Continiuty Equation
Download as PPTX, PDF5 likes15,398 views
The continuity equation describes the distribution of electrons and holes in a semiconductor when there is generation, recombination, and carrier movement. It states that the rate of change of carriers inside the semiconductor equals the rate entering minus the rate leaving, plus the rate of generation minus the rate of recombination. The continuity equation is derived by considering the carrier flux into and out of an infinitesimal volume of the semiconductor. Under certain approximations, the continuity equation can be simplified to the minority carrier diffusion equations, which describe the behavior of excess carriers in the semiconductor.
1 of 7
Downloaded 95 times
Recommended
continuity equation and relaxation time
continuity equation and relaxation timeRaviraj solanki
油
1. The continuity equation states that the time rate of change of charge within a volume must equal the net outward current flow through the closed surface.
2. When charge is introduced into a conductor or dielectric, the volume charge density will decay over time according to an exponential decay function.
3. The relaxation time is the time constant of this exponential decay function, and represents the time needed for the initial charge density to reduce to 37% of its initial value. Relaxation times are short for good conductors but long for good dielectrics.Hall effect
Hall effectZahra Saman
油
The document discusses the Hall effect, which is the production of voltage across a current-carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field perpendicular to the current. It was discovered in 1879 by Edwin Hall. Current consists of moving charged particles like electrons, which experience a Lorentz force in a magnetic field, producing a Hall voltage. The Hall effect proved that current in metals is carried by electrons and has applications in sensors for fields, position, speed and other measurements. Common uses include switches, ignition systems, and magnetic field sensors.Working of Microwave Tubes and Semiconductor Devices, Unit 2 DECE - C18 SBTET
Working of Microwave Tubes and Semiconductor Devices, Unit 2 DECE - C18 SBTETMIST
油
TYPES OF MICROWAVE TUBES
Cavity Klystron
Reflex Klystron
Magnetron tube
Travelling Wave Tube
MICROWAVE SEMICONDUCTORS
Transferred Electron Devices
Avalanche Transit Time Devices
Microwave Bench General Measurement SetupWindowing techniques of fir filter design
Windowing techniques of fir filter designRohan Nagpal
油
Windowing techniques are used in FIR filter design to convert an infinite impulse response to a finite impulse response. The process involves choosing a desired frequency response, taking the inverse Fourier transform to get the impulse response, multiplying the impulse response by a window function, and realizing the filter. Common window functions include rectangular, Hanning, Hamming, and Blackman windows, which are selected based on the required stopband attenuation. The windowing technique allows designing FIR filters with a simple process but lacks flexibility compared to other design methods.Poynting theorem WTP
Poynting theorem WTPAwaab Fakih
油
The document repeatedly provides contact information for Awab Sir, including a website and phone number. It lists www.awabsir.com and the phone number 8976104646 nine separate times, suggesting this is the primary information being conveyed.Poisson's equation 2nd 4
Poisson's equation 2nd 4HIMANSHU DIWAKAR
油
This document discusses Poisson's and Laplace's equations which relate electric potential to charge density. Poisson's equation applies to regions with charge density, while Laplace's equation applies to charge-free regions. The equations are derived and their applications are demonstrated, including calculating electric fields and potentials. Examples are provided of solving Laplace's equation for different boundary conditions. The document also covers capacitance of parallel plate capacitors, with and without a dielectric, as well as resistance and combinations of resistors in series and parallel.Oxidation
OxidationRCC Institute of Information Technology
油
This document discusses oxidation in semiconductor device fabrication. It describes oxidation as the process of converting silicon into silicon dioxide, which can occur through dry oxidation using oxygen or wet oxidation using water/steam at high temperatures from 900-1200属C. The key functions of the resulting silicon dioxide layer include acting as a diffusion mask, providing surface passivation and insulation, and enabling device isolation in integrated circuits. The document also classifies oxidation as either diffusion limited or reaction controlled depending on oxide thickness and oxidation time.waveguides-ppt
waveguides-pptATTO RATHORE
油
The document discusses waveguides, which are hollow metallic tubes that transmit electromagnetic waves through successive reflections off the inner walls. There are two main types of waveguides: rectangular and circular. Rectangular waveguides support TE and TM modes of propagation, with the dominant TE10 mode determining the cutoff frequency below which waves do not propagate. Circular waveguides have advantages like greater power handling capacity but are larger in size. Common applications of waveguides include radar systems and long-distance high-frequency signal transmission.Unit-I Characteristics of opamp
Unit-I Characteristics of opampDr.Raja R
油
This document discusses the characteristics and applications of operational amplifiers (op-amps). It begins with a block diagram showing the typical components of an op-amp, including the differential amplifier stage, intermediate stage, level shifting stage, and output stage. It then covers ideal and practical characteristics of op-amps such as high input impedance, low output impedance, high voltage gain, and finite bandwidth. Common op-amp configurations like the inverting and non-inverting amplifiers are explained. The document provides detailed descriptions and circuit diagrams to illustrate op-amp characteristics and applications.Maxwell's equations
