Earth's moon
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The document discusses key characteristics and features of Earth's moon. It describes how the moon rotates on its axis once every 29.5 days and revolves around Earth, also taking 29.5 days. This locked rotation is why we always see the same face of the moon. The changing positions of the moon and sun relative to Earth cause the phases of the moon and create high and low tides. Eclipses occur when the moon or Earth block the sun's light. Craters and flat dark areas called maria are visible features on the moon's surface.
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Moon Phases:
The moon's phases refer to the different appearances of the moon as observed from Earth during its orbit around our planet. These phases are primarily determined by the relative positions of the Earth, the moon, and the sun. As the moon orbits the Earth, different portions of its surface are illuminated by sunlight, resulting in the various phases we observe.
1. New Moon:
The new moon occurs when the moon is positioned between the Earth and the sun, with its illuminated side facing away from Earth. From our perspective, the moon appears dark and invisible in the night sky. This marks the beginning of a new lunar cycle.
2. Waxing Crescent:
Following the new moon, a small sliver of the moon becomes visible as sunlight gradually illuminates its surface. This phase is known as the waxing crescent. It appears as a thin crescent shape in the western sky after sunset.
3. First Quarter:
During the first quarter phase, the moon has completed approximately one-quarter of its orbit around the Earth. Half of the moon's surface is illuminated by sunlight, creating a half-moon shape. This phase is often referred to as the waxing half or the half moon.
4. Waxing Gibbous:
As the moon continues to orbit, more of its surface becomes illuminated by sunlight. The waxing gibbous phase occurs when the illuminated portion of the moon is greater than half but not yet full. It appears as a bulging, almost full moon in the night sky.
5. Full Moon:
The full moon occurs when the Earth is positioned directly between the sun and the moon, with the moon's entire illuminated side facing Earth. This phase marks the midpoint of the lunar cycle and is characterized by a fully illuminated, round shape. The full moon is often associated with cultural and religious significance and is the brightest phase of the lunar cycle.
6. Waning Gibbous:
Following the full moon, the moon begins to wane or decrease in illumination. The waning gibbous phase occurs when the illuminated portion of the moon is greater than half but gradually diminishing. It appears as a shrinking, nearly full moon in the night sky.
7. Third Quarter:
During the third quarter phase, the moon has completed approximately three-quarters of its orbit around the Earth. Half of the moon's surface is illuminated, but this time, the opposite half compared to the first quarter phase. It is often referred to as the waning half or the half moon.
8. Waning Crescent:
The waning crescent phase marks the final stage of the lunar cycle before the new moon. Only a small portion of the moon's surface is illuminated by sunlight, appearing as a thin crescent shape in the eastern sky before sunrise. This phase gradually transitions into the new moon, completing the lunar cycle.
These phases repeat in a continuous cycle, with each complete cycle lasting approximately 29.5 days, known as a synodic month. The moon's phases have significant cultural, religious, and scientific importance, 4 11 2017 rotation and revolution
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2) As the Moon orbits the Earth, the illuminated portion that we see from Earth changes in a cycle called phases, ranging from new moon to full moon and back over about two weeks.
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- 1. Earth’s Moons Key Concepts •What features are found on the moon’s surface? •What are some characteristics of the moon? •How did the moon form?
- 2. ï‚¡ Telescope ï‚¡ Craters ï‚¡ Maria ï‚¡ Meteoriods
- 3. The Moon’s Surface  The moon rotates and revolves around the Earth  The changing relative positions of the moon, Earth and sun cause the phases of the moon, eclipses and tides  The moon rotates once on its axis in 29.5 days.  It takes the same time to revolve around the Earth = 29.5 days
- 4. 1. Why does the same side of the moon always face the Earth?  Draw a diagram to show (hint: p. 21) 2. Why is the moon’s period of revolution around Earth so much shorter than Earth’s period of revolution around the sun? 3. How many days does it take the moon to revolve around the sun?
- 5. • Moon reflects the light from the sun • Phases are different shapes of the moon that you see from Earth • Caused by the changes in the relative position of the moon, Earth and sun. • The phase that you see depends on how much of the sunlit side of the moon faces Earth
- 7.  In your Journal, sketch the position of the moon relative to the Earth and the sun at the time of the:  New moon  First quarter moon  Full moon  Third quarter moon  During what phases are the moon, Earth and sun aligned in a straight line?
- 8.  Predict the number of days between:  New moon and first quarter  First quarter and full moon  Full moon and third quarter  Third quarter and new moon  New moon and full moon  New moon and new moon
- 9.  Occurs when:  moon’s shadow hits Earth or  Earth’s shadow hits moon  When an object in space comes between the sun and a third object it casts shadow on that object = eclipse
- 10.  New moon – moon is between sun and Earth  Most months the moon is a little above or below sun in the sky.  Solar eclipse occurs when the moon passes directly between the Earth and sun, blocking light from the sun
- 11.  Umbra – darkest part of the moon’s shadow, cone shaped  Where the point of cone hits Earth, no light from the sun can be seen = total solar eclipse  Sky gets completely dark, can see stars and the solar corona (faint outer atmosphere of the sun)
- 12.  Penumbra – larger part of moon’s shadow that is not as dark  Part of sun is visible through the penumbra  People in the penumbra see a partial eclipse  Not safe to look at the sun during a partial eclipse because an extremely bright part of the sun remains visible
- 13.  During the full moon when the Earth is directly between the sun and moon  Moon is in Earth’s shadow
- 14.  Earth’s shadow has an umbra and penumbra  When moon is in Earth’s umbra – you see a total lunar eclipse  Can see total lunar eclipse from anywhere on Earth
- 15.  Most lunar eclipses, Earth, the moon and the sun are not quite in line = partial lunar eclipse  Moon passes partly into the Earth’s umbra
- 16. ï‚¡In your journal, sketch the positions of the sun, the moon, and Earth during a solar and a lunar eclipse
- 17.  Rise and fall of ocean water that occurs every 12.5 hours  Water rises for 6 hours and then falls for 6 hours  Caused by differences in how much the moon’s gravity pulls on different parts of Earth
- 18.  High tides occur on the side of the Earth closest to the moon due to the moon’s gravity pulling on the water  High tides also occur on the side of the Earth farthest from the moon. The moon’s gravity pulls on the Earth more strongly than it pulls on the water leaving it behind  In between the two high tides, low tides occur
- 20.  Sun’s gravity pulls on Earth’s waters  During a new moon – sun, moon and Earth are nearly in a line.  Gravity of sun and moon pull in same direction  Combination of forces produce tide with greatest difference between low and high tide  Called a spring tide – occur twice a month during full and new moons
- 21.  During moon’s 1st and 3rd quarter, line between Earth and the sun is at right angles to line between Earth and moon.  Sun’s pull is at right angles to moon’s pull.  Produces a neap tide = least difference between high and low tide  Occur twice a month
- 23. ï‚¡ In your Journal, explain the difference between spring tides and neap tides. Include a diagram