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- 1. Atomic number and Synthesis of new elements Module 1.1 in Physical Science 12 Presented by: Nhiel Lapeciros
- 2. Who is Henry Mosely?
- 3. Born on November 23, 1887 Died in August 10, 1915 Henry Gwyn Jeffrey Moseley or Henry Moseley was a British physicist who made significant contributions to the field of atomic physics.
- 4. He is best known for Moseley's law. A study of the X ray spectra that led him to propose the atomic number. Moseley's work played a crucial role in the development of the modern periodic table by arranging the elements in order of increasing atomic number, rather than atomic mass. Up to this date, his work is very significant because the elements are still arrange in terms of their atomic number.
- 5. His discoveries helped to establish the concept of atomic number as the fundamental property of an element. Tragically, Moseley's promising career was cut short when he was killed in action during World War I at the age of 27. Despite his untimely death, his work had a profound impact on the field of atomic physics and laid the groundwork for many future advancements in the understanding of the atom.
- 6. What is atomic number?
- 7. Atomic Number refers to the number of protons found in the nucleus of atom, which determines the chemical properties on an element. The atomic number is represented by the symbol Z and is typically listed along with the elements and name in the periodic table.
- 8. The Atomic number and Mass number
- 9. The Atomic Number and Mass Number The X-ray spectroscopy of Henry Moseley, a British physicist played a significant development in determining the atomic number of the elements. In his experiment, the different beam of electrons bombarded with other elements produced varying frequencies of x-ray spectral lines. He measured and concluded that these frequencies revealed by the elements in his worked were similar location in the periodic table of elements.
- 10. Therefore, he assigned these frequencies as the atomic number of each element. The atomic number indicates the number of protons found in the nucleus of each element. It also serves as the identity of an atom.
- 11. Did you know? Every atomic number of one element is naay 3 ka particles? This particles is called as the Subatomic particles Which is: Protons Neutrons Electrons
- 12. Therefore, he assigned these frequencies as the atomic number of each element. The atomic number indicates the number of protons found in the nucleus of each element. It also serves as the identity of an atom.
- 13. In a neutral atom, the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons. Thus, atomic number is equal to the number of electrons in a neutral atom. For instance, aluminum has an atomic number of 13, meaning each neutral atom of aluminum has 13 protons and electrons.
- 14. In general, the acceptable representation of atomic number is this symbol, capital Z. The total number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus of an atom referred mass number. The mass number represents by this symbol, capital A. Where: Atomic number (Z)= number of protons (p+) = number of electrons (e-) Mass number (A)= number of protons (p+) + number of neutrons (n) = Atomic number (Z) + number of neutrons (n) Number of neutrons (n) = Mass number (A) number of protons (p+)
- 15. Note: Protons are positive charge, Electrons are negative charge, and Neutrons are neutral or no charge.
- 18. The Synthesis of New Elements
- 19. The Synthesis of New Elements The understanding of atomic number also paved the way for the synthesis of new elements. Synthesis of new elements involves the creation of atoms with atomic numbers higher than those found naturally on Earth. The scientists used a particle accelerator to synthesize new synthetic elements. The particle accelerator is a device used to speed up the electrically charged atomic particles or subatomic particles by using magnetic and electrical fields.
- 20. The cyclotron is a type of particle accelerator developed by Ernest Lawrence in 1930. It uses a combination of electric and magnetic fields to accelerate charged particles in a spiral path. This technology was crucial in advancing the study of nuclear physics and led to the discovery of many new isotopes. The cyclotron also had important applications in the medical field, as it could be used to create radioactive isotopes for medical imaging and cancer treatment.
- 21. In 1930, the element 92, Uranium was the heaviest element discovered at that time. The eagerness of scientists to study and discover the behavior and characteristics of the elements challenged them to create new elements. By the year 1937, Ernest Lawrence used linear particle accelerator in creating element 43 by bombarding the atoms of molybdenum with atomic number 42 with fast moving electrons. He named this element 43 as Technetium. The first man-made element.
- 22. The first elements to be synthesized were created by Ernest Lawrence and his colleagues in the early 1900s. They bombarded nitrogen gas with alpha particles and discovered that the resulting nuclei contained one additional proton, creating the first artificially created element.
- 23. In 1940, the element astatine with atomic number 85 is synthesized by the collaboration of three great scientists, Emilio Segre, Kenneth Mackenzie and Dale Corson by bombarding the atoms of element bismuth with atomic number 83 using the fast moving alpha particle. In the same year, Edwin McMillan used particle accelerator to bombard uranium with neutrons that led him to discover the element with atomic number 93. He called it neptunium.
- 24. In the late 1940, the four scientists namely, Glenn Seaborg, Edwin McMillan, Joseph Kennedy and Arthur Wahl synthesized element 94 by bombarding the uranium with deuterons in the cyclotron. The cyclotron is a particle accelerator used in alternating electric field to accelerate particles that move in a spiral path in the presence of a magnetic field. The deuterons are particles made of a proton and a neutron. They named the element 94 to plutonium.
- 25. In the periodic table of elements, elements with atomic number higher than 92 are belong to the group or family of transuranium elements. Since, elements neptunium and plutonium have atomic number 93 and 94 respectively are grouped in the family of transuranium elements. These elements are unstable and radioactively decay into other elements. The transuranium elements are created using nuclear reactors or particle accelerators. The particle accelerators are used to create new elements in the laboratory. These elements are synthesized in the laboratory and considered as synthetic elements.
- 26. The synthesis of new elements has led to new discoveries and advancements in the field of nuclear physics. It has also contributed to the development of new technologies, such as medical imaging techniques and nuclear energy. However, the synthesis of new elements is still a challenging and complex process, requiring advanced technology and expertise in nuclear physics.
- 27. The conclusion of the Atomic number and Synthesis of new elements is that the periodic table is a useful tool for understanding the properties and behavior of elements, and that the synthesis of new elements beyond atomic number 118 is extremely challenging due to the instability and short half-lives of these superheavy elements. Lastly, the study of the synthesis of new elements has led us to a better understanding of nuclear physics and the limits of the nuclear landscape.