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1,03               1            0          3
8,001              8             0         0       1
3,382              3            3         8       2
7,0034             7            0         0       3            4
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? §©§Ñ§é§Ö§Þ §ß§Ñ§Þ §ß§å§Ø§Ö§ß §Ò§í§Ý §ï§ä§à§ä §å§â§à§Ü?




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  • 1. §¡§Ó§ä§à§â ¨C §å§é§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î §Þ§Ñ§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú §±§Ñ§ç§à§Þ§à§Ó§Ñ §´§Ñ§ä§î§ñ§ß§Ñ §®§Ú§ç§Ñ§Û§Ý§à§Ó§ß§Ñ §Ô. §¢§Ñ§â§ß§Ñ§å§Ý §®§°§µ ?§­§Ú§è§Ö§Û ¡í73?
  • 2. §ª§Ù §é§Ú§ã§Ö§Ý: 3 7 4; 25; 17; 6 ; ; 100 10 2 3 5,7 14,13; 1; ; 11 5 §¯§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö §¯§¡§´§µ§²§¡§­§¾§¯§½§¦ §¹§ª§³§­§¡.
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  • 5. 3 7 4; 25; 17; 6 ; ; 100 10 2 3 5,7 14,13; 1 ; ; 11 5
  • 6. 7 3 4; 17; 25; ; 6; 100 10 2 3 14,13; 5,7 1; ; 5 11 §¦§ã§Ý§Ú §Ó §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ú§é§ß§à§Û §Ù§Ñ§á§Ú§ã§Ú §é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ñ §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ñ §Ù§Ñ§á§ñ§ä§Ñ§ñ, §ä§à §Ô§à§Ó§à§â§ñ§ä, §é§ä§à §é§Ú§ã§Ý§à §Ù§Ñ§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§à §Ó §Ó§Ú§Õ§Ö §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ú§é§ß§à§Û §Õ§â§à§Ò§Ú.
  • 7. 21.02.2005. §¬§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã§ß§Ñ§ñ §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ. §¥§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ú§é§ß§í§Ö §Õ§â§à§Ò§Ú.
  • 8. §®§Ñ§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §Õ§Ú§Ü§ä§Ñ§ß§ä. §©§Ñ§á§Ú§ê§Ú§ä§Ö §Ó §ä§Ö§ä§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú (§Ó §ã§ä§à§Ý§Ò§Ú§Ü) §ã§Þ§Ö§ê§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ñ. ?§±§ñ§ä§î §è§Ö§Ý§í§ç §ã§Ö§Þ§î §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§í§ç ?§³§à§â§à§Ü §Õ§Ó§Ö §è§Ö§Ý§í§ç §á§ñ§ä§î§Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä §Õ§Ó§Ö §ã§à§ä§í§ç ?§°§Õ§ß§Ñ §è§Ö§Ý§Ñ§ñ §ä§â§Ú §ã§à§ä§í§ç
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  • 11. §¯§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö §è§Ö§Ý§å§ð §Ú §Õ§â§à§Ò§ß§å§ð §é§Ñ§ã§ä§î §Ü§Ñ§Ø§Õ§à§Ô§à §é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ñ 382 7 3 5 1000 10 1 52 8 42 1000 100 34 3 7 1 10000 100
  • 12. §¹§Ö§Þ ?§á§à§ç§à§Ø§Ú? §ï§ä§Ú §é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ñ? 382 7 3 5 1000 10 1 52 8 42 1000 100 34 3 7 1 10000 100
  • 13. §¹§Ú§ã§Ý§Ñ §ã§à §Ù§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ß§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Þ 10; 100; 1000 §Ú §ä.§Õ. §å§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ú§ã§î §Ù§Ñ§á§Ú§ã§í§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §Ò§Ö§Ù §Ù§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ß§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§ñ 7 382 5 3 10 1000 1 52 8 42 1000 100 34 3 7 1 10000 100
  • 14. §¡§­§¤§°§²§ª§´§® 1. §©§Ñ§á§Ú§ã§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§Þ §è§Ö§Ý§å§ð §é§Ñ§ã§ä§î §é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ñ §Ú §ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Þ §Ù§Ñ§á§ñ§ä§å§ð 34 7, = 7 10000