Maxwell's equationsBruna Larissa Cris坦stomo
油
The document discusses Maxwell's equations, which describe the fundamental interactions between electricity and magnetism. It provides an overview of each of Maxwell's equations, including Gauss's law for electric and magnetic fields, Faraday's law of induction, and the Ampere-Maxwell law. For each equation, it presents both the integral and differential forms, and provides explanatory notes about the meaning and implications of the equations.Optical Detector PIN photodiode
Optical Detector PIN photodiodeDhruv Upadhaya
油
This document summarizes key aspects of PIN photodiodes. It describes the physical principles of how PIN photodiodes operate by separating photo-generated carriers across a reverse-biased junction to produce a photocurrent. It also discusses photodiode characteristics like quantum efficiency and responsivity. Additionally, it covers noise sources in photodetector circuits including quantum, dark current, leakage current, and thermal noise. The document also examines photodiode response time and how the junction capacitance and absorption coefficient impact the rise and fall times. Finally, it compares different PIN photodiode structures like front vs rear illuminated and diffused vs mesa etched designs.Reflection and Transmission coefficients in transmission line
Reflection and Transmission coefficients in transmission lineRCC Institute of Information Technology
油
This document discusses transmission line propagation coefficients including reflection coefficient and transmission coefficient. It defines the reflection coefficient as the ratio of reflected to incident voltage or current. Reflection and transmission coefficients are derived for a transmission line terminated by a load impedance. Standing wave patterns on transmission lines are also analyzed. Key properties of standing waves include maximum and minimum voltages occurring at intervals of half wavelength and voltages/currents being 90 degrees out of phase.transmission-line-and-waveguide-ppt
transmission-line-and-waveguide-pptATTO RATHORE
油
The document provides an overview of microwave engineering and rectangular waveguides. It defines microwave frequencies as ranging from 1 GHz to 300 GHz. Rectangular waveguides transmit electromagnetic waves through successive reflections from inner walls. Modes in waveguides include transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes. The document analyzes the TM and TE modes in rectangular waveguides through solving Maxwell's equations with boundary conditions. Cut-off frequencies above which modes can propagate are determined. Examples demonstrate calculating waveguide parameters and resonant frequencies of cavity resonators.SHORT CHANNEL EFFECTS IN MOSFETS- VLSI DESIGN
SHORT CHANNEL EFFECTS IN MOSFETS- VLSI DESIGNNITHIN KALLE PALLY
油
SHORT-CHANNEL EFFECTS
A MOSFET is considered to be short when the channel length L is the same order of magnitude as the depletion-layer widths (xdD, xdS). The potential distribution in the channel now depends upon both, transverse field Ex, due to gate bias and also on the longitudinal field Ey, due to drain bias When the Gate channel length <<1 m, short channel effect becomes important .
This leads to many
undesirable effects in MOSFET.
The short-channel effects are attributed to two physical phenomena:
A) The limitation imposed on electron drift characteristics in the channel,
B) The modification of the threshold voltage due to the shortening channel length.
In particular five different short-channel effects can be distinguished:
1. Drain-induced barrier lowering and Punch through
2. Surface scattering
3. Velocity saturation
4. Impact ionization
5. Hot electrons
Oscillators
OscillatorsForwardBlog Enewzletter
油
This document describes different types of oscillators. It discusses oscillators that use positive feedback to generate AC signals at a desired frequency. It provides block diagrams and explanations of RC phase shift oscillators, Wein bridge oscillators, Hartley oscillators, Colpitts oscillators, and Clapp oscillators. Equations for calculating the oscillation frequency of each type of oscillator are also presented.Wave guide tees
Wave guide teesKeval Patel
油
Waveguide tees are used in microwave technologies to split or extract power in a waveguide. There are several types of waveguide tees that affect the energy in different ways, including H-type, E-type, magic T, and hybrid ring tees. E-type tees produce outputs that are 180 degrees out of phase, while H-type tees produce in-phase outputs. Magic T tees combine properties of H-type and E-type tees. Hybrid ring tees overcome power limitations of magic T tees using a circular waveguide design.Pin photodiode.pptx ashvani
Pin photodiode.pptx ashvaniAshvani Shukla
油
The document discusses the PIN photodiode, including its construction, working, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. A PIN photodiode consists of a p-type semiconductor, intrinsic semiconductor, and n-type semiconductor layer. When light hits the photodiode, electron-hole pairs are generated in the intrinsic region. Under reverse bias, the electrons and holes move to the n-region and p-region respectively, generating an electric current proportional to the light intensity. PIN photodiodes have advantages like wide bandwidth, high speed, and low capacitance compared to PN junction photodiodes. They are used in applications such as optical communications, medical equipment, and light detection.Basics of semiconductor, current equation, continuity equation, injected mino...
