Claisen rearrangement
Download as PPTX, PDF11 likes8,786 views
The Claisen rearrangement is a thermal rearrangement reaction discovered by Rainer Ludwig Claisen in which the allyl group of a phenolic allyl ether migrates ortho to the phenol group. Key characteristics of the Claisen rearrangement are the inversion of the migrating allyl carbon and the intramolecular, unimolecular nature of the reaction. The mechanism involves a cyclic transition state that allows for migration to the ortho position, or para if both ortho positions are blocked.
1 of 9
Downloaded 88 times
Recommended
Knoevenagel reaction
Knoevenagel reactionkumar Bodapati
Ìý
The Knoevenagel condensation reaction involves the nucleophilic addition of an active hydrogen compound to a carbonyl group, followed by a dehydration reaction to form an α,β-unsaturated enone. It is a modification of the aldol condensation and uses an active methylene compound and an aldehyde or ketone in the presence of a weak base such as pyridine. With malonic acid derivatives, the reaction product can undergo decarboxylation to form trans-2,4-pentadienoic acid. The Knoevenagel reaction is widely used in the synthesis of conjugated enones for various reactions.Stobbe condensation 
Stobbe condensation PRUTHVIRAJ K
Ìý
Stobbe Condensation
reaction of esters of succinic acids and carbonyl compounds in presence of Base to yield unsaturated half esters and half acidsBenzil benzilic acid rearrangement
Benzil benzilic acid rearrangementSyed Touseef Haidar Gerdezi
Ìý
Benzilic acid rearrangement. The benzilic acid rearrangement is formally the 1,2-rearrangement of 1,2-diketones to form α-hydroxy–carboxylic acids using a base. This reaction receives its name from the reaction of benzil with potassium hydroxide to form benzilic acid.Von richter rearrangement
Von richter rearrangementDalpat Singh
Ìý
The document discusses the Von Richter rearrangement and Smiles rearrangement.
The Von Richter rearrangement involves the displacement of a nitro group by cyanide ion on an aromatic compound, with the carboxyl group entering ortho to the displaced nitro group. Evidence supports a mechanism where one oxygen of the carboxyl group comes from the nitro group and one from solvent.
The Smiles rearrangement involves an intramolecular nucleophilic substitution where a leaving group is displaced by a nucleophile activated by an ortho nitro group. Examples are given of substrates that undergo Smiles rearrangement where the linking chain can be aromatic or aliphatic. Electron withdrawing groups para to the nucleophile retard thePhoto redox reactions
Photo redox reactionsRabia Aziz
Ìý
The document discusses various photooxidation and photoreduction reactions in organic synthesis. It begins by introducing photochemistry and defining related terms. It then provides examples of photoreduction of ketones and aromatic hydrocarbons. Examples of photooxidation reactions include the conversion of trans-stilbene to phenanthrene and the synthesis of benzoic acids via aerobic photooxidation. The document also describes the mechanism and advantages of using a CdIn2S4 photocatalyst for selective photosynthesis of organic aromatic compounds under visible light.Nucleophilic substitutions reactions
Nucleophilic substitutions reactionsayesha saleem
Ìý
This document summarizes various nucleophilic substitution reactions including SN1, SN2, SN1 prime, SN2 prime, and SNi reactions. It describes the key characteristics of SN2 reactions, which proceed through a single transition state with inversion of configuration. Factors that affect SN2 reactivity include the nature of the nucleophile, electrophile, leaving group, and solvent. SN1 reactions involve ionization to a carbocation intermediate and generally give racemic products. Allylic substrates can undergo rearrangement in SN1 or SN2 reactions.Favorskii rearrangement----Sir Khalid (Organic)
Favorskii rearrangement----Sir Khalid (Organic)Soft-Learners
Ìý
The Favorskii rearrangement is a rearrangement of cyclopropanones and α-halo ketones that leads to carboxylic acids or their derivatives. It involves the formation of an enolate away from the halogen that cyclizes to a cyclopropanone intermediate, which is then attacked by a nucleophile like hydroxide or an alkoxide base to yield an acid, ester, or amide through ring contraction. The reaction is useful for preparing carboxylic acids, esters, and amides.Diastreoslectivity,chemoslectivity&;regioslectivity crams rule felkin anh m...
Diastreoslectivity,chemoslectivity&;regioslectivity crams rule felkin anh m...Rajat Ghalta
Ìý
Stereo selectivity
Regio selectivity
Chemo selectivity
Diastereo selectivity
Cram’s Rule
Felkin Anh Model
with examples
FREE RADICALS , CARBENES AND NITRENES.pptx
FREE RADICALS , CARBENES AND NITRENES.pptxtenzinpalmo3
Ìý
This document discusses free radicals, carbenes, and nitrenes. It defines each type of species, describes their characteristics such as electronic structure and stability. The document outlines different types for each species and methods for their formation and synthetic applications. Free radicals form through bond homolysis and vary in stability based on alkyl substituents. Carbenes are divalent carbon species that exist as singlet or triplet forms with different hybridizations. Nitrenes are analogous to carbenes but with nitrogen and vary in stability and spin state. Examples of formation and trapping methods are provided along with sample synthetic reactions for each reactive intermediate.Photo fries rearrangement & Barton reaction