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  • 20. §±§â§à§Ó§Ö§â§î §ã§Ö§Ò§ñ: = 5,7 7 5 10 52 = 42,52 42 100 3 = 1,03 1 100
  • 21. 1 =8,001 8 1000 382 = 3,382 3 1000 §±§â§à§é§Ú§ä§Ñ§Û§ä§Ö §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ú§é§ß§í§Ö §Õ§â§à§Ò§Ú
  • 22. §©§Ñ§á§Ú§ê§Ú§ä§Ö §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ñ §Ó §ä§Ñ§Ò§Ý§Ú§è§å §â§Ñ§Ù§â§ñ§Õ§à§Ó. §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ú- §ä§í§ã§ñ§é§ß§í§Ö §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§í§Ö §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ü§Ú §Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ú§è§í §ä§í§ã§ñ§é§ß§í§Ö , §ã§à§ä§í§Ö 5 7 5,7 4 2 2 5 42,52 0 3 1 1,03 0 0 8 1 8,001 2 3 3 8 3,382 4 7 0 0 3 7,0034
  • 23. §¯§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö §Þ§Ý§Ñ§Õ§ê§Ú§Û §â§Ñ§Ù§â§ñ§Õ §Ü§Ñ§Ø§Õ§à§Û §Õ§â§à§Ò§Ú §¥§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ú- §ä§í§ã§ñ§é§ß§í§Ö §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§í§Ö §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ü§Ú §Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ú§è§í §ä§í§ã§ñ§é§ß§í§Ö , §ã§à§ä§í§Ö 5,7 5 7 42,52 4 2 5 2 1,03 1 0 3 8,001 8 0 0 1 3,382 3 3 8 2 7,0034 7 0 0 3 4
  • 24. §µ§Ü§Ñ§Ø§Ú§ä§Ö, §Ó §Ü§Ñ§Ü§à§Þ §â§Ñ§Ù§â§ñ§Õ§Ö §ã§ä§à§Ú§ä §è§Ú§æ§â§Ñ 3. §¥§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ú- §ä§í§ã§ñ§é§ß§í§Ö §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§í§Ö §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ü§Ú §Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ú§è§í §ä§í§ã§ñ§é§ß§í§Ö , §ã§à§ä§í§Ö 5,7 5 7 42,52 4 2 5 2 1,03 1 0 3 8,001 8 0 0 1 3,382 3 3 8 2 7,0034 7 0 0 3 4
  • 25. §¥§à§Þ§Ñ§ê§ß§Ö§Ö §Ù§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö: §á.38 §ã§ä§â.179-182 ¡í 644; ¡í 650 ( §Ñ, §Ó) §ª§Ù §å§é§Ö§Ò§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ ?§®§Ñ§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ü§Ñ-5? §ª.§ª.§©§å§Ò§Ñ§â§Ö§Ó§Ñ, §¡.§¤.§®§à§â§Õ§Ü§à§Ó§Ú§é
  • 26. §µ§Ø§Ö §ß§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §ä§í§ã§ñ§é§Ö§Ý§Ö§ä§Ú§Û §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à §á§à§Ý§î§Ù§å§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Õ§â§à§Ò§ß§í§Þ§Ú §é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ñ§Þ§Ú, §Ñ §Ó§à§ä §Ù§Ñ§á§Ú§ã§í§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §Ú§ç §å§Õ§à§Ò§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ú§é§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Ù§ß§Ñ§Ü§Ñ§Þ§Ú §à§ß§à §Õ§à§Õ§å§Þ§Ñ§Ý§à§ã§î §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à §á§à§Ù§Ø§Ö.
  • 27. §£ §¥§â§Ö§Ó§ß§Ö§Þ §¬§Ú§ä§Ñ§Ö §å§Ø§Ö §á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§î §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ú§é§ß§à§Û §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§à§Û §Þ§Ö§â, §à§Ò§à§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Õ§â§à§Ò§î §ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ñ§Þ§Ú, §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§å§ñ §Þ§Ö§â§í §Õ§Ý§Ú§ß§í §¹§ª: §è§å§ß§Ú, §Õ§à§Ý§Ú, §á§à§â§ñ§Õ§Ü§à§Ó§í§Ö, §ê§Ö§â§ã§ä§Ú§ß§Ü§Ú, §ä§à§ß§é§Ñ§Û§ê§Ú§Ö, §á§Ñ§å§ä§Ú§ß§Ü§Ú.