Basics of semiconductor, current equation, continuity equation, injected mino...Nidhee Bhuwal
油
This document provides an introduction to semiconductors. It discusses topics such as the crystal structure of germanium and silicon, intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, carrier mobility, and diffusion currents. Equations are presented for carrier concentrations, mass action law, drift current density, and the continuity equation. Generation and recombination of charge carriers is explained. Minority carrier injection, potential variation in graded semiconductors, and the contact potential of a step graded junction are also summarized.Poissons and Laplaces Equation
Poissons and Laplaces EquationAbhishek Choksi
油
This document discusses Poisson's and Laplace's equations in the context of a class on field theory taught by Prof. Supraja. It provides definitions and derivations of Poisson's and Laplace's equations in different coordinate systems. It gives examples of using these equations to find electric potential and field between charged surfaces, as well as the capacitance between them. It also states the uniqueness theorem, which guarantees a unique solution to Laplace's/Poisson's equation given the boundary conditions.Pn junction diode
Pn junction diodePoojith Chowdhary
油
A PN junction is formed by joining a P-type semiconductor with an N-type semiconductor. When joined, a depletion layer forms at the junction that acts as an insulator. When forward biased, current flows easily through the junction. When reverse biased, very little current flows due to the high resistance of the depletion layer acting as a barrier. PN junction diodes are used as rectifiers, switches, detectors, and light emitting diodes (LEDs) in electronic circuits.Signals & Systems PPT
Signals & Systems PPTJay Baria
油
Classification of signals and systems as well as their properties are given in the PPT .Examples related to types of signals and systems are also given .Small signal analysis of bjt amplifiers
Small signal analysis of bjt amplifiersPRAVEENA N G
油
The document summarizes small signal analysis of various BJT amplifier configurations. It discusses the hybrid-pi model of the BJT with and without Early effect. It then analyzes the common emitter amplifier without and with load resistance RE. It also analyzes the common collector (emitter follower) and common base amplifiers. Key parameters discussed include input resistance Ri, output resistance Ro, voltage gain AV, and current gain AI. Circuit analysis uses the hybrid-pi model and applies voltage and current division rules. microwave-tubes
microwave-tubesATTO RATHORE
油
This document provides an overview of microwave tubes, including their components and operating principles. It discusses cavity resonators, rectangular cavity resonators, limitations of conventional vacuum tubes at high frequencies, and types of microwave tubes like klystrons, traveling wave tubes (TWTs), and magnetrons. Magnetrons are used in microwave ovens and produce hundreds of watts of microwave power by directing an electron beam in a circular pattern using a strong magnetic field. TWTs amplify signals in the microwave frequency range from 500 MHz to 300 GHz using an electron beam interacting with a slow-wave structure.Hall effect 
Hall effect Harsh Shukla
油
The document discusses the Hall effect and its applications. It was discovered in 1879 by Edwin Hall while working on his doctorate. The Hall effect produces a voltage difference known as the Hall voltage across a current-carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field that is perpendicular to both the current and the field. It is used in applications such as magnetometers in smartphones, current sensors, position sensing in brushless DC motors, and automotive fuel level indicators.Trapatt diode
Trapatt diodeAnkit Pandey
油
The document discusses the TRAPATT diode, which is a type of p-n junction diode that generates microwaves. It operates by forming a trapped plasma within the junction region when a high electric field propagates through. Key points:
- It was first reported in 1967 and can generate power over 1 kW at frequencies up to 50 GHz with efficiencies up to 75%
- It operates by inducing avalanche breakdown to generate a dense plasma of electrons and holes within the depletion region, which becomes trapped and oscillates the voltage and current
- Applications include low power Doppler radars, radio altimeters, and radar transmitters due to its pulsed operation capabilities between 3-50 GHzSEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS
SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICSVaishnavi Bathina
油
Semiconductor Physics
In 3 sentences:
Semiconductors have electrical properties between metals and insulators, with conductivities from 10-4 to 104 S/m. Their crystal structure leads to electrons being able to move between valence and conduction bands, making semiconductors bipolar with both electrons and holes conducting. Semiconductors are classified as intrinsic, with equal electron and hole concentrations determined by temperature, or extrinsic with additional carriers from dopant impurities making them either n-type or p-type.Stick Diagram
Stick DiagramKalyan Acharjya
油
Introduction to Stick Diagram, VLSI Design, Any Questions related to MOS Transistor and VLSI Design, Write in the Comment Box Below. Photodetectors
PhotodetectorsEngr Syed Absar Kazmi
油
This document provides a comprehensive presentation on photo detectors. It begins with an outline of topics to be covered, including the history of photo detectors and classifications of optoelectronic semiconductor devices. It then discusses the principles of photo detection, modes of operation for optical detectors, and laws of conservation and optical absorption. Finally, it describes types of photo detectors with respect to PN junctions, including photo diodes, PIN photo diodes, and avalanche photo diodes. Diagrams and equations are provided to illustrate key concepts.Basic potential step and sweep methods
Basic potential step and sweep methodsGetachew Solomon
油
BASIC POTENTIAL STEP METHODS
# Potential Step Under Diffusion Control.
Sampled-current Voltammetry For Reversible Electrode Reactions
Sampled-current Voltammetry For Quasireversible and irreversible Electrode Reactions
Chronoamperometric Reversal Techniques
2. POTENTIAL SWEEP METHODS
LINEAR SWEEP VOLTAMMETRY (LSV)
LSV Nernstian (Reversible) System
LSV Totally Irreversible Systems
LSV Quasireversible Systems
CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY (CV)
CV Nernstian (Reversible) System
CV Totally Irreversible Systems
CV Quasireversible Systems
Modeling Of Transfer Function Characteristic of Rlc-Circuit 
Modeling Of Transfer Function Characteristic of Rlc-Circuit IOSR Journals
油
