The document discusses ambiguity in context free grammars. It provides two examples of grammars that are ambiguous and shows that there are multiple leftmost derivations for strings generated by these grammars. Specifically, the grammars presented have two different leftmost derivation trees for the strings "aab" and "a+a+a" respectively, showing that the grammars are ambiguous.
Formal Languages and Automata Theory unit 2Srimatre K
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This document provides information about regular expressions and finite automata. It includes:
1. A syllabus covering regular expressions, applications of regular expressions, algebraic laws, conversion of automata to expressions, and the pumping lemma.
2. Details of regular expressions including operators, precedence, applications, and algebraic laws.
3. How to convert between finite automata and regular expressions using Arden's theorem and state elimination methods.
4. Properties of regular languages including closure properties and how regular languages satisfy the pumping lemma.
This document provides information about a course on fundamentals of data structures taught at JSPM's Jayawantrao Sawant College of Engineering in Pune, India. The 3-credit course is a prerequisite for the data structures laboratory companion course. Key topics covered include linear and non-linear data structures, algorithms, complexity analysis, and specific data structures like arrays, linked lists, stacks, and queues. The course aims to provide foundations for implementing and using data structures and algorithms to solve problems. On completing the course, students should be able to design algorithms, discriminate data structure usage, and understand various data representation and processing methods.
This document provides an overview of PL/SQL, Oracle's procedural language extension for SQL and the Oracle Database. It discusses key PL/SQL features like tight integration with SQL, improved performance, productivity and portability. It also covers PL/SQL programming constructs like variables, data types, control structures, procedures, functions, triggers and cursors. PL/SQL code is organized into optional declaration, executable and exception sections and allows for modular programming and error handling.
The document provides information about a course on the theory of automata. It includes details such as the course title, prerequisites, duration, lectures, laboratories, and topics to be covered. The topics include finite automata, deterministic finite automata, non-deterministic finite automata, regular expressions, properties of regular languages, context-free grammars, pushdown automata, and Turing machines. It also lists reference books and textbooks, and the marking scheme for the course.
The document contains an unstructured list of numbers, letters, symbols and punctuation with no clear meaning or context. Key elements include:
- Random assortment of numbers, such as 58, 2.4, 658, and 0.55
- Letters and letter combinations like A, A2, CCB, and DCG
- Symbols such as /, -, ., and :
- No identifiable words, names, or other meaningful elements
This document provides an introduction to asymptotic analysis of algorithms. It discusses analyzing algorithms based on how their running time increases with the size of the input problem. The key points are:
- Algorithms are compared based on their asymptotic running time as the input size increases, which is more useful than actual running times on a specific computer.
- The main types of analysis are worst-case, best-case, and average-case running times.
- Asymptotic notations like Big-O, Omega, and Theta are used to classify algorithms based on their rate of growth as the input increases.
- Common orders of growth include constant, logarithmic, linear, quadratic, and exponential time.
This document discusses indexing in MySQL databases to improve query performance. It begins by defining an index as a data structure that speeds up data retrieval from databases. It then covers various types of indexes like primary keys, unique indexes, and different indexing algorithms like B-Tree, hash, and full text. The document discusses when to create indexes, such as on columns frequently used in queries like WHERE clauses. It also covers multi-column indexes, partial indexes, and indexes to support sorting, joining tables, and avoiding full table scans. The concepts of cardinality and selectivity are introduced. The document concludes with a discussion of index overhead and using EXPLAIN to view query execution plans and index usage.
Lecture 103 - Entity-relationship modelAndrii Kopp
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Entity-relationship model
COPYRIGHT DISCLAIMER: Presentation aggregates information from multiple open-access resources. Author does not claim for copyright.
This document provides information about a course on fundamentals of data structures taught at JSPM's Jayawantrao Sawant College of Engineering in Pune, India. The 3-credit course is a prerequisite for the data structures laboratory companion course. Key topics covered include linear and non-linear data structures, algorithms, complexity analysis, and specific data structures like arrays, linked lists, stacks, and queues. The course aims to provide foundations for implementing and using data structures and algorithms to solve problems. On completing the course, students should be able to design algorithms, discriminate data structure usage, and understand various data representation and processing methods.
This document provides an overview of PL/SQL, Oracle's procedural language extension for SQL and the Oracle Database. It discusses key PL/SQL features like tight integration with SQL, improved performance, productivity and portability. It also covers PL/SQL programming constructs like variables, data types, control structures, procedures, functions, triggers and cursors. PL/SQL code is organized into optional declaration, executable and exception sections and allows for modular programming and error handling.
The document provides information about a course on the theory of automata. It includes details such as the course title, prerequisites, duration, lectures, laboratories, and topics to be covered. The topics include finite automata, deterministic finite automata, non-deterministic finite automata, regular expressions, properties of regular languages, context-free grammars, pushdown automata, and Turing machines. It also lists reference books and textbooks, and the marking scheme for the course.
The document contains an unstructured list of numbers, letters, symbols and punctuation with no clear meaning or context. Key elements include:
- Random assortment of numbers, such as 58, 2.4, 658, and 0.55
- Letters and letter combinations like A, A2, CCB, and DCG
- Symbols such as /, -, ., and :
- No identifiable words, names, or other meaningful elements
This document provides an introduction to asymptotic analysis of algorithms. It discusses analyzing algorithms based on how their running time increases with the size of the input problem. The key points are:
- Algorithms are compared based on their asymptotic running time as the input size increases, which is more useful than actual running times on a specific computer.
- The main types of analysis are worst-case, best-case, and average-case running times.
- Asymptotic notations like Big-O, Omega, and Theta are used to classify algorithms based on their rate of growth as the input increases.
- Common orders of growth include constant, logarithmic, linear, quadratic, and exponential time.
This document discusses indexing in MySQL databases to improve query performance. It begins by defining an index as a data structure that speeds up data retrieval from databases. It then covers various types of indexes like primary keys, unique indexes, and different indexing algorithms like B-Tree, hash, and full text. The document discusses when to create indexes, such as on columns frequently used in queries like WHERE clauses. It also covers multi-column indexes, partial indexes, and indexes to support sorting, joining tables, and avoiding full table scans. The concepts of cardinality and selectivity are introduced. The document concludes with a discussion of index overhead and using EXPLAIN to view query execution plans and index usage.
Lecture 103 - Entity-relationship modelAndrii Kopp
?
Entity-relationship model
COPYRIGHT DISCLAIMER: Presentation aggregates information from multiple open-access resources. Author does not claim for copyright.
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