Enzymes
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A substance that initiates or modifies the rate of a chemical reaction in a living body. A substance that initiates or modifies the rate of a chemical reaction in a living body. Co Enzyme: Organic molecules that transport chemical group. Co Factor: metal ion that certain enzymes need in order to catalyze a reaction FACTORS EFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY Temperature Substrate Concentration Enzyme Concentration Co Factor Inhibitors
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Many Animal species can grow and reproduce normally when dissolved oxygen level is ~ 5.0 mg/L.
HYPOXIA: When dissolve oxygen content below 3.0 mg/L. Many Species move elsewhere and immobile species may die
ANOXIA: When dissolve oxygen content below 0.5 mg/L. All aerobic species will die
Fertilizer contains Nitrate contributes to high BOD
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Use glass bottles having 60 mL or greater capacity. Take samples of water.
Turn on the constant temperature chamber to allow the
controlled temperature to stabilize at 20属C 賊1属C.
Record the DO level (ppm) of one immediately.
Place water sample in an incubator in complete darkness at 20 C for 5 days. Exclude all light to prevent possibility of photosynthetic production of DO
If don't have an incubator, wrap the water sample bottle in aluminum foil or black electrical tape and store in a dark place at room temperature (20o C or 68 属F).
DILUTION OF SAMPLE
Most relatively unpolluted streams have a BOD5 that ranges from 1 to 8 mg/L
Dilution is necessary when the amount of DO consumed by microorganisms is greater than the amount of DO available in the air-saturated.
If the BOD5 value of a sample is less than 7 mg/L, sample dilution is not needed.
The DO concentration after 5 days must be at least 1 mg/L and at least 2 mg/L lower in concentration than the initial DO
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BOD of the dilution water is less than 0.2 mg/L.
Discard dilution water if there is any sign of biological growth.
pH of the dilution water needs to be maintained in a range suitable for bacterial growth
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Blotting techniques- types and advantages, disadvantages AUTOSOMES , ALLOSOMES AND SEX RATIO IN HUMAN POPULATION
AUTOSOMES , ALLOSOMES AND SEX RATIO IN HUMAN POPULATIONNistarini College, Purulia (W.B) India
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This presentation offers a bird's eye view of autosomes and sex chromosomes. It also explores the different kinds of diseases of humans due to autosomal and sex-linked inherited traits. The sex determination of plants has been explained. The ratio of sex in the human population along with cause and consequences has been explained here.(Journal Club) Focused ultrasound excites neurons via mechanosensitive calciu...
(Journal Club) Focused ultrasound excites neurons via mechanosensitive calciu...David Podorefsky, PhD
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Journal Club (2/11/21)
Focused ultrasound excites neurons via mechanosensitive calcium accumulation and ion channel amplification
Unjustly Incriminating Bacteria: the Role of Bacteriophages in Bacterial Infe...
Unjustly Incriminating Bacteria: the Role of Bacteriophages in Bacterial Infe...christianagboeze2427
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SUMMARY
Based on human relationship with bacteria, virulence is one of the most important case to us. Some forms of virulence thought to arise only from the actions of bacteria are not actually caused by them but are indirectly influenced by another counterpart in the microbial mix of the ecosystem called bacteriophage; viruses that only infect prokaryotes such as bacteria but not eukaryotes. Bacteriophages preferably attack bacteria due to the lack of specific receptors for phages on eukaryotic cells which are found in bacteria e.g. peptide sequences and polysaccharide moieties in gram positive and gram negative bacteria, bacterial capsules, slime layers, flagella etc. They recognize and bind to bacteria using appropriate receptors, subsequently proceeding to inject their genome called prophage into their host. This review focuses on the most probable outcomes of phage-host interactions via the lytic and lysogenic cycles which are therapeutic effect and pathogenicity/resistance to antibiotics respectively. By lysogenic conversion or transfer of acquired genetic materials via transduction, phages can confer unusual traits such as virulence and antibiotics resistance. Important pathogenic bacteria that cause persistent and critical infections which have their pathogenicity engineered by phages include Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Staphylococcus spp., and Clostridium spp.