This document describes the modeling and simulation of the transfer function characteristics of an RLC circuit using MATLAB/GUI. It begins with an introduction to RLC circuits and their importance. It then provides theoretical background on transfer functions and step responses of RLC circuits. The document goes on to describe the development of a MATLAB graphical user interface to model and simulate an RLC circuit. It provides examples of simulations using different component values and discusses the results. It concludes that the GUI simulator allows for easy understanding and analysis of RLC circuit behavior as components are varied and helps evaluate circuits accurately.More Related Content
What's hot (20)
Unit-I Characteristics of opamp
Unit-I Characteristics of opampDr.Raja R
油
This document discusses the characteristics and applications of operational amplifiers (op-amps). It begins with a block diagram showing the typical components of an op-amp, including the differential amplifier stage, intermediate stage, level shifting stage, and output stage. It then covers ideal and practical characteristics of op-amps such as high input impedance, low output impedance, high voltage gain, and finite bandwidth. Common op-amp configurations like the inverting and non-inverting amplifiers are explained. The document provides detailed descriptions and circuit diagrams to illustrate op-amp characteristics and applications.Maxwell's equations
Maxwell's equationsBruna Larissa Cris坦stomo
油
The document discusses Maxwell's equations, which describe the fundamental interactions between electricity and magnetism. It provides an overview of each of Maxwell's equations, including Gauss's law for electric and magnetic fields, Faraday's law of induction, and the Ampere-Maxwell law. For each equation, it presents both the integral and differential forms, and provides explanatory notes about the meaning and implications of the equations.Optical Detector PIN photodiode
Optical Detector PIN photodiodeDhruv Upadhaya
油
This document summarizes key aspects of PIN photodiodes. It describes the physical principles of how PIN photodiodes operate by separating photo-generated carriers across a reverse-biased junction to produce a photocurrent. It also discusses photodiode characteristics like quantum efficiency and responsivity. Additionally, it covers noise sources in photodetector circuits including quantum, dark current, leakage current, and thermal noise. The document also examines photodiode response time and how the junction capacitance and absorption coefficient impact the rise and fall times. Finally, it compares different PIN photodiode structures like front vs rear illuminated and diffused vs mesa etched designs.Reflection and Transmission coefficients in transmission line
Reflection and Transmission coefficients in transmission lineRCC Institute of Information Technology
油
This document discusses transmission line propagation coefficients including reflection coefficient and transmission coefficient. It defines the reflection coefficient as the ratio of reflected to incident voltage or current. Reflection and transmission coefficients are derived for a transmission line terminated by a load impedance. Standing wave patterns on transmission lines are also analyzed. Key properties of standing waves include maximum and minimum voltages occurring at intervals of half wavelength and voltages/currents being 90 degrees out of phase.transmission-line-and-waveguide-ppt
transmission-line-and-waveguide-pptATTO RATHORE
油
The document provides an overview of microwave engineering and rectangular waveguides. It defines microwave frequencies as ranging from 1 GHz to 300 GHz. Rectangular waveguides transmit electromagnetic waves through successive reflections from inner walls. Modes in waveguides include transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes. The document analyzes the TM and TE modes in rectangular waveguides through solving Maxwell's equations with boundary conditions. Cut-off frequencies above which modes can propagate are determined. Examples demonstrate calculating waveguide parameters and resonant frequencies of cavity resonators.SHORT CHANNEL EFFECTS IN MOSFETS- VLSI DESIGN
SHORT CHANNEL EFFECTS IN MOSFETS- VLSI DESIGNNITHIN KALLE PALLY
油
SHORT-CHANNEL EFFECTS
A MOSFET is considered to be short when the channel length L is the same order of magnitude as the depletion-layer widths (xdD, xdS). The potential distribution in the channel now depends upon both, transverse field Ex, due to gate bias and also on the longitudinal field Ey, due to drain bias When the Gate channel length <<1 m, short channel effect becomes important .
This leads to many
undesirable effects in MOSFET.
The short-channel effects are attributed to two physical phenomena:
A) The limitation imposed on electron drift characteristics in the channel,
B) The modification of the threshold voltage due to the shortening channel length.
In particular five different short-channel effects can be distinguished:
1. Drain-induced barrier lowering and Punch through
2. Surface scattering
3. Velocity saturation
4. Impact ionization
5. Hot electrons
Oscillators
OscillatorsForwardBlog Enewzletter
油
This document describes different types of oscillators. It discusses oscillators that use positive feedback to generate AC signals at a desired frequency. It provides block diagrams and explanations of RC phase shift oscillators, Wein bridge oscillators, Hartley oscillators, Colpitts oscillators, and Clapp oscillators. Equations for calculating the oscillation frequency of each type of oscillator are also presented.Wave guide tees
Wave guide teesKeval Patel
油
Waveguide tees are used in microwave technologies to split or extract power in a waveguide. There are several types of waveguide tees that affect the energy in different ways, including H-type, E-type, magic T, and hybrid ring tees. E-type tees produce outputs that are 180 degrees out of phase, while H-type tees produce in-phase outputs. Magic T tees combine properties of H-type and E-type tees. Hybrid ring tees overcome power limitations of magic T tees using a circular waveguide design.Pin photodiode.pptx ashvani
Pin photodiode.pptx ashvaniAshvani Shukla
油
The document discusses the PIN photodiode, including its construction, working, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. A PIN photodiode consists of a p-type semiconductor, intrinsic semiconductor, and n-type semiconductor layer. When light hits the photodiode, electron-hole pairs are generated in the intrinsic region. Under reverse bias, the electrons and holes move to the n-region and p-region respectively, generating an electric current proportional to the light intensity. PIN photodiodes have advantages like wide bandwidth, high speed, and low capacitance compared to PN junction photodiodes. They are used in applications such as optical communications, medical equipment, and light detection.Basics of semiconductor, current equation, continuity equation, injected mino...
