![The third domain is called COGNITIVE
DOMAIN. Cognitive domain incorporates
accurate perspective, contemplation, correct
perception understanding, conceptualization,
analysis and recall of problems, ability to
evaluate, synthesize, correlate and make
decisions, appropriate policies, plans and
expertise in the management, administration, etc.
It is clear that all the domains have three
components viz. Cognition [Perception], affect
[Feelings] and conation [Response].
Let us consider the traditional system in a
dispassionate manner and scrutinize the merits
and demerits. It is obvious that we will not be
able to consider all the details of the system as
they varied from time to time and from place to
place. But a general review of the system would
help us to overcome our disturbance!](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/educationstressdr-shriniwaskashalikar-091021202417-phpapp02/85/E-D-U-C-A-T-I-O-N-S-T-R-E-S-S-D-R-4-320.jpg)
![majority of people whose cooperation in such
matters is very vital.
So let us take at least a cursory look at the
traditional system of education in India.
The traditional education system in India in
general ensured that:
a] Careers were not selected on the basis of
monetary gains,
b] Careers were not selected arbitrarily on the
basis of idiosyncrasies and whims,
c] Some lucrative careers could not be sought
after obsessively, in preference to the others,
d] All careers ensured income and production
from early age,
e] All careers ensured that society was benefited,
f] All careers ensured security to all the social
groups,
g] All the careers ensured intimacy and closeness
between young and old in the families.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/educationstressdr-shriniwaskashalikar-091021202417-phpapp02/85/E-D-U-C-A-T-I-O-N-S-T-R-E-S-S-D-R-6-320.jpg)
![h] All careers ensured ethical education and
passage of experience from generation to
generation.
In my view these were merits.
(But it is also true that: The traditional system
was apparently marked by deprivation of
scholastic education on mass scale, apparently
unjustifiable distribution of a variety of jobs,
deficient infrastructure for collective scientific
and technological efforts, an element of arbitrary
imposition of hierarchy and).
But the point here is to see how the transition
from traditional system to the present one has
failed to preserve and nurture the merits and
discard the demerits and thereby lead to
multiplication of problems!
As the education shifted from homes, home
industries and farms to; nurseries, K.G. schools,](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/educationstressdr-shriniwaskashalikar-091021202417-phpapp02/85/E-D-U-C-A-T-I-O-N-S-T-R-E-S-S-D-R-7-320.jpg)
![schools, colleges, universities, corporate
industries, research institutions etc.
Cognition suffered because of:
a] Huge number of students, in a single class
making following three things almost impossible.
These things are i] individual attention ii]
dialogue iii] discussions,
b] Lack of adequate salary, accountability,
incentive and economic security to the teachers
taking away the initiative of nurturing cognitive
domain
c] Increase in alienation with respect to students
background and aptitude
d] Lack of adequate incentive to the students in
the form of creativity, production and earning,
service to the family and service to the nation,
takes away the motivation required for building
up cognitive domain
e] Lack of conviction essential in the growth of
cognitive domain in the teachers and students
because of outdated practical and demonstration](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/educationstressdr-shriniwaskashalikar-091021202417-phpapp02/85/E-D-U-C-A-T-I-O-N-S-T-R-E-S-S-D-R-8-320.jpg)
![classes, lack of interdisciplinary dialogue and in
general the irrelevance of education to the
realities of day to day life in as much as almost
predictable consecutive unemployment at the
end! The lack of conviction could be partly due to
lack of participation by teachers in decision-
making, policy making, development of curricula,
syllabi etc.
