ºÝºÝߣ

ºÝºÝߣShare a Scribd company logo
William Stallings
Computer Organization
and Architecture
6th
Edition
Chapter 1
Introduction
Architecture & Organization 1
• Architecture is those attributes visible to the
programmer
—Instruction set, number of bits used for data
representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing
techniques.
—e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?
• Organization is how features are
implemented
—Control signals, interfaces, memory technology.
—e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done
by repeated addition?
Architecture & Organization 2
• All Intel x86 family share the same basic
architecture
• The IBM System/370 family share the same
basic architecture
• This gives code compatibility
—At least backwards
• Organization differs between different
versions
Structure & Function
• Structure is the way in which components
relate to each other
• Function is the operation of individual
components as part of the structure
Function
• All computer functions are:
—Data processing
—Data storage
—Data movement
—Control
Functional view
Operations (1) Data movement
Operations (2) Storage
Operation (3) Processing from/to storage
Operation (4)
Processing from storage to I/O
Structure - Top Level
Computer
Main
Memory
Input
Output
Systems
Interconnection
Peripherals
Communication
lines
Central
Processing
Unit
Computer
Structure - The CPU
Computer Arithmetic
and
Logic Unit
Control
Unit
Internal CPU
Interconnection
Registers
CPU
I/O
Memory
System
Bus
CPU
Structure - The Control Unit
CPU
Control
Memory
Control Unit
Registers and
Decoders
Sequencing
Logic
Control
Unit
ALU
Registers
Internal
Bus
Control Unit
Outline of the Book (1)
• Computer Evolution and Performance
• Computer Interconnection Structures
• Internal Memory
• External Memory
• Input/Output
• Operating Systems Support
• Computer Arithmetic
• Instruction Sets
Outline of the Book (2)
• CPU Structure and Function
• Reduced Instruction Set Computers
• Superscalar Processors
• Control Unit Operation
• Microprogrammed Control
• Multiprocessors and Vector Processing
• Digital Logic (Appendix)
Internet Resources
- Web site for book
• http://WilliamStallings.com/COA6e.html
—links to sites of interest
—links to sites for courses that use the book
—errata list for book
—information on other books by W. Stallings
• http://WilliamStallings.com/StudentSupport.h
tml
—Math
—How-to
—Research resources
—Misc
Internet Resources
- Web sites to look for
• WWW Computer Architecture Home Page
• CPU Info Center
• ACM Special Interest Group on Computer
Architecture
• IEEE Technical Committee on Computer
Architecture
• Intel Technology Journal
• Manufacturer’s sites
—Intel, IBM, etc.
Internet Resources
- Usenet News Groups
• comp.arch
• comp.arch.arithmetic
• comp.arch.storage
• comp.parallel

More Related Content

Similar to Computer Organization Introduction(basic) (20)

computer organization and architecture.ppt
computer organization and  architecture.pptcomputer organization and  architecture.ppt
computer organization and architecture.ppt
ezatkhatab706
Ìý
01 Introduction
01 Introduction01 Introduction
01 Introduction
Jeanie Delos Arcos
Ìý
Computer organiztion6
Computer organiztion6Computer organiztion6
Computer organiztion6
Umang Gupta
Ìý
01_Introduction.ppt
01_Introduction.ppt01_Introduction.ppt
01_Introduction.ppt
MadniFareed1
Ìý
01 introduction
01 introduction01 introduction
01 introduction
Sher Shah Merkhel
Ìý
PPT-UEU-Organisasi-dan-Arsitektur-Komputer-Pertemuan-1.pptx
PPT-UEU-Organisasi-dan-Arsitektur-Komputer-Pertemuan-1.pptxPPT-UEU-Organisasi-dan-Arsitektur-Komputer-Pertemuan-1.pptx
PPT-UEU-Organisasi-dan-Arsitektur-Komputer-Pertemuan-1.pptx