Basics of semiconductor, current equation, continuity equation, injected mino...Nidhee Bhuwal
油
This document provides an introduction to semiconductors. It discusses topics such as the crystal structure of germanium and silicon, intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, carrier mobility, and diffusion currents. Equations are presented for carrier concentrations, mass action law, drift current density, and the continuity equation. Generation and recombination of charge carriers is explained. Minority carrier injection, potential variation in graded semiconductors, and the contact potential of a step graded junction are also summarized.Poissons and Laplaces Equation
Poissons and Laplaces EquationAbhishek Choksi
油
This document discusses Poisson's and Laplace's equations in the context of a class on field theory taught by Prof. Supraja. It provides definitions and derivations of Poisson's and Laplace's equations in different coordinate systems. It gives examples of using these equations to find electric potential and field between charged surfaces, as well as the capacitance between them. It also states the uniqueness theorem, which guarantees a unique solution to Laplace's/Poisson's equation given the boundary conditions.Pn junction diode
Pn junction diodePoojith Chowdhary
油
A PN junction is formed by joining a P-type semiconductor with an N-type semiconductor. When joined, a depletion layer forms at the junction that acts as an insulator. When forward biased, current flows easily through the junction. When reverse biased, very little current flows due to the high resistance of the depletion layer acting as a barrier. PN junction diodes are used as rectifiers, switches, detectors, and light emitting diodes (LEDs) in electronic circuits.Signals & Systems PPT
Signals & Systems PPTJay Baria
油
Classification of signals and systems as well as their properties are given in the PPT .Examples related to types of signals and systems are also given .Small signal analysis of bjt amplifiers
Small signal analysis of bjt amplifiersPRAVEENA N G
油
The document summarizes small signal analysis of various BJT amplifier configurations. It discusses the hybrid-pi model of the BJT with and without Early effect. It then analyzes the common emitter amplifier without and with load resistance RE. It also analyzes the common collector (emitter follower) and common base amplifiers. Key parameters discussed include input resistance Ri, output resistance Ro, voltage gain AV, and current gain AI. Circuit analysis uses the hybrid-pi model and applies voltage and current division rules. microwave-tubes
microwave-tubesATTO RATHORE
油
This document provides an overview of microwave tubes, including their components and operating principles. It discusses cavity resonators, rectangular cavity resonators, limitations of conventional vacuum tubes at high frequencies, and types of microwave tubes like klystrons, traveling wave tubes (TWTs), and magnetrons. Magnetrons are used in microwave ovens and produce hundreds of watts of microwave power by directing an electron beam in a circular pattern using a strong magnetic field. TWTs amplify signals in the microwave frequency range from 500 MHz to 300 GHz using an electron beam interacting with a slow-wave structure.Hall effect
Hall effect Harsh Shukla
油
The document discusses the Hall effect and its applications. It was discovered in 1879 by Edwin Hall while working on his doctorate. The Hall effect produces a voltage difference known as the Hall voltage across a current-carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field that is perpendicular to both the current and the field. It is used in applications such as magnetometers in smartphones, current sensors, position sensing in brushless DC motors, and automotive fuel level indicators.Trapatt diode
Trapatt diodeAnkit Pandey
油
The document discusses the TRAPATT diode, which is a type of p-n junction diode that generates microwaves. It operates by forming a trapped plasma within the junction region when a high electric field propagates through. Key points:
- It was first reported in 1967 and can generate power over 1 kW at frequencies up to 50 GHz with efficiencies up to 75%
- It operates by inducing avalanche breakdown to generate a dense plasma of electrons and holes within the depletion region, which becomes trapped and oscillates the voltage and current
- Applications include low power Doppler radars, radio altimeters, and radar transmitters due to its pulsed operation capabilities between 3-50 GHzSEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS
SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICSVaishnavi Bathina
油
Semiconductor Physics
In 3 sentences:
Semiconductors have electrical properties between metals and insulators, with conductivities from 10-4 to 104 S/m. Their crystal structure leads to electrons being able to move between valence and conduction bands, making semiconductors bipolar with both electrons and holes conducting. Semiconductors are classified as intrinsic, with equal electron and hole concentrations determined by temperature, or extrinsic with additional carriers from dopant impurities making them either n-type or p-type.Stick Diagram
Stick DiagramKalyan Acharjya
油
Introduction to Stick Diagram, VLSI Design, Any Questions related to MOS Transistor and VLSI Design, Write in the Comment Box Below. Photodetectors
PhotodetectorsEngr Syed Absar Kazmi
油
This document provides a comprehensive presentation on photo detectors. It begins with an outline of topics to be covered, including the history of photo detectors and classifications of optoelectronic semiconductor devices. It then discusses the principles of photo detection, modes of operation for optical detectors, and laws of conservation and optical absorption. Finally, it describes types of photo detectors with respect to PN junctions, including photo diodes, PIN photo diodes, and avalanche photo diodes. Diagrams and equations are provided to illustrate key concepts.Reflection and Transmission coefficients in transmission line
Reflection and Transmission coefficients in transmission lineRCC Institute of Information Technology
油
Similar to Continiuty Equation (20)
Basic potential step and sweep methods
Basic potential step and sweep methodsGetachew Solomon
油
BASIC POTENTIAL STEP METHODS
# Potential Step Under Diffusion Control.
Sampled-current Voltammetry For Reversible Electrode Reactions
Sampled-current Voltammetry For Quasireversible and irreversible Electrode Reactions
Chronoamperometric Reversal Techniques
2. POTENTIAL SWEEP METHODS
LINEAR SWEEP VOLTAMMETRY (LSV)
LSV Nernstian (Reversible) System
LSV Totally Irreversible Systems
LSV Quasireversible Systems
CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY (CV)
CV Nernstian (Reversible) System
CV Totally Irreversible Systems
CV Quasireversible Systems
Modeling Of Transfer Function Characteristic of Rlc-Circuit
Modeling Of Transfer Function Characteristic of Rlc-Circuit IOSR Journals
油
This document describes the modeling and simulation of the transfer function characteristics of an RLC circuit using MATLAB/GUI. It begins with an introduction to RLC circuits and their importance. It then provides theoretical background on transfer functions and step responses of RLC circuits. The document goes on to describe the development of a MATLAB graphical user interface to model and simulate an RLC circuit. It provides examples of simulations using different component values and discusses the results. It concludes that the GUI simulator allows for easy understanding and analysis of RLC circuit behavior as components are varied and helps evaluate circuits accurately.E017122733
E017122733IOSR Journals
油
This document describes the modeling and simulation of the transfer function characteristics of an RLC circuit using MATLAB/GUI. It begins with an introduction to RLC circuits and their importance. It then provides theoretical background on transfer functions, series RLC circuits, and step responses. The document proceeds to describe the development of a MATLAB graphical user interface to model and simulate an RLC circuit. It provides examples of simulations using different component values and discusses the results. Validation of the simulator is also presented by comparing results from the GUI simulator to manual calculations. The conclusion is that the GUI simulator allows for easy understanding and analysis of RLC circuit behavior as components values vary.Lecture 30 ac power. resonance. transformers.