Photo fries rearrangement & Barton reactionKeshav Singh
Ìý
Photo-Fries Rearrangement & Barton Reaction
Photo-Fries Rearrangement
Photo-Fries Rearrangement Reaction
Mechanism of Photo-Fries Rearrangement Reaction
Example of Photo-Fries Rearrangement Reaction
Barton Reaction
Mechanism of Barton Reaction
Examples of Barton Reaction 1,2 difunctionalised compound
1,2 difunctionalised compoundAMIR HASSAN
Ìý
Organic Synthesis
1, 2 – Difunctionalised Compound
1 Two Group disconnections: 1, 2 – Difunctionalised Compound.
2 Method using acyl anion equivalents.
3 Methods from alkenes.
4 Strategy of available starting material.
Michael addition reaction 
Michael addition reaction Diwan Thakur
Ìý
The document discusses the Michael addition reaction, which involves the nucleophilic addition of a carbanion to an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound. It provides the definition, mechanism, examples including the synthesis of warfarin, and applications such as asymmetric Michael reactions. The mechanism involves deprotonation of the carbonyl compound by a base to form an enolate ion, which adds to the Michael acceptor to form a new carbon-carbon bond via 1,4-addition.Neighbouring Group Participation.pptx
Neighbouring Group Participation.pptxwadhava gurumeet
Ìý
(i) Non-classical carbocations display delocalization of sigma bonds through 3-center-2-electron bonds in bridged systems. Neighboring group participation can assist reactions by donating electrons through lone pairs, pi bonds, aromatic rings, or sigma bonds.
(ii) The pinacol-pinacolone rearrangement involves the migration of an alkyl group from one carbon to another after the loss of a leaving group from a vicinal diol. The migration is assisted by delocalization of the carbocation intermediate onto the oxygen atom.
(iii) In asymmetrical glycols, the group with greater ability for carbocation delocalization, such as phenyl, will migrate preferentially overDarzen glycidic
Darzen glycidicShafaq Shaikh
Ìý
The document summarizes the Darzen condensation reaction, which involves the formation of α,β-epoxy esters (glycidic esters) from aldehydes/ketones and α-halo esters under basic conditions. It provides background on the reaction's history and development. The reaction mechanism proceeds through an initial aldol reaction followed by epoxide ring formation. Examples and applications in multi-step syntheses are described. Limitations include the reaction failing for some aldehydes due to self-condensation and difficultly obtaining high, sole product yields needed for kinetic studies.Wittig reaction
Wittig reactionkumar Bodapati
Ìý
The Wittig reaction involves reacting an aldehyde or ketone with a triphenylphosphonium ylide to form an alkene and triphenylphosphine oxide. The reaction proceeds through betaine and oxaphosphetane intermediates. The stereochemistry of the product can be controlled by the reactants and conditions. Similar reactions are the Horner and Horner-Emmons-Wadsworth reactions, which use different reagents. The Wittig reaction is one of the main methods for synthesizing alkenes from carbonyl compounds.Chemoselectivity and Regioselectivity.pdf
Chemoselectivity and Regioselectivity.pdfShotosroyRoyTirtho
Ìý
The document discusses various types of selectivity in organic reactions including:
- Stereo selectivity which controls the stereochemistry of products
- Regioselectivity which controls the site of reaction
- Chemoselectivity which controls reaction of one functional group in the presence of others
Examples and explanations are provided for each type of selectivity with mechanisms and factors that influence the outcome. Guidelines for solving problems of chemoselectivity involving protecting groups and derivatives that can react only once are also outlined.SNi Substitution Reactions
SNi Substitution ReactionsPankaj Bhootra
Ìý
A study of SNi Substitution Reactions.
Download the Presentation to view it with proper animation and voice, which will make it more interactive.Lindemann theory
Lindemann theoryDongguk University
Ìý
The Lindemann-Hinshelwood mechanism explains how first-order unimolecular gas-phase reactions can occur through collisions. It proposes that: (1) A reactant molecule A becomes energized through a collision with another A molecule, forming the excited species A*. (2) A* then either loses its excess energy through another collision or undergoes unimolecular decay to form products P. (3) If the unimolecular decay is the slowest step, the overall reaction appears first-order. The mechanism predicts a transition to second-order kinetics at low pressures when bimolecular collisions become rate-determining.Hofman rearrangement 
Hofman rearrangement Madhusudan Bachute
Ìý
Hoffman Rearrangement is used to convert an unsubstituted amide into a primary amine with one carbon atom less than the amide.Organolithium Compounds and Reactions
Organolithium Compounds and ReactionsOMPRAKASH1973
Ìý
This PPT is usefull for aspirants of JEE-IIT, CSIR-NET and UPSC exams in CHEMISTRY section. It is also usefull for grduates and Post graduates students of Indian Universities.