  • 28. §¥§â§à§Ò§î §Ó§Ú§Õ§Ñ 2,135436 §Ó§í§Ô§Ý§ñ§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü: 2 §é§Ú, 1 §è§å§ß§î, 3 §Õ§à§Ý§Ú, 5 §á§à§â§ñ§Õ§Ü§à§Ó§í§ç, 4 §ê§Ö§â§ã§ä§Ú§ß§Ü§Ú, 3 §ä§à§ß§é§Ñ§Û§ê§Ú§ç, 6 §á§Ñ§å§ä§Ú§ß§à§Ü. §£ V §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ö §Ü§Ú§ä§Ñ§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §å§é§Ö§ß§í§Û §¸§Ù§ð-§¹§å§ß-§¹§Ø§Ú §á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§Ý §Ù§Ñ §Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ú§è§å §ß§Ö ?§¹§ª?, §Ñ 1§¹§¨§¡§¯ = 10 §¹§ª. §¥§â§à§Ò§î §Ó§Ú§Õ§Ñ 2,135436 §Ó§í§Ô§Ý§ñ§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü: 2 §é§Ø§Ñ§ß§Ñ, 1 §é§Ú, 3 §è§å§ß§ñ, 5 §Õ§à§Ý§Ö§Û, 4 §á§à§â§ñ§Õ§Ü§à§Ó§í§ç, 3 §ê§Ö§â§ã§ä§Ú§ß§Ü§Ú, 6 §ä§à§ß§é§Ñ§Û§ê§Ú§ç, 0 §á§Ñ§å§ä§Ú§ß§à§Ü.
  • 29. §¥§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ú§é§ß§å§ð §Õ§â§à§Ò§î §ã §á§à§Þ§à§ë§î§ð §è§Ú§æ§â §Ú §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ù§ß§Ñ§Ü§à§Ó §á§à§á§í§ä§Ñ§Ý§ã§ñ §Ù§Ñ§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§î §Ñ§â§Ñ§Ò§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §Þ§Ñ§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ü §Ñ§Ý-§µ§Ü§Ý§Ú§ã§Ú§Õ§Ú §Ó X §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ö §Ó quot;§¬§ß§Ú§Ô§Ö §â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§Ö§Ý§à§Ó §à§Ò §Ú§ß§Õ§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§à§Û §Ñ§â§Ú§æ§Þ§Ö§ä§Ú§Ü§Öquot;. §¯§Ö§Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §ï§Ý§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§í §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ú§é§ß§à§Û §Õ§â§à§Ò§Ú §Ó§ã§ä§â§Ö§é§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §ä§â§å§Õ§Ñ§ç §Þ§ß§à§Ô§Ú§ç §å§é§Ö§ß§í§ç §¦§Ó§â§à§á§í §Ó 12 - 14 §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ§ç.
  • 30. §±§à§Ý§ß§å§ð §ä§Ö§à§â§Ú§ð §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ú§é§ß§í§ç §Õ§â§à§Ò§Ö§Û §Õ§Ñ§Ý §å§Ù§Ò§Ö§Ü§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §å§é§Ö§ß§í§Û §Ó §Ü §Ú§ç §¥§Ø§Ö§Þ§ê§Ú§Õ §¤§Ú§ñ§ã§ï§Õ§Õ§Ú§ß §Ñ§Ý-§¬§Ñ§ê§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§ß§Ú§Ô§Ö quot; §¬§Ý§ð§é §Ö §â§à§á§Ó 1424 §Ô§à§Õ§å, §Ó §Õ§à §Ö §Ó §Ö §Ü §Ñ§â§Ú§æ§Þ§Ö§ä§Ú§Ü§Öquot;,§Õ§Ú§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Û §ß§ß§à §ä§â§å §ä §á§à§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Ý§Ö§Ó§â§Ö§Þ §Õ§â§à§Ò§Ú §Ó §à§Õ§ß§å §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Û §ä§à §¯§à §ï §à§ß §ß§í§ç §ã§Ó§à §Ù§Ñ§á§Ú§ã§î §Ö§Ý ! §é§Ö §Ó §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ú§é§ß§à§Û §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ö §Ú §Õ§Ñ§Ý §å §ã§ä§â§à§Ü§å §é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Õ§à §ê §ß§Ö §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ñ §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ §ã §ß§Ú§Þ§Ú. §µ§é§Ö§ß§í§Û §á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§ã§ñ §ß§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ü§Ú§Þ§Ú §ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò§Ñ§Þ§Ú §ß§Ñ§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Õ§â§à§Ò§Ú: §ä§à §à§ß §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§ñ§Ý §Ó§Ö§â§ä§Ú§Ü§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§å§ð §é§Ö§â§ä§å, §ä§à §é§Ö§â§ß§Ú§Ý§Ñ §é§Ö§â§ß§à§Ô§à §Ú §Ü§â§Ñ§ã§ß§à§Ô§à §è§Ó§Ö§ä§à§Ó.