Lecture 30 ac power. resonance. transformers.Albania Energy Association
油
This document covers several topics related to AC circuits:
1) It discusses AC circuits with capacitors and inductors, including how they act as filters that pass either high or low frequencies. It also introduces the concept of resonance in RLC circuits.
2) It examines transformers and how they can be used to change voltages by exploiting Faraday's law of induction and the ratio of coils between the primary and secondary windings.
3) It covers concepts like impedance, phase, power factor, and the quality factor Q as they relate to AC circuits, particularly resonant circuits near the natural frequency.Quantitative Modeling and Simulation of Single-Electron Transistor
Quantitative Modeling and Simulation of Single-Electron TransistorIRJET Journal
油
This document discusses quantitative modeling and simulation of the single-electron transistor (SET) using MATLAB Simulink. The SET is a nano-scaled transistor that operates using quantum tunneling of single electrons. The document describes the basic theory of quantum tunneling and Coulomb blockade in SETs. It then discusses modeling the SET using a master equation approach and simulating its DC characteristics such as current oscillations. Parameters like junction capacitance, gate capacitance, and temperature are varied to analyze their effect on SET characteristics.Resonant Response of RLC Circuits 
Resonant Response of RLC Circuits Sachin Mehta
油
The document summarizes an experiment on analyzing series and parallel RLC circuits. It describes:
1) Calculating the theoretical resonance frequency of a series RLC circuit as 18.8 kHz, but measuring it experimentally as 16.73 kHz, a difference of 11.1%.
2) Plotting the output voltage versus frequency, which reaches a minimum at the theoretical resonance point.
3) Analyzing the phase relationship and impedance characteristics at resonance, finding the voltage and current are in phase.Kinetics of X-ray conductivity for an ideal wide-gap semiconductor irradiated...
Kinetics of X-ray conductivity for an ideal wide-gap semiconductor irradiated...Andrii Sofiienko
油
This document discusses the development of a kinetic theory to describe the X-ray conductivity (XRC) of semiconductors and dielectrics when irradiated by X-rays. It begins by outlining the need for such a theory and which characteristics it should describe. It then presents the initial stages of developing the theory, including modeling an ideal semiconductor at low excitation levels and deriving expressions for the spatial distribution of free electrons and holes and their lifetimes. The document also examines how the electric field of free charge carriers affects the distributions as excitation increases and considers incorporating the Coulomb interaction between carriers.Mobility
MobilityAmarendra Kumar
油
The document discusses various mechanisms of charge carrier transport in semiconductors including drift and diffusion. It defines carrier drift as the movement of electrons and holes under the influence of an applied electric field. Carrier mobility is introduced as a material property that determines how fast carriers drift in response to an electric field. Diffusion is defined as the movement of carriers from areas of high concentration to low concentration due to random thermal motion. The Einstein relation links diffusion and mobility through the carrier temperature. Total current in a semiconductor is the sum of drift and diffusion currents.eco system The hamper is built from eco-friendly bamboo and includes two slid...
eco system The hamper is built from eco-friendly bamboo and includes two slid...Satyendra Singh
油
The hamper is built from eco-friendly bamboo and includes two slide out laundry bins with handles, and a workable table top for folding laundry or storing items.Chapter5 carrier transport phenomena
Chapter5 carrier transport phenomenaK. M.
油
1) The document discusses carrier transport in semiconductors, including drift and diffusion currents. Carrier drift occurs due to an electric field and is characterized by carrier mobility, while diffusion is due to concentration gradients and characterized by the diffusion coefficient.
2) Mobility is affected by phonon and ionized impurity scattering. The net mobility is the sum of these scattering components. Conductivity is directly proportional to carrier concentration and mobility.
3) The Hall effect can be used to determine the type of semiconductor (n-type or p-type), carrier concentration, and carrier mobility. Measurement of the Hall voltage polarity indicates type, and its magnitude relates to concentration and mobility.Dft calculation by vasp
Dft calculation by vaspMIHIR RANJAN SAHOO
油
The document discusses density functional theory (DFT) and its implementation in the VASP software. It explains key concepts like the Kohn-Sham approach for approximating the many-body Schrodinger equation and the use of pseudopotentials and plane wave basis sets. It also summarizes some example calculations done in VASP like determining the binding energy of O2, equilibrium lattice constant of Cu, and band structures of Si and graphene. Key input and output files of VASP are also outlined.Other RLC resonant circuits and Bode Plots 2024.pptx
Other RLC resonant circuits and Bode Plots 2024.pptxDrOmarShAlyozbaky
油
This document discusses resonant RLC circuits and their characteristics. It introduces five key parameters: resonant frequency (o), quality factor (Q), bandwidth (BW), and cutoff frequencies (1, 2). It then provides an example calculation for a parallel RLC circuit. The document also discusses two methods for deriving the filter parameters of an RLC circuit with internal resistance: the direct method using circuit equations, and an equivalent circuit method where the series branch is replaced with a parallel resistance and inductance. Finally, it briefly introduces cascaded filters and Bode plots as tools for analyzing frequency response.Transmissions line power system btech notes
Transmissions line power system btech notesShivamRai624135
油
This document discusses transmission lines and waveguides. It begins by defining key concepts like electrons, energy transfer through current and waves, and how the system used for energy transfer depends on frequency. It then covers topics like transmission lines, coaxial lines, parallel plate waveguides, various waveguide modes, and how circuit theory breaks down at high frequencies due to effects like skin effect. Filters and network analysis are also summarized. The document aims to provide an overview of guided communication systems ranging from circuits to optical fibers.wireless power transfer
wireless power transferMimar Sinan Sara巽
油
This summary provides the key points about a study on frequency-tracking wireless power transfer systems using resonant coupling:
1) Detuning is a barrier to resonant coupling wireless power transfer, as changes in coil inductances can reduce transmission efficiency.