Organoborane or Organoboron compounds
Organoborane or Organoboron compoundsDr. Krishna Swamy. G
Ìý
Organoborane chemistry deals with organoboron compounds that contain carbon-boron bonds. Key reactions of organoboranes include hydroboration of alkenes, oxidation of organoboranes to alcohols, isomerization of organoboranes at high temperatures, protonolysis with carboxylic acids, and carbonylation with carbon monoxide. Carbonylation can produce aldehydes, ketones, or alcohols depending on reaction conditions and presence of migrating groups.Shapiro reaction
Shapiro reactionRinshana Fathima
Ìý
This document discusses the Shapiro reaction, which was discovered by Robert H. Shapiro in 1967. The reaction involves converting aryl sulfonyl hydrazones of aldehydes and ketones into olefins using alkyl lithium reagents, grignard reagents, or alkali metal amides at -78°C. The reaction mechanism proceeds through deprotonation, elimination, and loss of nitrogen to form alkenyl intermediates. The Shapiro reaction has been used in the total synthesis of natural products like phytocassane D and in the formation of ring B in the Nicolaou Taxol total synthesis.10. Lead tetra acetate
10. Lead tetra acetateShivendra Singh
Ìý
Lead tetra acetate is a powerful oxidizing reagent that can oxidize alcohols to aldehydes and ketones, induce cyclization of saturated alcohols, and undergo decarboxylation or lactonization with carboxylic acids. It is also used for acetoxylation of ketones and dehydrogenation of amines and hydrazines. However, lead tetra acetate is toxic, hygroscopic, and turns brown upon exposure to air, so it must be handled with extreme care in a chemical hood.Wittig reaction
Wittig reactionDrShahidRasool1
Ìý
The Wittig reaction allows the synthesis of alkenes from aldehydes or ketones. It involves the reaction of a phosphonium salt with a strong base to form a phosphorus ylide. This ylide can then react with a carbonyl compound through a cyclic transition state to form an alkene and triphenylphosphine oxide. The stereochemistry of the product depends on whether the ylide is stabilized or not - stabilized ylides give E alkenes while unstabilized ylides give Z alkenes. The Wittig reaction has advantages like tolerance of functional groups on the carbonyl and predictability of alkene geometry, but it can also form E and Z isomersCarbocations and carbanions
Carbocations and carbanionsAshitoshPanchal
Ìý
This document discusses organic reaction intermediates, specifically carbocations and carbanions. It defines them as positively or negatively charged carbon-containing ions that are formed during chemical reactions and then react further to form final products. The key features, methods of formation, factors affecting stability, and synthetic applications of carbocations and carbanions are described. Inductive effects, resonance effects, and hyperconjugation influence the stability of these intermediates. Carbocations and carbanions are involved in many common organic reaction types such as eliminations, substitutions, additions, and rearrangements.Determination of reaction mechanisms
Determination of reaction mechanismsmulleshm
Ìý
1. Reaction mechanisms can be determined through various methods like identifying products, detecting intermediates through isolation, trapping or labeling studies, studying the effects of catalysts and acids, and performing kinetic studies.
2. Isotope labeling and crossover experiments involve using isotopically labeled reactants to determine whether reaction pathways are intra- or intermolecular. Kinetic isotope effects also provide information about which bonds are broken or formed in the rate-determining step.
3. Acid and base catalysis can indicate whether proton transfer is involved in the rate-determining step. General acid catalysis means proton transfer is rate-determining while specific catalysis means it is not. Protecting groups and their deprotection
Protecting groups and their deprotectionRoshen Reji Idiculla
Ìý
Protecting group (PG) is a small molecule, to mask temporarily the a specific functional group of a molecule from undergoing reaction, allowing the rest of the functional groups present in the molecule to react without affecting the original reactivity and leave from the host molecule without affecting the rest of the functional groups.
The addition of protecting groups to functional groups is termed ‘protection’ and removal of protecting group is ‘deprotection’.
Asymmetric synthesis notes
Asymmetric synthesis notesDr. Krishna Swamy. G
Ìý
Stereoselective and stereospecific reactions, Enantiomeric and diastereomeric excess, Asymmetric synthesis, Sharpless epoxidation, Asymmetric dihydroxylation, Chiral auxiliary, Stereoselective aldol reactionWRITE UP ON REARRANGEMENT REACTION PDF NOTES
WRITE UP ON REARRANGEMENT REACTION PDF NOTESNithaNaveenDsouza
Ìý
It is a broad class of Organic reactions where the carbon skeleton of a molecule is rearranged to give a structural isomer of the original molecule. Migration of an atom or group of atoms takes place from one atom to an adjacent atom within a molecule also known as 1,2-shift (1,2-alkyl, hydride or aryl shift) or from one molecule to another molecule.ALKENES4.pptx
ALKENES4.pptxTyranidSwarmlord
Ìý
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond. The simplest alkene is ethylene, with the formula C2H4. Alkenes react through addition reactions that break the pi bond of the double bond. They are industrially important as they can be polymerized to make plastics like polyethylene and polypropylene. Alkenes names are formed by replacing the '-ane' suffix of the parent alkane with '-ene', and the location of the double bond is indicated by a number prefix.More Related Content
What's hot (20)
FREE RADICALS , CARBENES AND NITRENES.pptx
FREE RADICALS , CARBENES AND NITRENES.pptxtenzinpalmo3
Ìý
This document discusses free radicals, carbenes, and nitrenes. It defines each type of species, describes their characteristics such as electronic structure and stability. The document outlines different types for each species and methods for their formation and synthetic applications. Free radicals form through bond homolysis and vary in stability based on alkyl substituents. Carbenes are divalent carbon species that exist as singlet or triplet forms with different hybridizations. Nitrenes are analogous to carbenes but with nitrogen and vary in stability and spin state. Examples of formation and trapping methods are provided along with sample synthetic reactions for each reactive intermediate.Photo fries rearrangement & Barton reaction