ivannuramanda
Ìý
01_Introduction.ppt
01_Introduction.ppt01_Introduction.ppt
01_Introduction.ppt
WanizaSiddiqui
Ìý
William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture
William Stallings Computer Organization and ArchitectureWilliam Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture
William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture
TarekHemdan3
Ìý
Chapter 01 - Introduction
Chapter 01 - IntroductionChapter 01 - Introduction
Chapter 01 - Introduction
César de Souza
Ìý
01_Introduction (1).ppt
01_Introduction (1).ppt01_Introduction (1).ppt
01_Introduction (1).ppt
AmirZaman21
Ìý
COA Chapter computer organization and architecture course for engineering1.ppt
COA Chapter computer organization and architecture course for engineering1.pptCOA Chapter computer organization and architecture course for engineering1.ppt
COA Chapter computer organization and architecture course for engineering1.ppt
fathibanki
Ìý
01 introduction zhu
01 introduction zhu01 introduction zhu
01 introduction zhu
c09271
Ìý
FYCSIT_COA_UNIT_01introduction to computer organization.pptx
FYCSIT_COA_UNIT_01introduction to computer organization.pptxFYCSIT_COA_UNIT_01introduction to computer organization.pptx
FYCSIT_COA_UNIT_01introduction to computer organization.pptx
Vikas Kadam
Ìý
Chap 1 CA.pptx
Chap 1 CA.pptxChap 1 CA.pptx
Chap 1 CA.pptx
SahalAhmed4
Ìý
ch1.pptx
ch1.pptxch1.pptx
ch1.pptx
berekethailu2
Ìý
Lecture 1 - Computer Organiation Architecture - Introduction.pptx
Lecture 1 - Computer Organiation Architecture - Introduction.pptxLecture 1 - Computer Organiation Architecture - Introduction.pptx
Lecture 1 - Computer Organiation Architecture - Introduction.pptx
viceprincipalbfc
Ìý
Chapter 1 com org (student copy)
Chapter 1   com org (student copy)Chapter 1   com org (student copy)
Chapter 1 com org (student copy)
Al Sabiaga
Ìý
chapter 1 of computers organization .pdf
chapter 1 of computers organization .pdfchapter 1 of computers organization .pdf
chapter 1 of computers organization .pdf
nosybaahmed2
Ìý
Basics of computer acrchitercture.pptx
Basics of computer acrchitercture.pptxBasics of computer acrchitercture.pptx
Basics of computer acrchitercture.pptx
Jignesh Kariya
Ìý
Computer Organization and Architecture.pptx
Computer Organization and Architecture.pptxComputer Organization and Architecture.pptx
Computer Organization and Architecture.pptx
AshokRachapalli1
Ìý
computer organization and architecture.ppt
computer organization and  architecture.pptcomputer organization and  architecture.ppt
computer organization and architecture.ppt
ezatkhatab706
Ìý
Computer organiztion6
Computer organiztion6Computer organiztion6
Computer organiztion6
Umang Gupta
Ìý
01_Introduction.ppt
01_Introduction.ppt01_Introduction.ppt
01_Introduction.ppt
MadniFareed1
Ìý
PPT-UEU-Organisasi-dan-Arsitektur-Komputer-Pertemuan-1.pptx
PPT-UEU-Organisasi-dan-Arsitektur-Komputer-Pertemuan-1.pptxPPT-UEU-Organisasi-dan-Arsitektur-Komputer-Pertemuan-1.pptx
PPT-UEU-Organisasi-dan-Arsitektur-Komputer-Pertemuan-1.pptx
ivannuramanda
Ìý
01_Introduction.ppt
01_Introduction.ppt01_Introduction.ppt
01_Introduction.ppt
WanizaSiddiqui
Ìý
William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture
William Stallings Computer Organization and ArchitectureWilliam Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture
William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture
TarekHemdan3
Ìý
Chapter 01 - Introduction
Chapter 01 - IntroductionChapter 01 - Introduction
Chapter 01 - Introduction
César de Souza
Ìý
01_Introduction (1).ppt
01_Introduction (1).ppt01_Introduction (1).ppt
01_Introduction (1).ppt
AmirZaman21
Ìý
COA Chapter computer organization and architecture course for engineering1.ppt
