Emerging and Re-emerging Zoonotic Diseases -An Overview
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Zoonotic diseases are infections that can be transmitted between animals and humans. Many serious human pathogens are zoonotic, including 61% of human pathogens, 64% of newly identified infectious agents between 1973-1994, and 74.45% of emerging infectious diseases. Zoonoses can be transmitted via direct or indirect contact with infected animals, through animal products, contaminated water, vectors like mosquitoes and ticks, and through the air. Groups at high risk include farmers, livestock owners, veterinarians, and individuals with weak immune systems. Zoonotic diseases are caused by a variety of disease-causing agents including bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. Prevention strategies include proper hygiene, avoiding contact with sick or wild
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Description:
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Who Should Read This?
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鏝 Medical Students (MBBS, BDS, Nursing, Allied Health Sciences) preparing for physiology exams.
鏝 Medical Educators & Professors looking for structured teaching material.
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鏝 Postgraduate Students & Researchers in the field of medical sciences and physiology.
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Emerging and Re-emerging Zoonotic Diseases -An Overview
- 1. Zoonotic Diseases Presenter Dr Gazanfar Abass M.V.Sc. (VPH-IVRI) Clinical Pathologist, DIO, Baramulla Dept. of Animal Husbandry, Kashmir
- 2. 2 What are zoonoses? Zoonosis (singular) / Zoonoses (plural) Zoon = animals Noses = diseases Infections or agents that are naturally transmitted Animals Humans Diseases and infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and humans - WHO 1959
- 3. Why zoonotic diseases are important ? 61% (868 / 1415) of human pathogens are shared by animals (Zoonoses) (Woolhouse et al., 2005) 64% (14/ 22) infectious agents identified from1973-1994 are zoonoses (Chomel, 2003) 74.45% (131/177) of emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic in origin (Woolhouse et al., 2019)
- 4. Who transmit zoonoses? Farm Animals Cattle Buffaloes Sheep Goats Swine Cats Dogs Camel Poultry Wild Animals Rats Mice/rodents Squirrels Raccoons Foxes Bats Migratory birds others Vectors Mosquitoes Ticks Lice Flea House Flies Insects HUMANS ENVIRONMENT
- 5. How do ZDs spread? Direct contact Faeco-oral route By air (aerosol) Animal bite or saliva Insects Infected objects Water
- 6. How do ZDs spread?......Cont. Unclean hands and fingers Animal products Milk Meat Egg Wool Fish blood
- 7. 7 who are at risk in humans ? Population at higher risk Infants Children <5 Pregnant women People undergoing chemotherapy People with organ transplants People with HIV/AIDS Elderly Most susceptible groups ( Farmers, livestock owners & occupational groups) 1. Share air and space with animals 2. Frequent contact with domestic and wild animals
- 8. Classification of ZDs based on Etiological agents. Bacterial Ex. Brucellosis, leptospirosis, listeriosis, TB, Anthrax, etc Viral Ex. Coronavirus (Co-SRS, nCOVID-19), Bird flu, Swine flu, Rabies, JE, KFD, Dengue, etc Rickettsial and Chlamydial Ex. scrub typhus, RMSF, Ornithosis,etc Mycotic / Fungal Ex. Dermatophytosis, Cryptococcosis, Histoplasmosis
- 9. Classification based on Etiological agents. Protozoan : Ex. Toxoplasmosis, Babesiosis, Leishmaniasis, African Trypanosomiasis Trematode / Fluke : Ex. Fascioliasis, Amphistomiasis, Schistosomiasis Cestodes / Tapeworms : Ex. Cysticercosis, Hydatidosis, Coenuriasis Nematodes / Round worms : Ex. Trichinellosis, Cutaneous Larva migrans, Thelaziasis Spreads Taeniasis, Cysticercosis, Hydatidosis & Coenuriasis
- 11. ANTHRAX
- 12. CONTROL AND PREVENTION Avoid close contact Avoid touching eyes, nose & mouth Stay home when feeling sick Cover your cough/sneeze with tissue Wash hands regularly with Dettol & scrub with Sanitizer CORONAVIRUS
- 13. RABIES
- 14. Control & Prevention Wash hands thoroughly and frequently Consume Pasteurized or properly boiled milk Proper cooking of meat Clean eggs before use and dont consume spoiled fishes Regular health checkups for occupational high risk groups Immunization/vaccination Regular testing Reducing contact with animals Properly animal management