Photo fries rearrangement & Barton reactionKeshav Singh
Ìý
Photo-Fries Rearrangement & Barton Reaction
Photo-Fries Rearrangement
Photo-Fries Rearrangement Reaction
Mechanism of Photo-Fries Rearrangement Reaction
Example of Photo-Fries Rearrangement Reaction
Barton Reaction
Mechanism of Barton Reaction
Examples of Barton Reaction 1,2 difunctionalised compound
1,2 difunctionalised compoundAMIR HASSAN
Ìý
Organic Synthesis
1, 2 – Difunctionalised Compound
1 Two Group disconnections: 1, 2 – Difunctionalised Compound.
2 Method using acyl anion equivalents.
3 Methods from alkenes.
4 Strategy of available starting material.
Michael addition reaction
Michael addition reaction Diwan Thakur
Ìý
The document discusses the Michael addition reaction, which involves the nucleophilic addition of a carbanion to an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound. It provides the definition, mechanism, examples including the synthesis of warfarin, and applications such as asymmetric Michael reactions. The mechanism involves deprotonation of the carbonyl compound by a base to form an enolate ion, which adds to the Michael acceptor to form a new carbon-carbon bond via 1,4-addition.Neighbouring Group Participation.pptx
Neighbouring Group Participation.pptxwadhava gurumeet
Ìý
(i) Non-classical carbocations display delocalization of sigma bonds through 3-center-2-electron bonds in bridged systems. Neighboring group participation can assist reactions by donating electrons through lone pairs, pi bonds, aromatic rings, or sigma bonds.
(ii) The pinacol-pinacolone rearrangement involves the migration of an alkyl group from one carbon to another after the loss of a leaving group from a vicinal diol. The migration is assisted by delocalization of the carbocation intermediate onto the oxygen atom.
(iii) In asymmetrical glycols, the group with greater ability for carbocation delocalization, such as phenyl, will migrate preferentially overDarzen glycidic
Darzen glycidicShafaq Shaikh
Ìý
The document summarizes the Darzen condensation reaction, which involves the formation of α,β-epoxy esters (glycidic esters) from aldehydes/ketones and α-halo esters under basic conditions. It provides background on the reaction's history and development. The reaction mechanism proceeds through an initial aldol reaction followed by epoxide ring formation. Examples and applications in multi-step syntheses are described. Limitations include the reaction failing for some aldehydes due to self-condensation and difficultly obtaining high, sole product yields needed for kinetic studies.Wittig reaction
Wittig reactionkumar Bodapati
Ìý
The Wittig reaction involves reacting an aldehyde or ketone with a triphenylphosphonium ylide to form an alkene and triphenylphosphine oxide. The reaction proceeds through betaine and oxaphosphetane intermediates. The stereochemistry of the product can be controlled by the reactants and conditions. Similar reactions are the Horner and Horner-Emmons-Wadsworth reactions, which use different reagents. The Wittig reaction is one of the main methods for synthesizing alkenes from carbonyl compounds.Chemoselectivity and Regioselectivity.pdf
Chemoselectivity and Regioselectivity.pdfShotosroyRoyTirtho
Ìý
The document discusses various types of selectivity in organic reactions including:
- Stereo selectivity which controls the stereochemistry of products
- Regioselectivity which controls the site of reaction
- Chemoselectivity which controls reaction of one functional group in the presence of others
Examples and explanations are provided for each type of selectivity with mechanisms and factors that influence the outcome. Guidelines for solving problems of chemoselectivity involving protecting groups and derivatives that can react only once are also outlined.SNi Substitution Reactions
SNi Substitution ReactionsPankaj Bhootra
Ìý
A study of SNi Substitution Reactions.
Download the Presentation to view it with proper animation and voice, which will make it more interactive.Lindemann theory
Lindemann theoryDongguk University
Ìý
The Lindemann-Hinshelwood mechanism explains how first-order unimolecular gas-phase reactions can occur through collisions. It proposes that: (1) A reactant molecule A becomes energized through a collision with another A molecule, forming the excited species A*. (2) A* then either loses its excess energy through another collision or undergoes unimolecular decay to form products P. (3) If the unimolecular decay is the slowest step, the overall reaction appears first-order. The mechanism predicts a transition to second-order kinetics at low pressures when bimolecular collisions become rate-determining.Hofman rearrangement
Hofman rearrangement Madhusudan Bachute
Ìý
Hoffman Rearrangement is used to convert an unsubstituted amide into a primary amine with one carbon atom less than the amide.Organolithium Compounds and Reactions
Organolithium Compounds and ReactionsOMPRAKASH1973
Ìý
This PPT is usefull for aspirants of JEE-IIT, CSIR-NET and UPSC exams in CHEMISTRY section. It is also usefull for grduates and Post graduates students of Indian Universities.