  • 31. §£ §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§Ö XV §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ §Ô§à§â§à§Õ§Ñ §³§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§â§Ü§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ñ §Ò§í§Ý§Ñ §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ñ §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ñ§ñ §à§Ò§ã§Ö§â§Ó§Ñ§ä§à§â§Ú§ñ. §²§å§Ü§à§Ó§à§Õ§Ú§Ý §Ö§ð §¥§Ø§Ö§Þ§ê§Ú§Õ §Ú§Ò§ß-§®§Ñ§ã§å§Õ §Ñ§Ý§î-§¬§à§ê§Ú, §Ú§ß§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ §Ö§Ô§à §ß§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú §¤§Ú§ñ§ã§ã§Ö§Õ§Õ§Ú§ß §Ñ§Ý§î-§¬§à§ê§Ú §£ §à§Ò§ã§Ö§â§Ó§Ñ§ä§à§â§Ú§Ú (§Õ§Ñ§ä§Ñ §â§à§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ß§Ö§Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§ß§Ñ) §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Ý§å§é§ê§Ú§Ö §å§Þ§í §ä§à§Ô§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú. §£ §ß§Ö§Û §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§à§Õ§Ú§Ý§Ú§ã§î §ß§Ñ§Ò§Ý§ð§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ù§Ñ §Õ§Ó§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §Ù§Ó§Ö§Ù§Õ , §á§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ö§ä §Ú §³§à§Ý§ß§è§Ñ , §Ó§í§é§Ú§ã§Ý§ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§î §Õ§ß§Ú §á§â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §Ú §ä.§Õ. §£ §ï§ä§à§Û §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ö §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§í §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ú§é§ß§í§Ö §Õ§â§à§Ò§Ú.
  • 32. §±§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â§ß§à §Ó §ï§ä§à §Ø§Ö §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §Þ§Ñ§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú §¦§Ó§â§à§á§í §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §á§í§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§î §ß§Ñ§Û§ä§Ú §å§Õ§à§Ò§ß§å§ð §Ù§Ñ§á§Ú§ã§î §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ú§é§ß§à§Û §Õ§â§à§Ò§Ú. §£ §Ü§ß§Ú§Ô§Ö quot;§®§Ñ§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §Ü§Ñ§ß§à§ßquot; §æ§â§Ñ§ß§è§å§Ù§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Þ§Ñ§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ü§Ñ §¶. §£§Ú§Ö§ä§Ñ (1540-1603) §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ú§é§ß§Ñ§ñ §Õ§â§à§Ò§î §Ù§Ñ§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü 2 135436 - §Õ§â§à§Ò§ß§Ñ§ñ §é§Ñ§ã§ä§î §á§à§Õ§é§Ö§â§Ü§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ã§î §Ú §Ù§Ñ§á§Ú§ã§í§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ã§î §Ó§í§ê§Ö §ã§ä§â§à§Ü§Ú §è§Ö§Ý§à§Û §é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ñ.