2) A new frequency tracking control method is proposed where the transmitting power source frequency tracks the natural frequency of the launching resonant circuit automatically to avoid detuning and improve efficiency.
3) An experimental 1 MHz wireless power transfer prototype was built using this frequency tracking method, and results showed it performed well in maintaining high transmission efficiency despite changes in coil inductances.Dynamics
Dynamicsnguyendattdh
油
1) The document discusses dynamics modeling for robotic manipulators using the Denavit-Hartenberg representation and Lagrangian mechanics. It describes using the Euler-Lagrange method to derive equations of motion for robotic links by computing kinetic and potential energy terms.
2) As an example, dynamics equations are derived for a simple 1 degree-of-freedom robotic arm. Kinetic and potential energy expressions are written and the Lagrangian is computed to obtain the equation of motion.
3) State-space modeling basics are reviewed using the example of a damped spring-mass system, showing how to write the system dynamics as state-space matrices to evaluate responses like step response.wep153
wep153Raffaello Secondo
油
This summary provides the key details about simulation results of a feedback control system to damp electron cloud instabilities in the CERN SPS:
- Simulations using the PIC code WARP modeled a bunch interacting with an electron cloud and the damping effect of a simple feedback system based on a FIR filter.
- With a gain of 0.2, the feedback was able to reduce vertical instabilities and prevent emittance growth for an electron density of 11012 m-3.
- Limiting the maximum kick signal led to instability as some slices required more power than could be provided, showing the importance of sufficient amplifier power.
- At a higher electron density of 21012 m-3NAS-Ch3-Solutions of Equations
NAS-Ch3-Solutions of EquationsHussain K
油
This chapter provides complete solution of of first, Second order differential equations of series & parallel R-L, R-C, R-L-C circuits, bu using different methods.Lecture 3: Fundamental Limitations of Solar Cells
Lecture 3: Fundamental Limitations of Solar CellsUniversity of Liverpool
油
Key Question: Why can't a solar cell convert incident light into electrical power with 100% efficiency.study of conductivity of fe2o3 using impedance spectroscopy
study of conductivity of fe2o3 using impedance spectroscopyPriyanka Suri
油
to study the conductivity of Fe2o3 with different paricle sizes using impedance spectroscopy and find out its activation energyCh34 ssm
Ch34 ssmMarta D鱈az
油
This document contains a summary of several physics concepts related to wave-particle duality and quantum physics. It includes 3 sample problems worked out in detail that demonstrate: 1) using the Compton scattering equation to estimate the Compton wavelength from experimental data, 2) relating the number of photons emitted by a laser to its power and photon energy, and 3) calculating the energy of the most energetic electron in uranium using the particle in a box model. The worked problems provide insight into applying relevant equations and show the conceptual and mathematical steps.Recently uploaded (20)
Essentials of a Good PMO, presented by Aalok Sonawala
Essentials of a Good PMO, presented by Aalok SonawalaAssociation for Project Management
油
APM event hosted by the South Wales and West of England Network (SWWE Network)
Speaker: Aalok Sonawala
The SWWE Regional Network were very pleased to welcome Aalok Sonawala, Head of PMO, National Programmes, Rider Levett Bucknall on 26 February, to BAWA for our first face to face event of 2025. Aalok is a member of APMs Thames Valley Regional Network and also speaks to members of APMs PMO Interest Network, which aims to facilitate collaboration and learning, offer unbiased advice and guidance.
Tonight, Aalok planned to discuss the importance of a PMO within project-based organisations, the different types of PMO and their key elements, PMO governance and centres of excellence.
PMOs within an organisation can be centralised, hub and spoke with a central PMO with satellite PMOs globally, or embedded within projects. The appropriate structure will be determined by the specific business needs of the organisation. The PMO sits above PM delivery and the supply chain delivery teams.
For further information about the event please click here.South Hornsey: The Lost Local Authority that Merged with Stoke Newington by T...