Organoborane or Organoboron compounds
Organoborane or Organoboron compoundsDr. Krishna Swamy. G
Ìý
Organoborane chemistry deals with organoboron compounds that contain carbon-boron bonds. Key reactions of organoboranes include hydroboration of alkenes, oxidation of organoboranes to alcohols, isomerization of organoboranes at high temperatures, protonolysis with carboxylic acids, and carbonylation with carbon monoxide. Carbonylation can produce aldehydes, ketones, or alcohols depending on reaction conditions and presence of migrating groups.Shapiro reaction
Shapiro reactionRinshana Fathima
Ìý
This document discusses the Shapiro reaction, which was discovered by Robert H. Shapiro in 1967. The reaction involves converting aryl sulfonyl hydrazones of aldehydes and ketones into olefins using alkyl lithium reagents, grignard reagents, or alkali metal amides at -78°C. The reaction mechanism proceeds through deprotonation, elimination, and loss of nitrogen to form alkenyl intermediates. The Shapiro reaction has been used in the total synthesis of natural products like phytocassane D and in the formation of ring B in the Nicolaou Taxol total synthesis.10. Lead tetra acetate
10. Lead tetra acetateShivendra Singh
Ìý
Lead tetra acetate is a powerful oxidizing reagent that can oxidize alcohols to aldehydes and ketones, induce cyclization of saturated alcohols, and undergo decarboxylation or lactonization with carboxylic acids. It is also used for acetoxylation of ketones and dehydrogenation of amines and hydrazines. However, lead tetra acetate is toxic, hygroscopic, and turns brown upon exposure to air, so it must be handled with extreme care in a chemical hood.Wittig reaction
Wittig reactionDrShahidRasool1
Ìý
The Wittig reaction allows the synthesis of alkenes from aldehydes or ketones. It involves the reaction of a phosphonium salt with a strong base to form a phosphorus ylide. This ylide can then react with a carbonyl compound through a cyclic transition state to form an alkene and triphenylphosphine oxide. The stereochemistry of the product depends on whether the ylide is stabilized or not - stabilized ylides give E alkenes while unstabilized ylides give Z alkenes. The Wittig reaction has advantages like tolerance of functional groups on the carbonyl and predictability of alkene geometry, but it can also form E and Z isomersCarbocations and carbanions
Carbocations and carbanionsAshitoshPanchal
Ìý
This document discusses organic reaction intermediates, specifically carbocations and carbanions. It defines them as positively or negatively charged carbon-containing ions that are formed during chemical reactions and then react further to form final products. The key features, methods of formation, factors affecting stability, and synthetic applications of carbocations and carbanions are described. Inductive effects, resonance effects, and hyperconjugation influence the stability of these intermediates. Carbocations and carbanions are involved in many common organic reaction types such as eliminations, substitutions, additions, and rearrangements.Determination of reaction mechanisms
Determination of reaction mechanismsmulleshm
Ìý
1. Reaction mechanisms can be determined through various methods like identifying products, detecting intermediates through isolation, trapping or labeling studies, studying the effects of catalysts and acids, and performing kinetic studies.
2. Isotope labeling and crossover experiments involve using isotopically labeled reactants to determine whether reaction pathways are intra- or intermolecular. Kinetic isotope effects also provide information about which bonds are broken or formed in the rate-determining step.
3. Acid and base catalysis can indicate whether proton transfer is involved in the rate-determining step. General acid catalysis means proton transfer is rate-determining while specific catalysis means it is not. Protecting groups and their deprotection
Protecting groups and their deprotectionRoshen Reji Idiculla
Ìý
Protecting group (PG) is a small molecule, to mask temporarily the a specific functional group of a molecule from undergoing reaction, allowing the rest of the functional groups present in the molecule to react without affecting the original reactivity and leave from the host molecule without affecting the rest of the functional groups.
The addition of protecting groups to functional groups is termed ‘protection’ and removal of protecting group is ‘deprotection’.
Asymmetric synthesis notes
Asymmetric synthesis notesDr. Krishna Swamy. G
Ìý
Stereoselective and stereospecific reactions, Enantiomeric and diastereomeric excess, Asymmetric synthesis, Sharpless epoxidation, Asymmetric dihydroxylation, Chiral auxiliary, Stereoselective aldol reactionSimilar to Claisen rearrangement (20)
WRITE UP ON REARRANGEMENT REACTION PDF NOTES
WRITE UP ON REARRANGEMENT REACTION PDF NOTESNithaNaveenDsouza
Ìý
It is a broad class of Organic reactions where the carbon skeleton of a molecule is rearranged to give a structural isomer of the original molecule. Migration of an atom or group of atoms takes place from one atom to an adjacent atom within a molecule also known as 1,2-shift (1,2-alkyl, hydride or aryl shift) or from one molecule to another molecule.ALKENES4.pptx
ALKENES4.pptxTyranidSwarmlord
Ìý
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond. The simplest alkene is ethylene, with the formula C2H4. Alkenes react through addition reactions that break the pi bond of the double bond. They are industrially important as they can be polymerized to make plastics like polyethylene and polypropylene. Alkenes names are formed by replacing the '-ane' suffix of the parent alkane with '-ene', and the location of the double bond is indicated by a number prefix.FRIEDEL CRAFT REACTIONS
FRIEDEL CRAFT REACTIONSLESLINDANIEL
Ìý
The document summarizes Friedel-Crafts reactions, which involve attaching substituents to aromatic rings using Lewis acid catalysts. It describes two main types - alkylation and acylation reactions. The alkylation involves reacting an alkyl halide with an aromatic compound, forming a cation that undergoes electrophilic aromatic substitution. Acylation involves reacting an acyl chloride with an aromatic compound to form a ketone. Both proceed by generation of a carbocation which is attacked by the aromatic ring. Dealkylation can also occur in the reverse using protons or Lewis acids to remove alkyl groups.Aromatic electrophilic substitution mishu
Aromatic electrophilic substitution mishuMISHUSINGH1
Ìý
1. Electrophilic aromatic substitution is the characteristic reaction of benzene rings. A hydrogen atom is replaced by an electrophile through a two-step mechanism involving a resonance-stabilized cyclohexadienyl carbocation intermediate.
2. Substituents on benzene rings activate or deactivate the ring towards electrophilic aromatic substitution by influencing the stability of the carbocation intermediate. Electron-donating groups activate the ring while electron-withdrawing groups deactivate it.