COA Chapter computer organization and architecture course for engineering1.pptCOA Chapter computer organization and architecture course for engineering1.ppt
COA Chapter computer organization and architecture course for engineering1.ppt
fathibanki
Ìý
01 introduction zhu
01 introduction zhu01 introduction zhu
01 introduction zhu
c09271
Ìý
FYCSIT_COA_UNIT_01introduction to computer organization.pptx
FYCSIT_COA_UNIT_01introduction to computer organization.pptxFYCSIT_COA_UNIT_01introduction to computer organization.pptx
FYCSIT_COA_UNIT_01introduction to computer organization.pptx
Vikas Kadam
Ìý
Chap 1 CA.pptx
Chap 1 CA.pptxChap 1 CA.pptx
Chap 1 CA.pptx
SahalAhmed4
Ìý
Lecture 1 - Computer Organiation Architecture - Introduction.pptx
Lecture 1 - Computer Organiation Architecture - Introduction.pptxLecture 1 - Computer Organiation Architecture - Introduction.pptx
Lecture 1 - Computer Organiation Architecture - Introduction.pptx
viceprincipalbfc
Ìý
Chapter 1 com org (student copy)
Chapter 1   com org (student copy)Chapter 1   com org (student copy)
Chapter 1 com org (student copy)
Al Sabiaga
Ìý
chapter 1 of computers organization .pdf
chapter 1 of computers organization .pdfchapter 1 of computers organization .pdf
chapter 1 of computers organization .pdf
nosybaahmed2
Ìý
Basics of computer acrchitercture.pptx
Basics of computer acrchitercture.pptxBasics of computer acrchitercture.pptx
Basics of computer acrchitercture.pptx
Jignesh Kariya
Ìý
Computer Organization and Architecture.pptx
Computer Organization and Architecture.pptxComputer Organization and Architecture.pptx
Computer Organization and Architecture.pptx
AshokRachapalli1
Ìý

More from MDTahsinAmin3 (6)

A Star search algorithm with example (num)
A Star search algorithm with example (num)A Star search algorithm with example (num)
A Star search algorithm with example (num)
MDTahsinAmin3
Ìý
3. Coprocessor.ppt
3. Coprocessor.ppt3. Coprocessor.ppt
3. Coprocessor.ppt
MDTahsinAmin3
Ìý
82C55 PPI (1).ppt
82C55 PPI (1).ppt82C55 PPI (1).ppt
82C55 PPI (1).ppt
MDTahsinAmin3
Ìý
7chap007_data modeling and analysis_14-7-19.ppt
7chap007_data modeling and analysis_14-7-19.ppt7chap007_data modeling and analysis_14-7-19.ppt
7chap007_data modeling and analysis_14-7-19.ppt
MDTahsinAmin3
Ìý
3.1measure of central tendency.pptx
3.1measure of central tendency.pptx3.1measure of central tendency.pptx
3.1measure of central tendency.pptx
MDTahsinAmin3
Ìý
Chapter-8_Multiplexing.pptx
Chapter-8_Multiplexing.pptxChapter-8_Multiplexing.pptx
Chapter-8_Multiplexing.pptx
MDTahsinAmin3
Ìý
A Star search algorithm with example (num)
A Star search algorithm with example (num)A Star search algorithm with example (num)
A Star search algorithm with example (num)
MDTahsinAmin3
Ìý
3. Coprocessor.ppt
3. Coprocessor.ppt3. Coprocessor.ppt
3. Coprocessor.ppt
MDTahsinAmin3
Ìý
82C55 PPI (1).ppt
82C55 PPI (1).ppt82C55 PPI (1).ppt
82C55 PPI (1).ppt
MDTahsinAmin3
Ìý
7chap007_data modeling and analysis_14-7-19.ppt
7chap007_data modeling and analysis_14-7-19.ppt7chap007_data modeling and analysis_14-7-19.ppt
7chap007_data modeling and analysis_14-7-19.ppt
MDTahsinAmin3
Ìý
3.1measure of central tendency.pptx
3.1measure of central tendency.pptx3.1measure of central tendency.pptx
3.1measure of central tendency.pptx
MDTahsinAmin3
Ìý
Chapter-8_Multiplexing.pptx
Chapter-8_Multiplexing.pptxChapter-8_Multiplexing.pptx
Chapter-8_Multiplexing.pptx
MDTahsinAmin3
Ìý

Recently uploaded (20)

Multi objective genetic approach with Ranking
Multi objective genetic approach with RankingMulti objective genetic approach with Ranking
Multi objective genetic approach with Ranking
namisha18
Ìý
US Patented ReGenX Generator, ReGen-X Quatum Motor EV Regenerative Accelerati...
