Victor H. Vroom
Is a business school professor at the Yale School of Management.
He holds a PhD from University of Michigan.
Vroom's primary research was on the expectancy theory of motivation, which attempts to explain why individuals choose to follow certain courses of action in organizations, particularly in decision-making and leadership
His most well-known books are Work and Motivation, Leadership and Decision Making and The New Leadership.
Expectancy Theory
Expectancy theory proposes that a individual will decide to behave or act in a certain way because they are motivated to select a specific behaviour over other behaviours due to what they expect the result of that selected behaviour will be.
In essence, the motivation of the behaviour selection is determined by the desirability of the outcome. However, at the core of the theory is the cognitive process of how an individual processes the different motivational elements. This is done before making the ultimate choice. The outcome is not the sole determining factor in making the decision of how to behave.
Expectancy theory is about the mental processes regarding choice, or choosing. It explains the processes that an individual undergoes to make choices. In the study of organizational behavior, expectancy theory is a motivation theory first proposed by Victor Vroom of the Yale School of Management.
Expectancy Theory
This theory emphasizes the needs for organizations to relate rewards directly to performance and
to ensure that the rewards provided are those rewards deserved and wanted by the recipients.
Victor H. Vroom defines motivation as a process governing choices among alternative forms of
voluntary activities, a process controlled by the individual. The individual makes choices based on
estimates of how well the expected results of a given behaviour are going to match up with or
eventually lead to the desired results. Motivation is a product of the individual¡¯s expectancy that a
certain effort will lead to the intended performance, the instrumentality of this performance to
achieving a certain result, and the desirability of this result for the individual, known as valence.
Difference from the content theories of Maslow,Alderfer,Herzberg and McClelland
Vroom¡¯s expectancy theory differs from the content theories of Maslow, Alderfer, Herzberg, and
McClelland in that Vroom¡¯s expectancy theory does not provide specific suggestions on what
motivates organization members. Instead, Vroom¡¯s theory provides a process of cognitive variables
that reflects individual differences in work motivation.
Need theories of motivation (Alderfer, 1972; Herzberg, 1968; Maslow, 1970; McClelland, 1976)
attempt to explain what motivates people in the workplace. Expectancy theory is more concerned
with the cognitive antecedents that go into motivation and the way they relate to each other.
RST Rate Change (October 2013) Manitoba Home Builders' Association MBHomeBuilders
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Prebiotics in infants for prevention of allergic disease and food hypersensit...Ariyanto Harsono
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This document summarizes a meta-analysis on the effect of prebiotics in infants for the prevention of allergic disease and food hypersensitivity. Seven studies with a total of 432 infants were included. One study found a significant reduction in eczema in infants up to six months of age who received a mixture of fructo- and galacto-oligosaccharides. However, another study found no significant difference in eczema in infants who were not selected based on allergy risk. No significant differences in growth were found. The review concluded that there is insufficient evidence to support the use of prebiotics to prevent allergic disease or food hypersensitivity in infants.
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