A 9-year-old girl named Elza Shaqaryan lives with her parents, little brother, and grandmother. She enjoys going to school but is looking forward to summer vacation so she can play with friends and her brother, watch cartoons, and spend time with her parents in the park after doing homework.
Schools in the past used different tools and methods for teaching children compared to modern schools. Children sat in rows at wooden desks and were taught using slates, copy books, and abacuses. Teachers maintained discipline by using punishments like making children wear dunce hats or striking their hands with canes for misbehaving. At the end of each school day, teachers documented lessons and events in logbooks.
The document is a presentation titled "My Day" which is a grammar exercise that uses pictures to describe a person's daily routine using the present simple tense. It provides example sentences like "I get up at 7 o'clock" and includes a series of pictures showing activities from waking up to going to bed with key words to help describe each picture using the present simple tense, such as "get up", "have breakfast", and "go to bed".
This document contains a summary of an after-school event called "A Trip to the Land of Knowledge" hosted by an English teacher. It describes 5 stations that students rotated through, covering topics like grammar, vocabulary, conversation questions, and riddles. The stations included fill-in-the-blank grammar exercises, rearranging words in sentences, guessing definitions of words, answering common questions in English, and solving riddles. The goal was for students to practice and improve their English language skills in an engaging way outside of regular class time.
The document describes a family with two nieces. The older niece sometimes spends time with her older brother but they are described as enemies. The author's sister later had another child who is now growing up and imagining going to school like her older sister, though she is still bored at home. Several months later, it is now the younger niece's turn to start school, and she is excitedly playing and imagining her time in school as well.
Hawkesdale is a small school that provides individual attention to students and opportunities not available in larger schools. The teachers are recognized for their innovative use of technology and caring approach, with one helping students in trouble, another integrating cooking into lessons, and others leading sports and trips to China. The vice principal, librarian, and various subject teachers are described as enjoying working with the students and having been at the school for many years.
Hawkesdale is a small school that provides individual attention to students and opportunities not available in larger schools. The teachers are recognized for their innovative use of technology and caring approach, with one helping students in trouble, another integrating cooking into lessons, and others leading sports and trips to China. The vice principal, librarian, and various subject teachers are all described as enjoying working with the students and having been at the school for many years.
Hawkesdale is a small school that provides individual attention to students and opportunities not available in larger schools. The teachers are recognized for their innovative use of technology and caring approach, with one helping students in trouble, another integrating cooking into lessons, and others leading sports and trips to China. The vice principal, librarian, and various subject teachers are all described as enjoying working with the students and having been at the school for many years.
Levi is a 20-year-old teacher who has a different routine each day of the week. On Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays he studies from 7am to 3pm at FES Acatl叩n, then has dinner and does homework. On Tuesdays and Thursdays he wakes at 8am, exercises for two hours, and cleans the house. On weekends he visits friends at night.
The document discusses teaching methods and materials for an English language classroom for young learners. It outlines the five-step method of warm up, presentation, practice, application, and assessment. It provides examples of vocabulary, activities using objects and pictures, storytelling techniques, and appropriate types of writing for children of this age. It also addresses the use of the students' native language in the classroom.
Schools in the past were very different than today. Children would sit at individual desks in straight lines and listen to lessons given by the teacher at the front of the room. They would use slates and pens instead of paper to do their work, and would practice writing over and over in copy books. Math was taught using abacuses, and misbehaving children would be punished by being made to wear dunce hats. Teachers documented each school day in logbooks.
Anna and her family enjoy doing puzzles of different sizes. Anna is best at small puzzles with about 50 pieces that she tries to complete one per day. Anna and her brother work on medium puzzles together. When the whole family does a puzzle, they do very large ones with 500 pieces or more that can take them a week to finish. They glue their favorite completed puzzles together and frame them to display on the wall.
This document is a book created by girls from Team Two about their class. It consists of 26 pages with one letter of the alphabet on each page and a corresponding word or phrase describing something related to their class that starts with that letter. For example, A is for achievement, B is for basketball, C is for clouds, and so on until Z is for Zoe. The book provides an overview of activities, subjects, people, and other elements of their class from A to Z.