f] Emphasis on recall and hence rote learning
thereby denying free inquiry, reading,
questioning etc. thereby directly thwarting the
cognitive domain
g]] Too many examinations with irrelevant
parameters or criteria of evaluation [besides being
unfair in many instances] lead to misguided and
in most cases counterproductive efforts thus
adversely affecting the cognitive domain
h] Competitions where the manipulative skills,
callousness, selfishness are given more respect,
destroy the enthusiasm of growing in cognitive
domain](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/educationstressdr-shriniwaskashalikar-091021202417-phpapp02/85/E-D-U-C-A-T-I-O-N-S-T-R-E-S-S-D-R-9-320.jpg)
![i] Information explosion can affect cognitive
domain by either causing enormous and
unnecessary burden on memory or inferiority
complex
j] Pressure of interviews causing constant tension
and sense of inadequacy, right from the tender
age,
k] Protracted hours of homework in schools
denying the students their legitimate right to
enjoy their childhood and make them physically,
mentally and intellectually unfit to grow in
cognitive domain
l] Irrelevant and unnecessary information loading
in lectures in the form of monologue, leading to
suppression of the spontaneity, originality,
interest and enthusiasm so much required in
cognitive development amongst the students,
Affective domain suffered due to,](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/educationstressdr-shriniwaskashalikar-091021202417-phpapp02/85/E-D-U-C-A-T-I-O-N-S-T-R-E-S-S-D-R-10-320.jpg)
![A] Isolation of the children from their parents and
their domestic environment at an early age
[Making the parents also equally sad]
B] Lack of warm bonds due to huge number,
C] Cut throat individualistic and petty
competition,
D] Inadequate facilities of sports, trekking,
educational tours, recreation and physical
development etc
E] Alienation from ones social environment and
culture
Psychomotor domain suffered due to
A] Almost total lack of opportunities to actually
participate in skillful activities such as drawing,
painting, sewing, sculpturing, carpentry, knitting,
weaving, music, agriculture, horticulture, other
handicrafts, various sports, performing arts etc.
It is important to realize that promotion of
psychomotor domain is evident but in its
caricature form. It has no concrete economic](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/educationstressdr-shriniwaskashalikar-091021202417-phpapp02/85/E-D-U-C-A-T-I-O-N-S-T-R-E-S-S-D-R-11-320.jpg)
![productive element and economic incentive is a
single most important cause of
1] Reduction in the dignity of labor amongst
those who continue to learn, as well as reduction
in the income of the concerned families and the
nation
2] Lack of education, lack of employment and
starvation or criminalization amongst those who
are forced to drop out because the poor villagers
children normally contribute to the earning of the
family.
3] Inhuman suffering of those dropouts, who
somehow manage to get into cheap labor for
subsistence.
It has to be appreciated that billions of rupees
are spent on construction, decoration and
maintenance of schools and colleges. Billions
more are spent on payment of millions of
teachers and other staff members engaged in
unproductive exercises. Billions are spent on
electricity, and so called educational material.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/educationstressdr-shriniwaskashalikar-091021202417-phpapp02/85/E-D-U-C-A-T-I-O-N-S-T-R-E-S-S-D-R-13-320.jpg)
![Billions more are spent on the exams
conducted to test the capacity and merit of
rote learning. This way we weaken the
national economy, jeopardize the
developmental activities and force millions of
students to drop out due to economic reasons
and get into the hell of child labor, besides
starving and suppressing the cognitive,
affective and psychomotor domains of
millions. In short, present day education
system harnesses [amongst those who continue
to learn] arrogance coupled with lack of
confidence leaving all the domains viz.
cognitive, psychomotor and affective,
[including creative and productive skills and
physical health] defective, deficient and
underdeveloped. Further, when this education
fails to give a job, it tends to create vindictive
attitude transforming an individual into a
criminal or develops frustration and
transforms an individual into a mental wreck.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/educationstressdr-shriniwaskashalikar-091021202417-phpapp02/85/E-D-U-C-A-T-I-O-N-S-T-R-E-S-S-D-R-14-320.jpg)
E D U C A T I O N & S T R E S S D R
- 2. Most of us get disturbed by what is going on in the field of education. But we do not understand the causes of the chaos and the remedy for them. We will be benefited if we review in brief the concept of education and merits and demerits of the traditional education system in brief. Education is defined in various ways but it can be safely said to have three domains, which are as follows. The first domain is called AFFECTIVE DOMAIN. This means the state of mind. In simple words affective domain relates to how we feel. Thus when our mind is full of alertness, attention, enthusiasm, buoyancy, affection, concern, joy, tolerance, self esteem, mutual respect, mutual trust, commitment, dedication, confidence, positive and victorious spirit, we would call it healthy affective domain. In addition the zeal and concentration needed in the pursuit
- 3. of excellence in intellectual field, tenacity and endurance required in skillful activities and patience and commitment essential for satisfying and socially beneficial actions constitute affective domain. The purpose of education is to nurture this domain by designing suitable curricula and syllabi. The second domain of education is called PSYCHOMOTOR DOMAIN. This implies ability to appreciate skills and ability to perform physical and mental skills, with speed, accuracy, elegance, ease of performance etc. This may involve appreciation and performance of skills such as surgery, playing a musical instrument, playing basket ball or doing carpentry! The purpose of education is to nurture this domain through not only designing suitable curricula, syllabi but also by providing sufficient practical and demonstration classes with all the necessary equipment.