  • 33. §­§Ú§ê§î §Ó §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö XVI §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ §Þ§í§ã§Ý§î §Ù§Ñ§á§Ú§ã§í§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §Õ§â§à§Ò§ß§í§Ö §é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ñ §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ú§é§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Ù§ß§Ñ§Ü§Ñ§Þ§Ú §á§â§Ú§ê§Ý§Ñ §ß§Ö§Ü§à§Ö§Þ§å §³§Ú§Þ§à§ß§å §³§ä§Ö§Ó§Ú§ß§å §Ú§Ù §¶§Ý§Ñ§ß§Õ§â§Ú§Ú. §£ §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Û §Ü§ß§Ú§Ô§Ö quot;§¥§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ñ§ñquot; (1585§Ô.) §à§ß §Ú§Ù§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ö§ä §ä§Ö§à§â§Ú§ð §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ú§é§ß§í§ç §Õ§â§à§Ò§Ö§Û §Ú §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ö§ä §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§î §è§Ú§æ§â§í §Õ§â§à§Ò§ß§à§Ô§à §é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ñ §Ó §à§Õ§ß§å §ã§ä§â§à§Ü§å §ã §è§Ú§æ§â§Ñ§Þ§Ú §è§Ö§Ý§à§Ô§à §é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ñ, §á§â§Ú §ï§ä§à§Þ §ß§å§Þ§Ö§â§å§ñ §Ú§ç. §¯§Ñ§á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â, §é§Ú§ã§Ý§à §Ù§Ñ§á§Ú§ã§í§Ó§Ñ§Ý§à§ã§î §ä§Ñ§Ü: 0,3752 = §Ú§Ý§Ú 5,13= §£ §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Û §Ü§ß§Ú§Ô§Ö quot;§¥§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ñ§ñquot; §à§ß §ß§Ö §ä§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §Ú§Ù§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ö§ä §ä§Ö§à§â§Ú§ð §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ú§é§ß§í§ç §Õ§â§à§Ò§Ö§Û, §ß§à §Ú §ã§ä§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §å§Ò§Ö§Õ§Ú§ä§î §Ý§ð§Õ§Ö§Û §á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î§ã§ñ §Ú§Þ§Ú, §Ô§à§Ó§à§â§ñ, §é§ä§à §á§â§Ú §Ú§ç §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú quot;§Ú§Ù§Ø§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §ä§â§å§Õ§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú, §â§Ñ§ã§á§â§Ú, §à§ê§Ú§Ò§Ü§Ú, §á§à§ä§Ö§â§Ú §Ú §á§â§à§é§Ú§Ö §ã§Ý§å§é§Ñ§Û§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú, §à§Ò§í§é§ß§í§Ö §ã§á§å§ä§ß§Ú§Ü§Ú §â§Ñ§ã§é§Ö§ä§à§Óquot;. §¦§Ô§à §Ú §ã§é§Ú§ä§Ñ§ð§ä §Ú§Ù§à§Ò§â§Ö§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Þ §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ú§é§ß§í§ç §Õ§â§à§Ò§Ö§Û.
  • 34. §£§Ó§×§Ý §Ó §¦§Ó§â§à§á§Ö §Ó §å§á§à§ä§â§Ö§Ò§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ú§é§ß§í§Ö §Õ§â§à§Ò§Ú, §ã§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ§Ó §Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§à§Ö §à§ä§Ü§â§í§ä§Ú§Ö, §ß§Ö§Ù§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ã§Ú§Þ§à §à§ä §Ñ§Ý-§¬§Ñ§ê§Ú, §à §é§Ö§Þ §ß§Ñ§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§Ý §Ó §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Û §Ü§ß§Ú§Ô§Ö ?§¥§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ñ§ñ?. §¿§ä§Ñ §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ (§Ó§ã§Ö§Ô§à 7 §³§Ú§Þ§à§ß §³§ä§Ö§Ó§Ú§ß §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§è) §ã§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§Ý§Ñ (1548-1620) §à§Ò§ì§ñ§ã§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ù§Ñ§á§Ú§ã§Ú §Ú §Ú§Ù §¶§Ý§Ñ§ß§Õ§â§Ú§Ú §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Û §ã (§ä§Ö§á§Ö§â§î §¤§à§Ý§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ú§ñ). §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ú§é§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Õ§â§à§Ò§ñ§Þ§Ú. §¬§å§á§Ö§è §Ú §Ó§í§Õ§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Û§ã§ñ §ª§Þ§Ö§Ö§ä §ä§â§å§Õ§í §á§à §Ú§ß§Ø§Ö§ß§Ö§â-§å§é§×§ß§í§Û. §Ô§Ú§Õ§â§à§ã§ä§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ü§Ö §Ú §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ô§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú.