US Patented ReGenX Generator, ReGen-X Quatum Motor EV Regenerative Accelerati...US Patented ReGenX Generator, ReGen-X Quatum Motor EV Regenerative Accelerati...
US Patented ReGenX Generator, ReGen-X Quatum Motor EV Regenerative Accelerati...
Thane Heins NOBEL PRIZE WINNING ENERGY RESEARCHER
Ìý
Indian Soil Classification System in Geotechnical Engineering
Indian Soil Classification System in Geotechnical EngineeringIndian Soil Classification System in Geotechnical Engineering
Indian Soil Classification System in Geotechnical Engineering
Rajani Vyawahare
Ìý
How to Build a Maze Solving Robot Using Arduino
How to Build a Maze Solving Robot Using ArduinoHow to Build a Maze Solving Robot Using Arduino
How to Build a Maze Solving Robot Using Arduino
CircuitDigest
Ìý
Water Industry Process Automation & Control Monthly - March 2025.pdf
Water Industry Process Automation & Control Monthly - March 2025.pdfWater Industry Process Automation & Control Monthly - March 2025.pdf
Water Industry Process Automation & Control Monthly - March 2025.pdf
Water Industry Process Automation & Control
Ìý
Soil Properties and Methods of Determination
Soil Properties and  Methods of DeterminationSoil Properties and  Methods of Determination
Soil Properties and Methods of Determination
Rajani Vyawahare
Ìý
Piping-and-pipeline-calculations-manual.pdf
Piping-and-pipeline-calculations-manual.pdfPiping-and-pipeline-calculations-manual.pdf
Piping-and-pipeline-calculations-manual.pdf
OMI0721
Ìý
CONTRACTOR ALL RISK INSURANCESAR (1).ppt
CONTRACTOR ALL RISK INSURANCESAR (1).pptCONTRACTOR ALL RISK INSURANCESAR (1).ppt
CONTRACTOR ALL RISK INSURANCESAR (1).ppt
suaktonny
Ìý
Mathematics_behind_machine_learning_INT255.pptx
Mathematics_behind_machine_learning_INT255.pptxMathematics_behind_machine_learning_INT255.pptx
Mathematics_behind_machine_learning_INT255.pptx
ppkmurthy2006
Ìý
IPC-9716_2024 Requirements for Automated Optical Inspection (AOI) Process Con...
IPC-9716_2024 Requirements for Automated Optical Inspection (AOI) Process Con...IPC-9716_2024 Requirements for Automated Optical Inspection (AOI) Process Con...
IPC-9716_2024 Requirements for Automated Optical Inspection (AOI) Process Con...
ssuserd9338b
Ìý
How to Make an RFID Door Lock System using Arduino
How to Make an RFID Door Lock System using ArduinoHow to Make an RFID Door Lock System using Arduino
How to Make an RFID Door Lock System using Arduino
CircuitDigest
Ìý
RAMSES- EDITORIAL SAMPLE FOR DSSPC C.pptx
RAMSES- EDITORIAL SAMPLE FOR DSSPC C.pptxRAMSES- EDITORIAL SAMPLE FOR DSSPC C.pptx
RAMSES- EDITORIAL SAMPLE FOR DSSPC C.pptx
JenTeruel1
Ìý
15. Smart Cities Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia.pdf
15. Smart Cities Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia.pdf15. Smart Cities Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia.pdf
15. Smart Cities Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia.pdf
NgocThang9
Ìý
Industrial Valves, Instruments Products Profile
Industrial Valves, Instruments Products ProfileIndustrial Valves, Instruments Products Profile
Industrial Valves, Instruments Products Profile
zebcoeng
Ìý
Introduction to Safety, Health & Environment
Introduction to Safety, Health  & EnvironmentIntroduction to Safety, Health  & Environment
Introduction to Safety, Health & Environment
ssuserc606c7
Ìý
Embedded System intro Embedded System intro.ppt
Embedded System intro Embedded System intro.pptEmbedded System intro Embedded System intro.ppt
Embedded System intro Embedded System intro.ppt
23ucc580
Ìý
decarbonization steel industry rev1.pptx
decarbonization steel industry rev1.pptxdecarbonization steel industry rev1.pptx
decarbonization steel industry rev1.pptx
gonzalezolabarriaped
Ìý
Integration of Additive Manufacturing (AM) with IoT : A Smart Manufacturing A...