- 4. The third domain is called COGNITIVE DOMAIN. Cognitive domain incorporates accurate perspective, contemplation, correct perception understanding, conceptualization, analysis and recall of problems, ability to evaluate, synthesize, correlate and make decisions, appropriate policies, plans and expertise in the management, administration, etc. It is clear that all the domains have three components viz. Cognition [Perception], affect [Feelings] and conation [Response]. Let us consider the traditional system in a dispassionate manner and scrutinize the merits and demerits. It is obvious that we will not be able to consider all the details of the system as they varied from time to time and from place to place. But a general review of the system would help us to overcome our disturbance!
- 5. This can be done only if we rise above the petty considerations of religion, region, caste, political power and other vested interests. This would help us rectify the present education system. Conversely, unless the existing education system is rectified appropriately subsequent generations may not be able to develop the three domains of education adequately. Many of you may argue here that this task can not be accomplished by common people, but can be successfully accomplished only by the politicians, political advisors, the decision-makers and the top administrators. This argument is valid, but not completely. It has to be appreciated that no statesman, no political leader, no policy maker and no administrator can bring about change in an existing system unless, there is consensus about these changes in the vast
- 6. majority of people whose cooperation in such matters is very vital. So let us take at least a cursory look at the traditional system of education in India. The traditional education system in India in general ensured that: a] Careers were not selected on the basis of monetary gains, b] Careers were not selected arbitrarily on the basis of idiosyncrasies and whims, c] Some lucrative careers could not be sought after obsessively, in preference to the others, d] All careers ensured income and production from early age, e] All careers ensured that society was benefited, f] All careers ensured security to all the social groups, g] All the careers ensured intimacy and closeness between young and old in the families.
- 7. h] All careers ensured ethical education and passage of experience from generation to generation. In my view these were merits. (But it is also true that: The traditional system was apparently marked by deprivation of scholastic education on mass scale, apparently unjustifiable distribution of a variety of jobs, deficient infrastructure for collective scientific and technological efforts, an element of arbitrary imposition of hierarchy and). But the point here is to see how the transition from traditional system to the present one has failed to preserve and nurture the merits and discard the demerits and thereby lead to multiplication of problems! As the education shifted from homes, home industries and farms to; nurseries, K.G. schools,
- 8. schools, colleges, universities, corporate industries, research institutions etc. Cognition suffered because of: a] Huge number of students, in a single class making following three things almost impossible. These things are i] individual attention ii] dialogue iii] discussions, b] Lack of adequate salary, accountability, incentive and economic security to the teachers taking away the initiative of nurturing cognitive domain c] Increase in alienation with respect to students background and aptitude d] Lack of adequate incentive to the students in the form of creativity, production and earning, service to the family and service to the nation, takes away the motivation required for building up cognitive domain e] Lack of conviction essential in the growth of cognitive domain in the teachers and students because of outdated practical and demonstration
- 9. classes, lack of interdisciplinary dialogue and in general the irrelevance of education to the realities of day to day life in as much as almost predictable consecutive unemployment at the end! The lack of conviction could be partly due to lack of participation by teachers in decision- making, policy making, development of curricula, syllabi etc. f] Emphasis on recall and hence rote learning thereby denying free inquiry, reading, questioning etc. thereby directly thwarting the cognitive domain g]] Too many examinations with irrelevant parameters or criteria of evaluation [besides being unfair in many instances] lead to misguided and in most cases counterproductive efforts thus adversely affecting the cognitive domain h] Competitions where the manipulative skills, callousness, selfishness are given more respect, destroy the enthusiasm of growing in cognitive domain
- 10. i] Information explosion can affect cognitive domain by either causing enormous and unnecessary burden on memory or inferiority complex j] Pressure of interviews causing constant tension and sense of inadequacy, right from the tender age, k] Protracted hours of homework in schools denying the students their legitimate right to enjoy their childhood and make them physically, mentally and intellectually unfit to grow in cognitive domain l] Irrelevant and unnecessary information loading in lectures in the form of monologue, leading to suppression of the spontaneity, originality, interest and enthusiasm so much required in cognitive development amongst the students, Affective domain suffered due to,
