Clauses
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This document provides an overview of clauses, sentences, and punctuation. It discusses the basic building blocks of nouns and verbs, and how they combine to form clauses. It then explains the three main types of sentences: simple sentences using independent clauses, compound sentences joining two independent clauses, and complex sentences using one independent and one dependent clause. Finally, it briefly mentions compound-complex sentences containing at least two independent clauses and one dependent clause. The document aims to teach grammar concepts in a clear and step-by-step manner.
Clauses
- 1. Clauses SentencesPunctuation Prepared by Bonnie Startt January 28, 2013 Tidewater Community College Virginia Beach By PresenterMedia.com
- 2. The beginning of writing: The first thing we learn in grammar is all about nouns (names a person, place, or thing) and verbs (an action or state of being), We start learning to talk with those nouns-- Mama, Daddy, Cookie Before long we add a few verbs: Go, Want Want cookie By PresenterMedia.com
- 3. The noun and verb combine to create a clause There are two kinds of clauses. The first type of clause is the INDEPENDENT clause. I read. The second type of clause is the DEPENDENT clause. Since I read. Did your head just tilt? There is a noun and a verb, but it is an incomplete thought. I would mark this as a FRAGMENT. Bonnie Startt
- 4. How do we use the clauses? An independent clause is a simple sentence. This does not mean if it is just a few words, it is a simple sentence. A simple sentence can have lots of things added to it. We add details.. Here is a 239 word simple sentence: http://grammar.ccc.commnet .edu/grammar/run-on.htm Bonnie Startt
- 5. Start at the beginning: Simple Sentence I read I read books I read funny books . Adjectives I read funny books to my students. (Preposition/Prepositional Phrase) Bonnie Startt
- 6. Next move Compound Sentences In spite of the fact that simple sentences don't always need punctuation, we need to move forward in our writing. The next sentence type we are going to look at is the compound sentence. Simple + Simple= compound Independent Clause + Independent Clause = Compound Sentence Bonnie Startt
- 7. Beware.. Compound Sentences However, if we just put two simple sentences/ independent clauses together, we can get a run on or fused sentence. I read a book it was dull. RO Give your reader a chance to take a breath. There are 3 ways to do this. Bonnie Startt
- 8. Method ONE .. Compound Sentences The first method only needs one (1) thing/element to make it work correctly. We can put two simple sentences together using a semicolon (;). I have a dog; she is a Westie Bonnie Startt
- 9. Method TWO.. Compound Sentences This method must have two (2) things/elements in order to make a compound sentence. We join two simple sentences using both a comma (,) and a coordinating conjunction. An acronym for coordinating conjunctions is FANBOYS which stands for FOR AND NOR BUT OR Yet SO. Our old dog Tony was sad, so we bought Maggie for him. Bonnie Startt
- 10. Method THREE.. Compound Sentences This method must have three (3) things/elements in order to make a compound sentence. We join two simple sentences first using a semicolon (;) then a conjunctive adverb (fancy words =) (Conjunctive adverbs)and finally a comma (,). How about an easy to remember acronym: HOT MAMAS: However, on the...other hand/contrary, therefore, moreover, although, meanwhile, and yet (note- 2 of our coordinating conjunctions together), subsequently. Maggie swims with the kids; however, Tony used to swim laps with me. Bonnie Startt
- 11. The Complex Sentence.. The dependent clause We know all about using our independent clauses, but how do we create a dependent clause? We take a plain old independent clause and add a Subordinating Conjunction. I like to call the subordinating conjunctions spoilers because they take a clause which can stand alone and turn it to one which needs help---cannot stand alone. Think about Bugs Bunny as you consider this acronym: WABITS--- Whenever, after, although, because. if, that (than though)since (so that). Bonnie Startt
- 12. The Complex Sentence.. The dependent clause Since I read.---this is a fragment. We have two options to fix the fragment; we can remove the subordinating conjunction, OR we can add it to an independent clause. When we combine a dependent clause with an independent clause, we get a complex sentence. Since I read a lot, I got a Kindle for Christmas. Bonnie Startt
- 13. The Complex Sentence.. Funny punctuation rules There are 2 ways to join the two clauses. IC and DC ; DC and IC The difference between the two methods is a simple comma. If you have the first type: I got a Kindle for Christmas since I read. You will see there is no comma between the clauses. If we go with the second method: Since I like to read, I got a Kindle for Christmas. It takes the comma. IC DC. OR DC, IC. Bonnie Startt
- 14. The Compound Complex Sentence.. This needs 3 clauses2 IC ; 1 DC When we are writing, we want to have some variety in writing sentences. We use a few simple sentences and some complex sentences in our writing, but sometimes we need to be a bit fancier....... to show off a little. The best way to do this is to write a compound complex sentence.. When Lee retired, our entire family all flew with him from Charlotte to New Bern; the fire trucks sprayed water over the plane when we left Charlotte. After Lee made a second pass over the airport, we landed in New Bern, and they sprayed water again. It was a special day for us although it felt funny to know while was his last flight, it was our Sophie's first flight; however, her Grandad let her sit in his lap in the cockpit after we landed. Bonnie Startt
- 15. You need to make sure you know these rules---- If you know these rules, you know most the most common punctuation rules. Bonnie Startt