3. The identity of existing substituents determines the orientation of new substituents, favoring either ortho/para or meta positions in electrophilic aromatic substitution.2020_Reaction_of_Carbocations_Carbenes_and_Radicals_ALL.pdf
2020_Reaction_of_Carbocations_Carbenes_and_Radicals_ALL.pdfhassaanahmed443230
Ìý
The document discusses reactions involving carbocation, carbene, and radical intermediates. It covers topics such as carbon-carbon bond formation reactions involving carbocations, rearrangements of carbocations, fragmentation reactions, the structure and reactivity of carbenes, generation of carbenes, addition and insertion reactions of carbenes, generation and reactions of ylides by carbene decomposition, rearrangement reactions of carbenes, and reactions involving nitrene and related intermediates. The document provides detailed mechanistic explanations and examples of many organic reactions that proceed through these reactive intermediate species.Presentation on benzilic acid rearrangement.pptx
Presentation on benzilic acid rearrangement.pptxAbutalhaHasan
Ìý
The presentation contains principle, mechanism amd stereochemistry of benzylic acid rearrangement reaction where the carbon skeleton of a compund rearanges itself to give structural isomers of the original compund, it is formally a 1-2 rearrangement of 1-2 diketones to form alpha hydroxy carboxylic acid12 10th chapter heloalkane.ppt chapter heloalka
12 10th chapter heloalkane.ppt chapter heloalkaamiyadavt2020
Ìý
This document provides information on haloalkanes and haloarenes. It discusses the classification, IUPAC naming, nature of C-X bonds, methods of preparation from alcohols and hydrocarbons, physical properties, nucleophilic substitution reactions, stereochemistry, elimination reactions, and reactions of haloarenes including electrophilic substitution and nucleophilic substitution. Examples of common haloalkanes like dichloromethane and trichloromethane are also mentioned along with their uses and health effects.class 12 chapter 10 haloalkanes and haloareans
class 12 chapter 10 haloalkanes and haloareansPoonam Bathija Pardasani
Ìý
This document discusses haloalkanes and haloarenes. It begins by classifying haloalkanes based on the number of halogen atoms attached to the carbon. It then discusses IUPAC and common naming of these compounds. It describes the nature of C-X bonds and how bond length, enthalpy, stability, and reactivity vary based on the halogen atom. Methods of preparing haloalkanes from alcohols and hydrocarbons are presented. The document discusses physical properties, nucleophilic substitution reactions, elimination reactions, and reactions of haloarenes such as with Grignard reagents and the Wurtz reaction. Health effects of some common haloalkanes like dichloromethane and trichUnit V: Reaction of synthetic importance as per PCI Syllabus of POC-III
Unit V: Reaction of synthetic importance as per PCI Syllabus of POC-IIIGanesh Mote
Ìý
Oxidation reaction, reduction reaction, rearrangement reactions in following manner Reaction, Mechanism and Applications of clemenson reduction ,metal hydride reduction ,dakin reaction ,openour oxidation ,beckmann rearrangment ,claisen schimdt reaction ,claisen condensation reactionClaisen rearrangement
Claisen rearrangementDebarun Mukherjee
Ìý
The Claisen rearrangement is a [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement that converts an allyl vinyl ether to an unsaturated carbonyl compound. It requires temperatures above 100°C unless a catalyst like diphenyl ether is used. The aromatic Claisen rearrangement follows a similar mechanism but also involves rearomatization through enolization, unless the ortho position is blocked, in which case a Cope rearrangement must occur first. This reaction attaches the carbon to the benzene ring in a vinylic rather than allylic fashion, producing the para isomer if the ortho position is blocked by an alkyl group.Och 300 aldehyde and ketones 
Och 300 aldehyde and ketones 2010kreem
Ìý
1) The document discusses various reactions of carbonyl compounds including aldehydes and ketones.
2) It describes reactions with nucleophiles like hydride ions, amines, alcohols and Grignard reagents that add to the carbonyl group.
3) It also discusses reactions where the alpha-hydrogen of carbonyl compounds is removed, making the alpha-carbon nucleophilic and able to react with electrophiles via substitutions and additions. Important reactions covered include halogenation, alkylation and aldol additions.
Electrophilicsubstitutionreaction 
Electrophilicsubstitutionreaction Gaurav Saxena
Ìý
Electrophilic substitution reactions involve replacing a hydrogen atom in an aromatic ring with an electrophilic group. Nitration replaces hydrogen with a nitro group using nitric and sulfuric acid. Halogenation uses a halogen and Lewis acid. Sulphonation uses fuming sulfuric acid and oleum. Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation use an alkyl or acyl halide with aluminum chloride to add those groups. The mechanism involves generating an electrophile, forming a carbocation intermediate, and removing a proton. Ortho and para directing groups increase electron density, favoring substitution at those positions, while meta directing groups decrease electron density, favoring meta position. Polynuclear hydrocarbons fromOrganic chemis 1
Organic chemis 1shahzadebaujiti
Ìý
1. The document discusses the nomenclature, preparation methods, properties and reactions of aliphatic hydrocarbons known as alkanes and alkenes.
2. Alkanes can be prepared through hydrogenation of alkenes and alkynes, reduction of alkyl halides, Wurtz reaction, and decarboxylation of sodium carboxylates. Alkenes can be prepared through dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides, dehydration of alcohols, and controlled hydrogenation of alkynes.
