Developmental Theory
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This document outlines 14 learner-centered principles organized under 5 areas: cognitive and metacognitive factors, motivational and affective factors, developmental and social factors, individual differences factors, and context factors. The principles state that learning is most effective when it is an intentional process, when learners can create meaningful representations and link new information to existing knowledge, and when individual differences, motivation, development, and context are taken into account.
![Laureate Education, Inc. (Executive Producer). (2008).
Teacher Leadership in the Classroom: Increasing Learning
and Achievement. [Motion Picture]. Learner-Centered
Principles. Baltimore: Patricia Alexander, PhD](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/mod2-140614231323-phpapp02/85/Developmental-Theory-21-320.jpg)
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Developmental Theory
- 1. Learner-Centered Psychological Principles Cognitive and Metacognitive Factor (6 principles) Developmental and Social Factors (2 principles) Motivational and Affective Factors (3 principles) Individual Differences Factors (3 principles) 14 Learner- Centered Principles
- 3. The learning of complex subject matter is most effective when it is an intentional process of constructing meaning from information and experience.
- 4. The successful learner, over time and with support and instructional guidance, can create meaningful, coherent representations of knowledge.
- 5. Construction of Knowledge The successful learner can link new information with existing knowledge in meaningful ways.
- 6. Strategic Thinking The successful learner can create and use a repertoire of thinking and reasoning strategies to achieve complex learning goals.
- 7. Thinking About Thinking Higher order strategies for selecting and monitoring mental operations facilitate creative and critical thinking.
- 8. Learning is influenced by environmental factors, including culture, technology, and instructional practices.
- 10. Motivational and Emotional Influences on Learning What and how much is learned is influenced by the learner's motivation. Motivation to learn, in turn, is influenced by the individual's emotional states, beliefs, interests and goals, and habits of thinking.
- 11. Intrinsic Motivation to Learn The learner's creativity, higher order thinking, and natural curiosity all contribute to motivation to learn. Intrinsic motivation is stimulated by tasks of optimal novelty and difficulty, relevant to personal interests, and providing for personal choice and control.
- 12. Acquisition of complex knowledge and skills requires extended learner effort and guided practice. Without learners' motivation to learn, the willingness to exert this effort is unlikely without coercion.
- 14. Developmental Influences on Learning As individuals develop, there are different opportunities and constraints for learning. Learning is most effective when differential development within and across physical, intellectual, emotional, and social domains is taken into account.
- 15. Social Influences on Learning Learning is influenced by social interactions, interpersonal relations, and communication with others.
- 17. Individual Differences in Learning Learners have different strategies, approaches, and capabilities for learning that are a function of prior experience and heredity.
- 18. Learning and Diversity Learning is most effective when differences in learners' linguistic, cultural, and social backgrounds are taken into account.
- 19. Standards and Assessment Setting appropriately high and challenging standards and assessing the learner as well as learning progress -- including diagnostic, process, and outcome assessment -- are integral parts of the learning process.
- 20. Murphy and Alexander 5 Areas: 1.The knowledge base 2.Strategic processing and control 3.Motivation and affective 4.Development and individual differences 5.Situation or context
- 21. Laureate Education, Inc. (Executive Producer). (2008). Teacher Leadership in the Classroom: Increasing Learning and Achievement. [Motion Picture]. Learner-Centered Principles. Baltimore: Patricia Alexander, PhD