  • 35. 1571 §Ô. ¨C §ª§à§Ô§Ñ§ß §¬§Ö§á§Ý§Ö§â §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§à§Ø§Ú§Ý §ã§à§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§å§ð §Ù§Ñ§á§Ú§ã§î §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ú§é§ß§í§ç §Õ§â§à§Ò§Ö§Û, §ä.§Ö. §à§ä§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §è§Ö§Ý§à§Û §é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §Ù§Ñ§á§ñ§ä§à§Û. §¥§à §ß§Ö§Ô§à §ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Õ§â§å§Ô§Ú§Ö §Ó§Ñ§â§Ú§Ñ§ß§ä§í: 3,7 §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Ü§Ñ§Ü 3(0)7 §Ú§Ý§Ú 3 7 §Ú§Ý§Ú §â§Ñ§Ù§ß§í§Þ§Ú §é§Ö§â§ß§Ú§Ý§Ñ§Þ§Ú §è§Ö§Ý§å§ð §Ú §Õ§â§à§Ò§ß§å§ð §é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú. 1592 §Ô. - §Ó §Ù§Ñ§á§Ú§ã§Ú §Õ§â§à§Ò§Ö§Û §Ó§á§Ö§â§Ó§í§Ö §Ó§ã§ä§â§Ö§é§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ù§Ñ§á§ñ§ä§Ñ§ñ. 1617 §Ô. - §ê§à§ä§Ý§Ñ§ß§Õ§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §Þ§Ñ§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ü §¥§Ø§à§ß §¯§Ö§á§Ö§â §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§à§Ø§Ú§Ý §à§ä§Õ§Ö§Ý§ñ§ä§î §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ú§é§ß§í§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§Ü§Ú §à§ä §è§Ö§Ý§à§Ô§à §é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ñ §Ý§Ú§Ò§à §Ù§Ñ§á§ñ§ä§à§Û, §Ý§Ú§Ò§à §ä§à§é§Ü§à§Û. 1703 §Ô§à§Õ - §£ §²§à§ã§ã§Ú§Ú §å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §à §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ú§é§ß§í§ç §Õ§â§à§Ò§ñ§ç §Ú§Ù§Ý§à§Ø§Ú§Ý §­.§¶.§®§Ñ§Ô§ß§Ú§è§Ü§Ú§Û §Ó, §Ó §å§é§Ö§Ò§ß§Ú§Ü§Ö ?§¡§â§Ú§æ§Þ§Ö§ä§Ú§Ü§Ñ , §ã§Ú§â§Ö§é§î §ß§Ñ§å§Ü§Ñ §é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§Ñ§ñ?. §£ §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ñ§ç, §Ô§Õ§Ö §Ô§à§Ó§à§â§ñ§ä §á§à-§Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§Ú (§¡§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§ñ, §³§º§¡, §¬§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Õ§Ñ §Ú §Õ§â.), §Ú §ã§Ö§Û§é§Ñ§ã §Ó§Þ§Ö§ã§ä§à §Ù§Ñ§á§ñ§ä§à§Û §á§Ú§ê§å§ä §ä§à§é§Ü§å, §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â: 2.3
  • 36. §°§Ò§à§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ú§é§ß§à§Û §Õ§â§à§Ò§Ú §Ó §â§Ñ§Ù§ß§à§Ö §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §°§Ò§à§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Õ§â§à§Ò§Ú §£§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §¶§Ñ§Þ§Ú§Ý§Ú§ñ §³§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ñ 2,135436 (§Ô§à§â§à§Õ) §Ó§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §å§é§Ö§ß§à§Ô§à 2 §é§Ú, 1 §è§å§ß§î, 3 §Õ§à§Ý§Ú, 5 §á§à§â§ñ§Õ§Ü§à§Ó§í§ç, III §Ó§Ö§Ü §­§ð-§·§å§ï§Û §¬§Ú§ä§Ñ§Û 4 §ê§Ö§â§ã§ä§Ú§ß§Ü§Ú, 3 §ä§à§ß§é§Ñ§Û§ê§Ú§ç, 6 §á§Ñ§å§ä§Ú§ß§à§Ü 2 §é§Ø§Ñ§ß§Ñ, 1 §é§Ú, 3 §è§å§ß§ñ, 5 §Õ§à§Ý§Ö§Û, 4 §á§à§â§ñ§Õ§Ü§à§Ó§í§ç, §¸§Ù§å-§¹§å§ß- V §Ó§Ö§Ü §¬§Ú§ä§Ñ§Û 3 §ê§Ö§â§ã§ä§Ú§ß§Ü§Ú, 6 §¹§Ø§Ú §ä§à§ß§é§Ñ§Û§ê§Ú§ç, 0 §á§Ñ§å§ä§Ú§ß§à§Ü 2 §Ñ§Ý- 952 §¥§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§ã§Ü 135436 §µ§Ü§Ý§Ú§ã§Ú§Õ§Ú
