More Related Content
Similar to Disaster Management.pdf (20)
Recently uploaded (20)
Disaster Management.pdf
- 1. Environmental Health - Disaster Management | ChandriJee (DrPH 11) Definition: WHO defines Disaster as "any occurrence that causes damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and health services, on a scale sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area Public health practitioners would characterize a disaster as a "sudden, extraordinary calamity or catastrophe, which affects or threatens health". an event that constitute a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or national affairs involving widespread human, material, economy or environmental losses and impacts which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources and requires extensive mobilization of resources (NADMA). Scope: Disaster Management is an inter-disciplinary and multi-disciplinary field devoted to various aspects of disaster management across societies and cultures. Disaster management main aim is to provide disaster management for public and private sector so they can plan, manage, and evaluate interventions in the field of disaster management Types of disasters: Steps in Disaster Management: Vulnerability and capacity assessment Vulnerability is the degree to which a population, individual or organization is unable to anticipate, cope with, resist and recover from the impacts of disasters (Blaikie et al. 1994) Disaster preparedness - To take actions ahead of time to be ready for an emergency (National emergency planning process, strategic plans and operational plans) Disaster response - To protect people and property in the wake of an emergency, disaster or crisis Disaster mitigation - To prevent future emergencies and take steps to minimize their effects Disaster Rehabilitation, reconstruction and Recovery - To rebuild after a disaster in an effort to return operations back to normal These aspects of Disaster Management correspond to the 2 phases in the Disaster Cycle, 1, Risk Reduction Phase, before a Disaster the concept and practice of reducing disaster risks through systematic efforts to analyse and manage the causal factors of disasters, including through reduced exposure to hazards, lessened vulnerability of people and property, sustainable management of land and the environment and improved preparedness of individuals, community and agencies to face Disasters (NADMA). 2. Recovery Phase, after a Disaster Rehabilitation and reconstruction Step 1: Vulnerability and capacity assessment a. Identify hazards and their possible effects (risk analysis) Vulnerability assessment informs strategies for reducing the vulnerability of development programmes to disruption; it enables emergency prevention, mitigation and preparedness measures b. Hazard Mapping The average frequency of occurrence and location of most extreme events can be determined with some degree of accuracy can be used to predict the scale od possible disaster and determine method of evacuation c. Vulnerability analysis of water-supply systems to provide water for firefighting; to prevent unnecessary loss of stored treated water; to develop and maintain adequate amounts of potable water; to check if dams are in working conditions d. Assessment of environmental health vulnerability Disparities and priority need in such areas as water supply, drainage, sanitation, refuse and waste disposal, housing, and food hygiene should be documented. The prevalence of vector-borne and contagious diseases by region and by socioeconomic group should also be integrated into comprehensive risk planning. location and safety of industrial facilities in relation to settlements should be reviewed from the point of view of air, soil and water contamination, as well as the risk of radiation, fire, explosion and accidental poisonous emissions. Such baseline surveys can reveal who is more likely to suffer from an emergency directly related to environmental health as well as where this is most likely to occur (eg. Bhopal Incident) e. Describing communities, their environment and the effects of hazards Purpose is to be able to understand their vulnerability to the hazards identified and mapped and the likely effects of the disasters. The capacity of communities and local services and organizations to resist and survive disasters is a key determinant of their vulnerability!!!! f. Ongoing monitoring of vulnerability vigilance work should be the responsibility of national, regional and local emergency-management agencies, Project planners, urban designers and other professionals should systematically Step 2: Disaster/Emergency Preparedness a. National legislation and national policy for disaster management