3. The properties and reactions discussed for alkanes and alkenes include their physical properties, substitution reactions, oxidation reactions, and thermal decomposition. AlkenesAlkanes.pptx
Alkanes.pptxAyeshaAftab19
Ìý
Alkanes can be prepared through several methods including hydrogenation of alkenes/alkynes, reduction of alkyl halides, decarboxylation of carboxylic acids, hydrolysis of Grignard reagents, and Wurtz, Corey-House, and Kolbe syntheses. Alkanes are nonpolar, colorless liquids or solids that are stable under normal conditions but undergo substitution and thermal/catalytic reactions. Substitution reactions include halogenation, nitration, and sulfonation, while thermal reactions include combustion, pyrolysis, isomerization, and aromatization.hydrocarbons
hydrocarbonsSreema Umanath
Ìý
i created this ppt for ma chem project i made it coz i couldnt find gud ones to download ...i hope u lyk itPresentation on Rearrangement Reactions.pptx
Presentation on Rearrangement Reactions.pptxNithaNaveenDsouza
Ìý
It is a broad class of Organic reactions where the carbon skeleton of a molecule is rearranged to give a structural isomer of the original molecule. Migration of an atom or group of atoms takes place from one atom to an adjacent atom within a molecule also known as 1,2-shift (1,2-alkyl, hydride or aryl shift) or from one molecule to another molecule. Mainly there are 2 types of rearrangements: Intermolecular Rearrangements and Intramolecular Rearrangements. Rearrangement reactions find a major use in medical sciences such as synthesizing steroids and analgesics through Beckmann rearrangement, Fries rearrangement to produce o-acylhydroxy[2.2]paracyclophanes, which have industrial importance, Claisen rearrangement in synthesizing prephenate from chorismate , an important key step in the shikimic acid pathway responsible for the biosynthesis of the essential amino acid's tryptophan, phenylalanine and tyrosine They play a central role in functional group transformations and in the state of the art in modern organic synthesis.Electrophilic substitution reaction..ncert HYDROCARBONS
Electrophilic substitution reaction..ncert HYDROCARBONSritik
Ìý
Electrophilic substitution reactions involve replacing a hydrogen atom in an aromatic ring with an electrophilic group such as nitro, halogen, sulfonic acid or alkyl/acyl groups. This is done using electrophiles generated in situ with a Lewis acid catalyst. It proceeds by generation of an electrophile, formation of a carbocation intermediate through attack on the aromatic ring, and removal of a proton. Ortho/para directing groups activate the ring towards substitution at those positions, while meta directing groups deactivate the ring at ortho/para positions. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons with more than two fused benzene rings can be carcinogenic if inhaled from incomplete combustion.
Phenols, chemistry properties and ITS delivertives.pptx
Phenols, chemistry properties and ITS delivertives.pptxKawalyasteven
Ìý
Phenol chemistry properties of reactionRecently uploaded (20)
How to create security group category in Odoo 17
How to create security group category in Odoo 17Celine George
Ìý
This slide will represent the creation of security group category in odoo 17. Security groups are essential for managing user access and permissions across different modules. Creating a security group category helps to organize related user groups and streamline permission settings within a specific module or functionality.Interim Guidelines for PMES-DM-17-2025-PPT.pptx
Interim Guidelines for PMES-DM-17-2025-PPT.pptxsirjeromemanansala
Ìý
This is the latest issuance on PMES as replacement of RPMS. Kindly message me to gain full access of the presentation. 
Chapter 2. Strategic Management: Corporate Governance.pdf
Chapter 2. Strategic Management: Corporate Governance.pdfRommel Regala
Ìý
This course provides students with a comprehensive understanding of strategic management principles, frameworks, and applications in business. It explores strategic planning, environmental analysis, corporate governance, business ethics, and sustainability. The course integrates Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to enhance global and ethical perspectives in decision-making.
RRB ALP CBT 2 Mechanic Motor Vehicle Question Paper (MMV Exam MCQ)
RRB ALP CBT 2 Mechanic Motor Vehicle Question Paper (MMV Exam MCQ)SONU HEETSON
Ìý
RRB ALP CBT 2 Mechanic Motor Vehicle Question Paper. MMV MCQ PDF Free Download for Railway Assistant Loco Pilot Exam.Dr. Ansari Khurshid Ahmed- Factors affecting Validity of a Test.pptx
Dr. Ansari Khurshid Ahmed- Factors affecting Validity of a Test.pptxKhurshid Ahmed Ansari
Ìý
Validity is an important characteristic of a test. A test having low validity is of little use. Validity is the accuracy with which a test measures whatever it is supposed to measure. Validity can be low, moderate or high. There are many factors which affect the validity of a test. If these factors are controlled, then the validity of the test can be maintained to a high level. In the power point presentation, factors affecting validity are discussed with the help of concrete examples.Blind spots in AI and Formulation Science, IFPAC 2025.pdf
Blind spots in AI and Formulation Science, IFPAC 2025.pdfAjaz Hussain
Ìý
The intersection of AI and pharmaceutical formulation science highlights significant blind spots—systemic gaps in pharmaceutical development, regulatory oversight, quality assurance, and the ethical use of AI—that could jeopardize patient safety and undermine public trust. To move forward effectively, we must address these normalized blind spots, which may arise from outdated assumptions, errors, gaps in previous knowledge, and biases in language or regulatory inertia. This is essential to ensure that AI and formulation science are developed as tools for patient-centered and ethical healthcare.How to Configure Deliver Content by Email in Odoo 18 Sales
How to Configure Deliver Content by Email in Odoo 18 SalesCeline George
Ìý
In this slide, we’ll discuss on how to configure proforma invoice in Odoo 18 Sales module. A proforma invoice is a preliminary invoice that serves as a commercial document issued by a seller to a buyer.
Mastering Soft Tissue Therapy & Sports Taping
Mastering Soft Tissue Therapy & Sports TapingKusal Goonewardena
Ìý
Mastering Soft Tissue Therapy & Sports Taping: Pathway to Sports Medicine Excellence
This presentation was delivered in Colombo, Sri Lanka, at the Institute of Sports Medicine to an audience of sports physiotherapists, exercise scientists, athletic trainers, and healthcare professionals. Led by Kusal Goonewardena (PhD Candidate - Muscle Fatigue, APA Titled Sports & Exercise Physiotherapist) and Gayath Jayasinghe (Sports Scientist), the session provided comprehensive training on soft tissue assessment, treatment techniques, and essential sports taping methods.