  • 37. §°§Ò§à§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ú§é§ß§à§Û §Õ§â§à§Ò§Ú §Ó §â§Ñ§Ù§ß§à§Ö §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ (§á§â§à§Õ§à§Ý§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö) §£§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §°§Ò§à§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §¶§Ñ§Þ§Ú§Ý§Ú§ñ §³§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ñ §Õ§â§à§Ò§Ú 2,135436 (§Ô§à§â§à§Õ) §Ó§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §å§é§Ö§ß§à§Ô§à 2 |135436 1427 §Ñ§Ý-§¬§Ñ§ê§Ú §³§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§â§Ü§Ñ§ß§Õ 2 135436 2 135436 1579 §¶. §£§Ú§Ö§ä §¶§â§Ñ§ß§è§Ú§ñ 1492 §¶.§±§Ö§Ý§Ý§à§ã §ª§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ñ 2.135436 1593 §·§â.§¬§Ý§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Û §¤§Ö§â§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §¥§Ø. §¯§Ö§á§Ö§â §º§à§ä§Ý§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ú§ñ 1616 2,135436 1592 §ª§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ñ §¥.§®§Ñ§Õ§Ú§ã§Ú§ß§Ú §¥§Ø. §¯§Ö§á§Ö§â §º§à§ä§Ý§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ú§ñ 1617 2.135436
  • 38. §±§â§Ö§Ù§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§ð §á§à §ä§Ö§Þ§Ö ?§ª§Ù §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§Ú §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ú§é§ß§í§ç §Õ§â§à§Ò§Ö§Û? §á§à§Õ§Ô§à§ä§à§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ñ §å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§è§Ñ 6 ?§¡? §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã§Ñ §®§Ö§â§Ü§å§Ý§à§Ó§Ñ §­§Ö§â§Ñ §®§ß§Ö §á§à§Þ§à§Ô§Ñ§Ý§Ú: §­§Ú§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ñ §³§ä§Ñ§â§Ú§Ü- §·§à§ä§ä§Ñ§Ò§í§é §Ú 1. §¥§Ö§á§Þ§Ñ§ß §ª.§Á. §ª§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§ñ §Ñ§â§Ú§æ§Þ§Ö§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú. §®.: §±§â§à§ã§Ó§Ö§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö, 1965. 415 §ã. 2. §³§Ó§Ö§é§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §¡.§¡. §±§å§ä§Ö§ê§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §Ó §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§ð §Þ§Ñ§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ú§Ý§Ú §¬§Ñ§Ü §Ý§ð§Õ§Ú §å§é§Ú§Ý§Ú§ã§î §ã§é§Ú§ä§Ñ§ä§î: §¬§ß§Ú§Ô§Ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §ä§Ö§ç, §Ü§ä§à §å§é§Ú§ä §Ú §å§é§Ú§ä§ã§ñ. §®.: §±§Ö§Õ§Ñ§Ô§à§Ô§Ú§Ü§Ñ-§±§â§Ö§ã§ã, 1995.168 §ã.
  • 39. §±§à§Õ§Ó§Ö§Õ§×§Þ §Ú§ä§à§Ô §å§â§à§Ü§Ñ. §©§Ñ §é§ä§à §ä§í §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ê§î §ã§Ö§Ò§ñ §á§à§ç§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ä§î? ? ? §¹§ä§à §ä§Ö§Ò§Ö §å§Õ§Ñ§Ý§à§ã§î §ß§Ñ §å§â§à§Ü§Ö? ? §¯§Ñ§Õ §é§Ö§Þ §Ö§ë§× §ß§å§Ø§ß§à §á§à§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ§ä§î? ? §©§Ñ§é§Ö§Þ §ß§Ñ§Þ §ß§å§Ø§Ö§ß §Ò§í§Ý §ï§ä§à§ä §å§â§à§Ü? §³§á§Ñ§ã§Ú§Ò§à §Ù§Ñ §å§â§à§Ü.

Editor's Notes