- 2. Environmental Health - Disaster Management | ChandriJee (DrPH 11) b. Plans and procedures for disaster management and the coordination of emergency response at international, national and subnational levels. c. The strengthening of institutional and human resources for disaster management. d. The establishment and management of stocks of relief supplies and equipment and the identification of transportation options. e. Public education, public awareness and community participation in disaster management. f. The collection, analysis and dissemination of information related to emergencies and disasters that are likely to occur in the region. file:///C:/Users/Hp/Downloads/Disaster%20Risk%20Reduction%20in% 20Malaysia%20Status%20Report%202020.pdf 1. Identify the hazards and estimate their effects 2. Assess the likely needs The main types of need to consider are early warning, clothing, health care, evacuation, food, sanitation, shelter and water. 3. Discuss the needs 4. Determine the operational procedures and review existing priorities 5. Assign the responsibilities 6. Make an inventory of local capacity and available resources 7. Review steps 25 8. Identify critical areas 9. Confirm priorities 10. Finalize the plan Step 3: Disaster/Emergency Response The aim of emergency response is to provide immediate assistance to maintain life, improve health and support the morale of the affected population. Such assistance may range from providing specific but limited aid, such as assisting refugees with transport, temporary shelter, and food, to establishing semi-permanent settlement in camps and other locations. It also may involve initial repairs to damaged infrastructure, e.g. flooded sanitation systems, and the control of chemical hazards. Much of the technical literature devoted to emergencies and disasters deals with the actions to be taken in the relief phase. a. Assessment Emergency assessments should allow the following (Adams, 1999): an initial decision to be made on whether assistance is needed; a decision to be made on whether local capacity is adequate or external resources are required; priorities for intervention to be established and an intervention strategy identified; necessary resources to be identified; base-line data to be collected, to facilitate monitoring; information to be collected for fund-raising and advocacy work Types of field assessment: on-site visual assessment, with both structured and non-structured observation techniques (e.g. a health observation walk); expert measurement and testing (e.g. water quality testing, or diagnosis of mechanical failure of a pump); surveys, to provide statistically valid information from a sample of the population; interviews with key informants, community leaders, groups of disaster-affected people, focus groups or household members; participatory techniques, such as ranking or diagramming, to gain a rapid understanding of the way the disaster has affected different parts of the population and what peoples own assessment of the situation and options for response might be. b. Evacuation Is an important component of prevention, preparedness and response. It involves the temporary transfer of a population from areas at risk of disaster to a safer location language used should be simple and non-technical; if different warning systems are used, they should not give conflicting messages, or people will tend to ignore them; messages should state clearly the exact nature of the impending threat and its implications for the target population; the potential victims of a disaster should be clearly identified Environmental health problems associated with evacuations: Any large-scale population movements into an area are of primary concern for environmental health. In particular, people are often moved into areas where there are no piped water supplies. Relocation can result in high population densities, associated with wholly inadequate water supplies and sanitation. There is almost always an increased risk of faecaloral transmission of diseases related to poor hygiene. Contact with pathogens not found in the home area (e.g. the malarial parasite), including those transmitted by vectors unfamiliar to the evacuated population. Generally, the evacuated population will be more susceptible to these diseases than the local population, as occurs in areas endemic for malaria. The relocation of a population into high-density emergency settlement will usually greatly increase the risk of outbreaks of common childhood diseases. Measles is a particular risk when the population has low immunization coverage. Health conditions and nutritional status before displacement are also important. Evacuation can also place people in the vicinity of unfamiliar environmental hazards (e.g. dispersal into damaged industrial areas where a range of toxic substances are stored) c. Environmental health measures d. environmental health activities during emergencies e. Personnel management in emergencies f. Equipment and supplies g. Transportation and logistics h. Telecommunications i. Rules, standards and guidelines in disaster response Step 4: Disaster mitigation https://www.adrc.asia/acdr/2017/documents/7%20Malaysia%20Natio nal%20Disaster%20Management%20Agency%20(NADMA)%20and%20i ts%20philosophy,%20Mr.%20Zainal%20Azman%20Bin%20Abu%20Sem an,%20Deputy%20Director%20General,%20NADMA.pdf Step 5: Disaster Rehabilitation, reconstruction and Recovery The transition from relief to recovery Sustainable development Increasing individual and institutional capacity Assessment for recovery Reconstruction of housing Reconstruction of water-supply and sanitation systems Secondary damage assessment Secondary vulnerability assessment Recovery planning