **Epiglottis**:
* Leaf-shaped elastic cartilage.
* Covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing.
**Paired Cartilages:**
1. **Arytenoid**:
* Pyramid-shaped; sit on top of cricoid.
* Attach vocal cords and muscles.
2. **Corniculate**:
* Small cartilages sitting atop the arytenoids.
3. **Cuneiform**:
* Embedded in the aryepiglottic folds; provide structural support.
**Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx**
> Responsible for controlling **vocal cord movement**.
| Muscle | Action | Nerve Supply |
| **Cricothyroid** | Tenses vocal cords | External laryngeal nerve |
| **Thyroarytenoid** | Relaxes vocal cords | Recurrent laryngeal nerve |
| **Posterior cricoarytenoid** | Abducts vocal cords (opens glottis) | Recurrent laryngeal nerve |
| **Lateral cricoarytenoid** | Adducts vocal cords | Recurrent laryngeal nerve |
| **Transverse & oblique arytenoids** | Closes the posterior glottis | Recurrent laryngeal nerve |
| **Vocalis** | Fine-tunes pitch | Recurrent laryngeal nerve | **Nerve Supply*
* **Motor**:
* All intrinsic muscles (except cricothyroid): **Recurrent laryngeal nerve** (branch of vagus nerve).
* Cricothyroid: **External branch of superior laryngeal nerve**.
* **Sensory**:
* Above vocal cords: **Internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve**.
* Below vocal cords: **Recurrent laryngeal nerve**.
**Blood Supply**
* **Superior laryngeal artery** (branch of superior thyroid artery).
* **Inferior laryngeal artery** (branch of inferior thyroid artery).
**Laryngeal Cavity & Folds**
Divided into 3 regions:
1. **Vestibule** from inlet to vestibular folds (false cords).
2. **Ventricle** between vestibular and vocal folds.
3. **Infraglottic cavity** below vocal cords to trachea.
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Ad
Cholera
- 3. REPORTS Origins in India, cases reported as early as 1563 About 8 pandemics: First pandemic spreads from India to South, Central Asia, Middle East and Russia Second pandemic reaches England Pandemics in 1800s deadly All pandemics reach Africa First pandemic reaches Latin America in 1991
- 4. CAUSATIVE AGENT DISCOVERY John Snow (England) -Water borne transmission of Cholera (1855) Filippo Pacini (Italy) -discovers causative agent (1854) -Vibrio cholerae Pacini Robert Koch (Egypt) -rediscovered and isolated the bacteria
- 7. VIBRIO CHOLERAE Gram negative Comma shaped Facultative anaerobes Growth stimulated by NaCl pH 6 - 10, Acid labile Temperature 18 - 37尊C Releases enterotoxin: choleragen
- 9. MODE OF TRANSMISSION Eating of food or drinking of water contaminated with human waste.
- 10. SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
- 11. SIGNS & SYMPTOMS Sudden onset of frequent painless watery stools (rice water stools) Vomiting Rapid dehydration (e.g. sunken eyeballs, wrinkled and dry skin) Scaphoid abdomen
- 12. TREATMENT
- 13. IMMEDIATE TREATMENT Oral Rehydration Solution (ORESOL) Homemade solution: -composed of 1 teaspoon of salt, 4 teaspoons of sugar mix to 1liter of water.
- 14. OTHER TREATMENTS Intraveneous Rehydration Ringer's lactate solution Antibiotics Tetracycline (Doxycycline) -first-line treatment for adults Macrolides (Azithromycin) -first-line treatment for children and pregnant women
- 16. PREVENTION AND CONTROL Drink only safe and clean water. If unsure, boil drinking water. Do water chlorination. Keep food away from insects and rats by covering it. Wash and cook food properly. Sanitary disposal of human waste. Use toilet properly and clean toilet every day. Wash hands with soap after using toilet and before eating. Keep surroundings clean to prevent flies and other insects and rodents from breeding.