South Hornsey: The Lost Local Authority that Merged with Stoke Newington by T...History of Stoke Newington
油
Presented at the 24th Stoke Newington History Talks event on 27th Feb 2025
https://stokenewingtonhistory.com/stoke-newington-history-talks/Mate, a short story by Kate Grenville.pptx
Mate, a short story by Kate Grenville.pptxLiny Jenifer
油
A powerpoint presentation on the short story Mate by Kate Greenville. This presentation provides information on Kate Greenville, a character list, plot summary and critical analysis of the short story.Rass MELAI : an Internet MELA Quiz Finals - El Dorado 2025
Rass MELAI : an Internet MELA Quiz Finals - El Dorado 2025Conquiztadors- the Quiz Society of Sri Venkateswara College
油
Finals of Rass MELAI : a Music, Entertainment, Literature, Arts and Internet Culture Quiz organized by Conquiztadors, the Quiz society of Sri Venkateswara College under their annual quizzing fest El Dorado 2025. FESTIVAL: SINULOG & THINGYAN-LESSON 4.pptx
FESTIVAL: SINULOG & THINGYAN-LESSON 4.pptxDanmarieMuli1
油
Sinulog Festival of Cebu City, and Thingyan Festival of Myanmar.Database population in Odoo 18 - Odoo slides
Database population in Odoo 18 - Odoo slidesCeline George
油
In this slide, well discuss the database population in Odoo 18. In Odoo, performance analysis of the source code is more important. Database population is one of the methods used to analyze the performance of our code. Reordering Rules in Odoo 17 Inventory - Odoo 際際滷s
Reordering Rules in Odoo 17 Inventory - Odoo 際際滷sCeline George
油
In Odoo 17, the Inventory module allows us to set up reordering rules to ensure that our stock levels are maintained, preventing stockouts. Let's explore how this feature works.CBSE Arabic Grammar - Class 10 ppt.pptx
CBSE Arabic Grammar - Class 10 ppt.pptxsuhail849886
油
cbse arabic grammar
grade 10 cbse arabic grammar
cbse class 10 arabic grammar
arabic marathon cbse arabic 10
nominal sentences
Principle and Practices of Animal Breeding || Boby Basnet
Principle and Practices of Animal Breeding || Boby BasnetBoby Basnet
油
Principle and Practices of Animal Breeding Full Note
|| Assistant Professor Boby Basnet ||IAAS || AFU || PU || FU
N.C. DPI's 2023 Language Diversity Briefing
N.C. DPI's 2023 Language Diversity BriefingMebane Rash
油
The number of languages spoken in NC public schools.How to use Init Hooks in Odoo 18 - Odoo 際際滷s
How to use Init Hooks in Odoo 18 - Odoo 際際滷sCeline George
油
In this slide, well discuss on how to use Init Hooks in Odoo 18. In Odoo, Init Hooks are essential functions specified as strings in the __init__ file of a module.Computer Network Unit IV - Lecture Notes - Network Layer
Computer Network Unit IV - Lecture Notes - Network LayerMurugan146644
油
Title:
Lecture Notes - Unit IV - The Network Layer
Description:
Welcome to the comprehensive guide on Computer Network concepts, tailored for final year B.Sc. Computer Science students affiliated with Alagappa University. This document covers fundamental principles and advanced topics in Computer Network. PDF content is prepared from the text book Computer Network by Andrew S. Tenanbaum
Key Topics Covered:
Main Topic : The Network Layer
Sub-Topic : Network Layer Design Issues (Store and forward packet switching , service provided to the transport layer, implementation of connection less service, implementation of connection oriented service, Comparision of virtual circuit and datagram subnet), Routing algorithms (Shortest path routing, Flooding , Distance Vector routing algorithm, Link state routing algorithm , hierarchical routing algorithm, broadcast routing, multicast routing algorithm)
Other Link :
1.Introduction to computer network - /slideshow/lecture-notes-introduction-to-computer-network/274183454
2. Physical Layer - /slideshow/lecture-notes-unit-ii-the-physical-layer/274747125
3. Data Link Layer Part 1 : /slideshow/lecture-notes-unit-iii-the-datalink-layer/275288798
Target Audience:
Final year B.Sc. Computer Science students at Alagappa University seeking a solid foundation in Computer Network principles for academic.
About the Author:
Dr. S. Murugan is Associate Professor at Alagappa Government Arts College, Karaikudi. With 23 years of teaching experience in the field of Computer Science, Dr. S. Murugan has a passion for simplifying complex concepts in Computer Network
Disclaimer:
This document is intended for educational purposes only. The content presented here reflects the authors understanding in the field of Computer NetworkHow to Manage Putaway Rule in Odoo 17 Inventory
How to Manage Putaway Rule in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
油
Inventory management is a critical aspect of any business involved in manufacturing or selling products.
Odoo 17 offers a robust inventory management system that can handle complex operations and optimize warehouse efficiency. Research & Research Methods: Basic Concepts and Types.pptx
Research & Research Methods: Basic Concepts and Types.pptxDr. Sarita Anand
油
This ppt has been made for the students pursuing PG in social science and humanities like M.Ed., M.A. (Education), Ph.D. Scholars. It will be also beneficial for the teachers and other faculty members interested in research and teaching research concepts.
South Hornsey: The Lost Local Authority that Merged with Stoke Newington by T...
South Hornsey: The Lost Local Authority that Merged with Stoke Newington by T...History of Stoke Newington
油
Rass MELAI : an Internet MELA Quiz Finals - El Dorado 2025
Rass MELAI : an Internet MELA Quiz Finals - El Dorado 2025Conquiztadors- the Quiz Society of Sri Venkateswara College
油
Continiuty Equation
- 1. Continuity equation kamlesh singh rawat
- 2. INTRODUCTION The continuity equation which describes the distribution of electrons and holes when there is excess carrier generation recombination and carrier movement. We will consider some of the simplifications which are used for deriving the characteristics, how the equations can be simplified. And finally we will summarize the characteristic material parameters which describe a semiconductor device. So let us begin with the continuity equation.
- 3. As per law of conservation of charge rate of change of number of electrons inside the semiconductor is equal to the no of electrons entering per second minus number of electrons leaving per second plus number of electrons generated per second by generation process minus number of electrons lost per second by recombination process.
- 4. Derivation of Continuity Equation Consider carrier-flux into/out-of an infinitesimal volume: Jn(x) Jn(x+dx) dx Area A, volume Adx AdxRAdxGAdxxJAxJ qt n Adx nnnn 緒 )()( 1 Continuity Equation TEC-101
- 6. Summary: Continuity Equations The continuity equations are established based on conservation of carriers, and therefore hold generally: The minority carrier diffusion equations are derived from the continuity equations, specifically for minority carriers under certain conditions (small E-field, low-level injection, uniform doping profile): Lp n Ln n GR x xJ qt p GR x xJ qt n )(1)(1 Lp n P n Ln p N p GR x p D t p GR x n D t n 2 2 2 2 TEC-101Continuity Equation