Integration of Additive Manufacturing (AM) with IoT : A Smart Manufacturing A...Integration of Additive Manufacturing (AM) with IoT : A Smart Manufacturing A...
Integration of Additive Manufacturing (AM) with IoT : A Smart Manufacturing A...
ASHISHDESAI85
Ìý
TM-ASP-101-RF_Air Press manual crimping machine.pdf
TM-ASP-101-RF_Air Press manual crimping machine.pdfTM-ASP-101-RF_Air Press manual crimping machine.pdf
TM-ASP-101-RF_Air Press manual crimping machine.pdf
ChungLe60
Ìý
Cloud Computing concepts and technologies
Cloud Computing concepts and technologiesCloud Computing concepts and technologies
Cloud Computing concepts and technologies
ssuser4c9444
Ìý
Multi objective genetic approach with Ranking
Multi objective genetic approach with RankingMulti objective genetic approach with Ranking
Multi objective genetic approach with Ranking
namisha18
Ìý
Indian Soil Classification System in Geotechnical Engineering
Indian Soil Classification System in Geotechnical EngineeringIndian Soil Classification System in Geotechnical Engineering
Indian Soil Classification System in Geotechnical Engineering
Rajani Vyawahare
Ìý
How to Build a Maze Solving Robot Using Arduino
How to Build a Maze Solving Robot Using ArduinoHow to Build a Maze Solving Robot Using Arduino
How to Build a Maze Solving Robot Using Arduino
CircuitDigest
Ìý
Soil Properties and Methods of Determination
Soil Properties and  Methods of DeterminationSoil Properties and  Methods of Determination
Soil Properties and Methods of Determination
Rajani Vyawahare
Ìý
Piping-and-pipeline-calculations-manual.pdf
Piping-and-pipeline-calculations-manual.pdfPiping-and-pipeline-calculations-manual.pdf
Piping-and-pipeline-calculations-manual.pdf
OMI0721
Ìý
CONTRACTOR ALL RISK INSURANCESAR (1).ppt
CONTRACTOR ALL RISK INSURANCESAR (1).pptCONTRACTOR ALL RISK INSURANCESAR (1).ppt
CONTRACTOR ALL RISK INSURANCESAR (1).ppt
suaktonny
Ìý
Mathematics_behind_machine_learning_INT255.pptx
Mathematics_behind_machine_learning_INT255.pptxMathematics_behind_machine_learning_INT255.pptx
Mathematics_behind_machine_learning_INT255.pptx
ppkmurthy2006
Ìý
IPC-9716_2024 Requirements for Automated Optical Inspection (AOI) Process Con...
IPC-9716_2024 Requirements for Automated Optical Inspection (AOI) Process Con...IPC-9716_2024 Requirements for Automated Optical Inspection (AOI) Process Con...
IPC-9716_2024 Requirements for Automated Optical Inspection (AOI) Process Con...