My name is noelia juarez i rember the frist day of school it was nice to mee...XgarciabitchesX
油
My name is Noelia Juarez. I enjoyed my first day of school in 6th grade where I met new teachers. The camp was fun and my favorite teachers were helpful. I liked the projects we did in 6th grade, especially learning about Egypt. I will miss my friends at Beamer Elementary School and playing with them at recess. I am ready to play baseball with my 6th grade teachers and friends one last time before moving on from elementary school.
The document describes what school was like in the "olden days" through a simulated school day experience at Te Manawa. Key details include:
- The teacher strictly enforced rules about not talking without permission, raising your hand to answer, and saying "Miss" when called on.
- Writing was done with ink pens that had to be dipped in an inkwell, and any blotches meant getting smacked on the hand with a ruler.
- The classroom was plain with few decorations or colors for brightness.
- Reading was done together aloud while pointing at words, and the books were not very interesting.
The document describes a child's typical day at preschool. It discusses how the child rides to school in a car seat, greets their teacher, eats breakfast and snack with friends. At school the child enjoys playing outside on sunny days using trikes, balls and the sandbox. They also like swinging, running, playing with bubbles, blocks and toys. The child can use the bathroom independently and washes their hands. They do activities like singing, stories, dress up and puzzles. When the child misses their family, the teacher helps them feel better until someone comes to pick them up and take them home.
Schools in the past used a bell to start and end the school day, had children sit at desks in lines facing the teacher, and had them write on slates with pens before paper was widely available. Students would practice writing over and over in copy books and used abacuses to help with math. Teachers would punish misbehaving children by making them wear dunce hats or striking their hands with canes, and kept logbooks to record each school day's events.
This short greeting hopes for a friendly new semester where everything goes well for the student and their teacher, and they form a good group to study English together.
Students are expected to do their work in school, and if they need help they should raise their hand and ask the teacher. Once school work is completed, students may use computers or play.
The document outlines a typical daily routine for a student, including waking up at 7am, having breakfast at 8:30am, brushing their teeth, going to school at 7:30am where they study with friends and have Spanish class and PE, playing at the playground during breaks, going home after school for lunch and doing homework before playing computer games, playing basketball from 6pm, showering, having dinner, playing Minecraft on the computer before bed while preparing their bag for the next day.
Esther is a 10-year old girl from Pontejos, Cantabria, Spain. She attends Marina de Cudeyo school where she has 10 subjects and 5 teachers. Her daily routine includes waking up at 7:30 am, having breakfast, getting dressed, brushing her teeth, and going to school. After school on Mondays she has swimming and her other activities include English, dance, and swimming. At home she can make her bed and do homework, but can't cook. On weekends she plays with her dog Kika and eats at her grandma's house. In the evenings she has dinner with her family and watches TV before bed.
In the first grade classroom of Mrs. Wesslund, students have a structured daily schedule that includes breakfast, morning reading and literacy activities, computer time, PE, math lessons, recess, calendar time, and workshops in various subjects like science, art and music. Students also share what their favorite activities are, such as playing on the monkey bars at recess or learning about money in math. At the end of each day, students pass out tokens and can earn prizes from collecting them.
Marta is an 11-year-old girl from Pontejos, Cantabria, Spain. She attends Marina de Cudeyo school, where she has 11 subjects and favorite classes are English, math, geography, and art. Her daily routine includes waking up at 8:20 am, having breakfast, brushing teeth, and going to school by car or bus. After school she does homework, plays with friends, and has activities like English class, rollerblading, and cooking. On weekends she visits family and goes to Santander to walk and get ice cream. Her hobbies include reading, traveling, and rollerblading.
This week's assignments for Mrs. Roussell's class include continuing mystery literature discussions in reading, writing their own mystery stories, focusing on geometry like angles and area in math, and studying light in science. Reminders are given to check the class blog and assignment books. Important dates are a field trip on Monday and the last day of school being a half day on May 21st. The teacher thanks parents for their support on a recent field trip.