- 11. A] Isolation of the children from their parents and their domestic environment at an early age [Making the parents also equally sad] B] Lack of warm bonds due to huge number, C] Cut throat individualistic and petty competition, D] Inadequate facilities of sports, trekking, educational tours, recreation and physical development etc E] Alienation from ones social environment and culture Psychomotor domain suffered due to A] Almost total lack of opportunities to actually participate in skillful activities such as drawing, painting, sewing, sculpturing, carpentry, knitting, weaving, music, agriculture, horticulture, other handicrafts, various sports, performing arts etc. It is important to realize that promotion of psychomotor domain is evident but in its caricature form. It has no concrete economic
- 12. realistic basis. The activities have no economic incentive and no productive element. The present education system in India; basically and almost completely prevents a huge section of society such as teachers, students, clerks, servants, sweepers and many others such as education inspectors, etc. from being creative and productive. In addition it causes colossal loss of space, electricity, construction cost and so on. In addition because of the typical emphasis on rote learning it leads to phenomenal waste of educational material such as paper, bags, pencils, ball pens etc. Lack of productive element in education not only causes colossal loss to nation but it also causes economic loss to children while suppressing and starving their psychomotor domain! The lack of
- 13. productive element and economic incentive is a single most important cause of 1] Reduction in the dignity of labor amongst those who continue to learn, as well as reduction in the income of the concerned families and the nation 2] Lack of education, lack of employment and starvation or criminalization amongst those who are forced to drop out because the poor villagers children normally contribute to the earning of the family. 3] Inhuman suffering of those dropouts, who somehow manage to get into cheap labor for subsistence. It has to be appreciated that billions of rupees are spent on construction, decoration and maintenance of schools and colleges. Billions more are spent on payment of millions of teachers and other staff members engaged in unproductive exercises. Billions are spent on electricity, and so called educational material.
- 14. Billions more are spent on the exams conducted to test the capacity and merit of rote learning. This way we weaken the national economy, jeopardize the developmental activities and force millions of students to drop out due to economic reasons and get into the hell of child labor, besides starving and suppressing the cognitive, affective and psychomotor domains of millions. In short, present day education system harnesses [amongst those who continue to learn] arrogance coupled with lack of confidence leaving all the domains viz. cognitive, psychomotor and affective, [including creative and productive skills and physical health] defective, deficient and underdeveloped. Further, when this education fails to give a job, it tends to create vindictive attitude transforming an individual into a criminal or develops frustration and transforms an individual into a mental wreck.
- 15. It must be appreciated that some institutions and individuals are making illustrious efforts in the direction of rectifying the education at their level. But the chaos in the present education and the resultant conceptual stress cannot be managed effectively, unless we propagate this conceptual understanding about education and try to see that suitable changes are made to nurture cognitive, affective, psychomotor and productive domains all over the world. In short it can be stated that every school, college, university etc must become the centers of production and service besides being centers excellence in science, art, literature, philosophy etc. The student must have economic incentive for what he/she is privileged to make. Besides, everybody connected with education directly or
- 16. indirectly must be involved in production or service. Everyday approximately 20 % of the time must be spent in production, service etc. 20 % of the time must be spent in physical activities 20 % of the time must be spent in personality development and 20 % of the time must be spent in entertainment 20 % of the time must be spent on cognitive domain Production may be of suitable items and service can involve community projects such plantation, cleanliness etc. Physical activities can include sports, exercise, trekking, hiking etc. Personality development refers to broadening of perspective through various means such as invited guest lectures, seminars, discussions on holistic health, educational tours and visits to
- 17. places where the student gets exposed to rapid developments in the society such as laboratories, airports, government offices, share market, farms etc. Entertainment could include playing musical instruments, dance, painting or anything that makes a student happy such as mimicry, singing, story telling, drama, movie etc. Development of cognitive domain can include teaching of languages, history, geography, mathematics etc with utmost emphasis on interpretation and relevance in day to day life. Thus typical questions in the examination of history, languages should be totally done away with. The subject such as economics, psychology, civics, philosophy, logic, sociology etc must include field work and made relevant to the present society. Conceptual stress arising out of chaos in education can not be managed effectively unless
- 18. and until a situation where millions are imprisoned in unproductive work and millions are forced into unemployment and inhuman cheap child labor is eradicated through law and government rules, besides public awareness. The details of practical steps can be developed by interactions amongst the people active in the field of education all over the world. DR. SHRINIWAS KASHALIKAR