The prophages influence their virulence in a variety of ways which include: contribution to the production of phage-encoded toxins, modification of the bacterial envelope, mediation of bacterial infectivity, and control of bacterial cell regulation. The unwavering threat of antimicrobial resistance in global health, extreme difficulty involved in developing novel antibiotics, and the rate at which microorganisms develop resistance to newly introduced antimicrobials have sparked urgency and interest in research for effective methods to eradicate pathogenic bacteria and limit antibiotic resistance. As a result, interest in phage therapy has been reignited because of the high efficiency in detecting and killing pathogenic bacteria by phages.
Simple Phenomena of Magnetism | IGCSE Physics
Simple Phenomena of Magnetism | IGCSE PhysicsBlessing Ndazie
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This extensive slide deck provides a detailed exploration of the simple phenomena of magnetism for IGCSE Physics. It covers key concepts such as magnetic materials, properties of magnets, magnetic field patterns, the Earth's magnetism, electromagnets, the motor effect, and the principles of electromagnetic induction. The presentation also explains magnetization and demagnetization, methods of making magnets, applications of magnets in real life, and experimental demonstrations. Featuring illustrative diagrams, worked examples, and exam-style questions, this resource is ideal for IGCSE students, teachers, and independent learners preparing for exams.Respiration & Gas Exchange | Cambridge IGCSE Biology
Respiration & Gas Exchange | Cambridge IGCSE BiologyBlessing Ndazie
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This IGCSE Biology presentation explains respiration and gas exchange, covering the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration, the structure of the respiratory system, gas exchange in the lungs, and the role of diffusion. Learn about the effects of exercise on breathing, how smoking affects the lungs, and how respiration provides energy for cells. A perfect study resource for Cambridge IGCSE students preparing for exams!Overview of basic statistical mechanics of NNs
Overview of basic statistical mechanics of NNsCharles Martin
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Overview of topics in the paper
A walk in the statistical mechanical formulation of neural networks (2014)
https://arxiv.org/abs/1407.5300
Audio: https://youtu.be/zIxg69Q8UTkCoordination and Response: The Nervous System | IGCSE Biology
Coordination and Response: The Nervous System | IGCSE BiologyBlessing Ndazie
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This comprehensive IGCSE Biology presentation explains the nervous system, focusing on how the body coordinates and responds to stimuli. Learn about the central and peripheral nervous systems, reflex actions, neurons, synapses, and the role of neurotransmitters. Understand the differences between voluntary and involuntary responses and how the nervous system interacts with other body systems. Ideal for Cambridge IGCSE students preparing for exams!Drug evaluation Organoleptic, Microscopic, Chemical, Biological
Drug evaluation Organoleptic, Microscopic, Chemical, BiologicalNistarini College, Purulia (W.B) India
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(Journal Club) Focused ultrasound excites neurons via mechanosensitive calciu...
(Journal Club) Focused ultrasound excites neurons via mechanosensitive calciu...David Podorefsky, PhD
油
Unjustly Incriminating Bacteria: the Role of Bacteriophages in Bacterial Infe...
Unjustly Incriminating Bacteria: the Role of Bacteriophages in Bacterial Infe...christianagboeze2427
油
Enzymes
- 1. ENZYMES ADNAN MURAD BHAYO U N I V E R S I T Y O F K A R A C H I , P A K I S T A N
- 3. HISTORY
- 6. 1 1946 James B. Sumner John H. Northrop Wendell M. Stanley
- 7. STRUCTUREOFENZYME Made up from 62 to 2500 Amino Acids A complex 3-D structure They have a globular shape
- 8. ACTIVE SITE The active site is a small port in an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction. Active Site is made from 3 to 5 Amino Acids
- 9. ENZYMES PARTNERS Co Enzyme: Organic molecules that transport chemical group. Co Factor: metal ion that certain enzymes need in order to catalyze a reaction A holoenzyme is an enzyme with any metal ions or coenzymes attached to it that is now ready to catalyze a reaction.
- 10. LOCK AND KEY MODEL Active Site and the substrate are Exactly Complementry
- 11. INDUCED FIT MODEL Active Site is Flexible and is not Exactly Complementry
- 16. TRANSFERASE:
- 17. HYDROLASES
- 18. LYASES
- 19. LIGASE
- 20. ISOMERASE
- 21. FACTORS EFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY 1. Temperature 2. Substrate Concentration 3. Enzyme Concentration 4. Co Factor 5. Inhibitors