ssuserd9338b
Ìý
How to Make an RFID Door Lock System using Arduino
How to Make an RFID Door Lock System using ArduinoHow to Make an RFID Door Lock System using Arduino
How to Make an RFID Door Lock System using Arduino
CircuitDigest
Ìý
RAMSES- EDITORIAL SAMPLE FOR DSSPC C.pptx
RAMSES- EDITORIAL SAMPLE FOR DSSPC C.pptxRAMSES- EDITORIAL SAMPLE FOR DSSPC C.pptx
RAMSES- EDITORIAL SAMPLE FOR DSSPC C.pptx
JenTeruel1
Ìý
15. Smart Cities Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia.pdf
15. Smart Cities Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia.pdf15. Smart Cities Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia.pdf
15. Smart Cities Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia.pdf
NgocThang9
Ìý
Industrial Valves, Instruments Products Profile
Industrial Valves, Instruments Products ProfileIndustrial Valves, Instruments Products Profile
Industrial Valves, Instruments Products Profile
zebcoeng
Ìý
Introduction to Safety, Health & Environment
Introduction to Safety, Health  & EnvironmentIntroduction to Safety, Health  & Environment
Introduction to Safety, Health & Environment
ssuserc606c7
Ìý
Embedded System intro Embedded System intro.ppt
Embedded System intro Embedded System intro.pptEmbedded System intro Embedded System intro.ppt
Embedded System intro Embedded System intro.ppt
23ucc580
Ìý
decarbonization steel industry rev1.pptx
decarbonization steel industry rev1.pptxdecarbonization steel industry rev1.pptx
decarbonization steel industry rev1.pptx
gonzalezolabarriaped
Ìý
Integration of Additive Manufacturing (AM) with IoT : A Smart Manufacturing A...
Integration of Additive Manufacturing (AM) with IoT : A Smart Manufacturing A...Integration of Additive Manufacturing (AM) with IoT : A Smart Manufacturing A...
Integration of Additive Manufacturing (AM) with IoT : A Smart Manufacturing A...
ASHISHDESAI85
Ìý
TM-ASP-101-RF_Air Press manual crimping machine.pdf
TM-ASP-101-RF_Air Press manual crimping machine.pdfTM-ASP-101-RF_Air Press manual crimping machine.pdf
TM-ASP-101-RF_Air Press manual crimping machine.pdf
ChungLe60
Ìý
Cloud Computing concepts and technologies
Cloud Computing concepts and technologiesCloud Computing concepts and technologies
Cloud Computing concepts and technologies
ssuser4c9444
Ìý

Computer Organization Introduction(basic)

  • 1. William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 6th Edition Chapter 1 Introduction
  • 2. Architecture & Organization 1 • Architecture is those attributes visible to the programmer —Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques. —e.g. Is there a multiply instruction? • Organization is how features are implemented —Control signals, interfaces, memory technology. —e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated addition?
  • 3. Architecture & Organization 2 • All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture • The IBM System/370 family share the same basic architecture • This gives code compatibility —At least backwards • Organization differs between different versions
  • 4. Structure & Function • Structure is the way in which components relate to each other • Function is the operation of individual components as part of the structure
  • 5. Function • All computer functions are: —Data processing —Data storage —Data movement —Control
  • 9. Operation (3) Processing from/to storage
  • 11. Structure - Top Level Computer Main Memory Input Output Systems Interconnection Peripherals Communication lines Central Processing Unit Computer
  • 12. Structure - The CPU Computer Arithmetic and Logic Unit Control Unit Internal CPU Interconnection Registers CPU I/O Memory System Bus CPU
  • 13. Structure - The Control Unit CPU Control Memory Control Unit Registers and Decoders Sequencing Logic Control Unit ALU Registers Internal Bus Control Unit
  • 14. Outline of the Book (1) • Computer Evolution and Performance • Computer Interconnection Structures • Internal Memory • External Memory • Input/Output • Operating Systems Support • Computer Arithmetic • Instruction Sets
  • 15. Outline of the Book (2) • CPU Structure and Function • Reduced Instruction Set Computers • Superscalar Processors • Control Unit Operation • Microprogrammed Control • Multiprocessors and Vector Processing • Digital Logic (Appendix)
  • 16. Internet Resources - Web site for book • http://WilliamStallings.com/COA6e.html —links to sites of interest —links to sites for courses that use the book —errata list for book —information on other books by W. Stallings • http://WilliamStallings.com/StudentSupport.h tml —Math —How-to —Research resources —Misc
  • 17. Internet Resources - Web sites to look for • WWW Computer Architecture Home Page • CPU Info Center • ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Architecture • IEEE Technical Committee on Computer Architecture • Intel Technology Journal • Manufacturer’s sites —Intel, IBM, etc.
  • 18. Internet Resources - Usenet News Groups • comp.arch • comp.arch.arithmetic • comp.arch.storage • comp.parallel