This document summarizes a student's daily routine and schedule. It describes their teachers and subjects at school, waking up at 7:20 am and taking the car to school. At school, classes run from 9:50 am to 2:10 pm, followed by doing homework. After school there are no extracurricular activities, but they enjoy tennis and swimming. On weekends they play games in the street and do homework in the evenings, while at home they are allowed to feed animals, read, and play computer games but not text friends. It concludes with questions for their pen pal.
Mr. Armadillo wakes up at 7:30 am, takes a shower, gets dressed, has breakfast which usually consists of cheese, bread, tea and coffee, and then helps his mother clean house before playing soccer.
Mr. Chameleon has lunch at 11:40 am, which usually consists of rice, beans, pork, tomato and lettuce. He then gets ready for school, which starts at 7:00 pm, and enjoys math and physical education, especially his math teacher.
In the evening, Miss Mermaid arrives home from school at 7:00 pm, uses her phone or watches TV before having dinner around 8:00 pm, which is often traditional or fast food. She then does
This document contains a lesson on vocabulary words, including:
1) Remarkable, suitable, advantage, extract, withstand, and stealthy. Example sentences are provided to illustrate the meaning and proper use of each word.
This document contains a list of spelling words for first grade students in Lesson 9, including "us", "must", "cub", "with", "don't", "bus", "cut", "club", and "then". It also provides example sentences using the words such as "We asked the new kids to play with us", "I ride the bus to school", and "Mom says it's time for bed".
Levi is a 20-year-old teacher who has a different routine each day of the week. On Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays he studies from 7am to 3pm at FES Acatl叩n, then has dinner and does homework. On Tuesdays and Thursdays he wakes at 8am, exercises for two hours, and cleans the house. On weekends he visits friends at night.
The document discusses teaching methods and materials for an English language classroom for young learners. It outlines the five-step method of warm up, presentation, practice, application, and assessment. It provides examples of vocabulary, activities using objects and pictures, storytelling techniques, and appropriate types of writing for children of this age. It also addresses the use of the students' native language in the classroom.
Schools in the past were very different than today. Children would sit at individual desks in straight lines and listen to lessons given by the teacher at the front of the room. They would use slates and pens instead of paper to do their work, and would practice writing over and over in copy books. Math was taught using abacuses, and misbehaving children would be punished by being made to wear dunce hats. Teachers documented each school day in logbooks.
Anna and her family enjoy doing puzzles of different sizes. Anna is best at small puzzles with about 50 pieces that she tries to complete one per day. Anna and her brother work on medium puzzles together. When the whole family does a puzzle, they do very large ones with 500 pieces or more that can take them a week to finish. They glue their favorite completed puzzles together and frame them to display on the wall.
This document is a book created by girls from Team Two about their class. It consists of 26 pages with one letter of the alphabet on each page and a corresponding word or phrase describing something related to their class that starts with that letter. For example, A is for achievement, B is for basketball, C is for clouds, and so on until Z is for Zoe. The book provides an overview of activities, subjects, people, and other elements of their class from A to Z.
My name is noelia juarez i rember the frist day of school it was nice to mee...XgarciabitchesX
油
My name is Noelia Juarez. I enjoyed my first day of school in 6th grade where I met new teachers. The camp was fun and my favorite teachers were helpful. I liked the projects we did in 6th grade, especially learning about Egypt. I will miss my friends at Beamer Elementary School and playing with them at recess. I am ready to play baseball with my 6th grade teachers and friends one last time before moving on from elementary school.
The document describes what school was like in the "olden days" through a simulated school day experience at Te Manawa. Key details include:
- The teacher strictly enforced rules about not talking without permission, raising your hand to answer, and saying "Miss" when called on.
- Writing was done with ink pens that had to be dipped in an inkwell, and any blotches meant getting smacked on the hand with a ruler.
- The classroom was plain with few decorations or colors for brightness.