Key topics covered:
✅ Soft Tissue Therapy – The science behind muscle, fascia, and joint assessment for optimal treatment outcomes.
✅ Sports Taping Techniques – Practical applications for injury prevention and rehabilitation, including ankle, knee, shoulder, thoracic, and cervical spine taping.
✅ Sports Trainer Level 1 Course by Sports Medicine Australia – A gateway to professional development, career opportunities, and working in Australia.
This training mirrors the Elite Akademy Sports Medicine standards, ensuring evidence-based approaches to injury management and athlete care.
If you are a sports professional looking to enhance your clinical skills and open doors to global opportunities, this presentation is for you.Comprehensive Guide to Antibiotics & Beta-Lactam Antibiotics.pptx
Comprehensive Guide to Antibiotics & Beta-Lactam Antibiotics.pptxSamruddhi Khonde
Ìý
📢 Comprehensive Guide to Antibiotics & Beta-Lactam Antibiotics
🔬 Antibiotics have revolutionized medicine, playing a crucial role in combating bacterial infections. Among them, Beta-Lactam antibiotics remain the most widely used class due to their effectiveness against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This guide provides a detailed overview of their history, classification, chemical structures, mode of action, resistance mechanisms, SAR, and clinical applications.
📌 What You’ll Learn in This Presentation
✅ History & Evolution of Antibiotics
✅ Cell Wall Structure of Gram-Positive & Gram-Negative Bacteria
✅ Beta-Lactam Antibiotics: Classification & Subtypes
✅ Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Carbapenems & Monobactams
✅ Mode of Action (MOA) & Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR)
✅ Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors & Resistance Mechanisms
✅ Clinical Applications & Challenges.
🚀 Why You Should Check This Out?
Essential for pharmacy, medical & life sciences students.
Provides insights into antibiotic resistance & pharmaceutical trends.
Useful for healthcare professionals & researchers in drug discovery.
👉 Swipe through & explore the world of antibiotics today!
🔔 Like, Share & Follow for more in-depth pharma insights!Inventory Reporting in Odoo 17 - Odoo 17 Inventory App
Inventory Reporting in Odoo 17 - Odoo 17 Inventory AppCeline George
Ìý
This slide will helps us to efficiently create detailed reports of different records defined in its modules, both analytical and quantitative, with Odoo 17 ERP.Intellectual Honesty & Research Integrity.pptx
Intellectual Honesty & Research Integrity.pptxNidhiSharma495177
Ìý
Research Publication & Ethics contains a chapter on Intellectual Honesty and Research Integrity.
Different case studies of intellectual dishonesty and integrity were discussed.Full-Stack .NET Developer Interview Questions PDF By ScholarHat
Full-Stack .NET Developer Interview Questions PDF By ScholarHatScholarhat
Ìý
Full-Stack .NET Developer Interview Questions PDF By ScholarHatEntity Framework Interview Questions PDF By ScholarHat
Entity Framework Interview Questions PDF By ScholarHatScholarhat
Ìý
Entity Framework Interview Questions PDF By ScholarHat
Hannah Borhan and Pietro Gagliardi OECD present 'From classroom to community ...
Hannah Borhan and Pietro Gagliardi OECD present 'From classroom to community ...EduSkills OECD
Ìý
Hannah Borhan, Research Assistant, OECD Education and Skills Directorate and Pietro Gagliardi, Policy Analyst, OECD Public Governance Directorate present at the OECD webinar 'From classroom to community engagement: Promoting active citizenship among young people" on 25 February 2025. You can find the recording of the webinar on the website https://oecdedutoday.com/webinars/
ASP.NET Interview Questions PDF By ScholarHat
ASP.NET Interview Questions PDF By ScholarHatScholarhat
Ìý
ASP.NET Interview Questions PDF By ScholarHatClaisen rearrangement
- 2. Introduction • The Claisen Rearrangement is a powerful carbon- carbon bond forming chemical reaction discovered by RAINER LUDWIG CLAISEN. It is the first Sigmatropic Rearrangement
- 3. When O-allyl ether of phenol is heated to about 200 degree centigrade in absence of any catalyst, it rearrange to o-allyl phenol.
- 4. • This THERMAL REARRANGEMENT of PHENOLIC ALLYL ETHERS is called CLAISEN REARRANGEMENT .
- 5. It has been observed in this reaction: 1. The allyl group migrates almost invariable to the ortho position unless the ortho position are blocked. 2. There is an inversion of the allyl group during the rearrangement,i.e carbon atom of the allyl group which get attached to the aromatic nucleus is not the one which is attached to the oxygen atom of ether . For example-
- 6. 3. Rearrangement of mixtures of allyl phenyl ethers do not give cross product, suggesting that the rearrangement is truly intramolecular. 4. When both the ortho positions of phenyl allyl ethers are blocked, the allyl group migrates to para position on CLAISEN REARRANGEMENT. For example-
- 7. Mechanism:- • The cyclic mechanism, outlined below accounts for the intramolecular rearrangement of allyl ether to ortho allyl phenol.
- 8. References • 1. Modern Organic Chemistry by M.K. JAIN and S.C. SHARMA • 2. Advanced Organic Chemistry by Dr. Jagdamba Singh and Dr. L.D.S Yadav • 3. Wikipedia