- Reading was done together aloud while pointing at words, and the books were not very interesting.
The document describes a child's typical day at preschool. It discusses how the child rides to school in a car seat, greets their teacher, eats breakfast and snack with friends. At school the child enjoys playing outside on sunny days using trikes, balls and the sandbox. They also like swinging, running, playing with bubbles, blocks and toys. The child can use the bathroom independently and washes their hands. They do activities like singing, stories, dress up and puzzles. When the child misses their family, the teacher helps them feel better until someone comes to pick them up and take them home.
Schools in the past used a bell to start and end the school day, had children sit at desks in lines facing the teacher, and had them write on slates with pens before paper was widely available. Students would practice writing over and over in copy books and used abacuses to help with math. Teachers would punish misbehaving children by making them wear dunce hats or striking their hands with canes, and kept logbooks to record each school day's events.
This short greeting hopes for a friendly new semester where everything goes well for the student and their teacher, and they form a good group to study English together.
Students are expected to do their work in school, and if they need help they should raise their hand and ask the teacher. Once school work is completed, students may use computers or play.
The document outlines a typical daily routine for a student, including waking up at 7am, having breakfast at 8:30am, brushing their teeth, going to school at 7:30am where they study with friends and have Spanish class and PE, playing at the playground during breaks, going home after school for lunch and doing homework before playing computer games, playing basketball from 6pm, showering, having dinner, playing Minecraft on the computer before bed while preparing their bag for the next day.
Esther is a 10-year old girl from Pontejos, Cantabria, Spain. She attends Marina de Cudeyo school where she has 10 subjects and 5 teachers. Her daily routine includes waking up at 7:30 am, having breakfast, getting dressed, brushing her teeth, and going to school. After school on Mondays she has swimming and her other activities include English, dance, and swimming. At home she can make her bed and do homework, but can't cook. On weekends she plays with her dog Kika and eats at her grandma's house. In the evenings she has dinner with her family and watches TV before bed.
In the first grade classroom of Mrs. Wesslund, students have a structured daily schedule that includes breakfast, morning reading and literacy activities, computer time, PE, math lessons, recess, calendar time, and workshops in various subjects like science, art and music. Students also share what their favorite activities are, such as playing on the monkey bars at recess or learning about money in math. At the end of each day, students pass out tokens and can earn prizes from collecting them.
Marta is an 11-year-old girl from Pontejos, Cantabria, Spain. She attends Marina de Cudeyo school, where she has 11 subjects and favorite classes are English, math, geography, and art. Her daily routine includes waking up at 8:20 am, having breakfast, brushing teeth, and going to school by car or bus. After school she does homework, plays with friends, and has activities like English class, rollerblading, and cooking. On weekends she visits family and goes to Santander to walk and get ice cream. Her hobbies include reading, traveling, and rollerblading.
This week's assignments for Mrs. Roussell's class include continuing mystery literature discussions in reading, writing their own mystery stories, focusing on geometry like angles and area in math, and studying light in science. Reminders are given to check the class blog and assignment books. Important dates are a field trip on Monday and the last day of school being a half day on May 21st. The teacher thanks parents for their support on a recent field trip.
This document summarizes a student's daily routine and schedule. It describes their teachers and subjects at school, waking up at 7:20 am and taking the car to school. At school, classes run from 9:50 am to 2:10 pm, followed by doing homework. After school there are no extracurricular activities, but they enjoy tennis and swimming. On weekends they play games in the street and do homework in the evenings, while at home they are allowed to feed animals, read, and play computer games but not text friends. It concludes with questions for their pen pal.
Mr. Armadillo wakes up at 7:30 am, takes a shower, gets dressed, has breakfast which usually consists of cheese, bread, tea and coffee, and then helps his mother clean house before playing soccer.
Mr. Chameleon has lunch at 11:40 am, which usually consists of rice, beans, pork, tomato and lettuce. He then gets ready for school, which starts at 7:00 pm, and enjoys math and physical education, especially his math teacher.
In the evening, Miss Mermaid arrives home from school at 7:00 pm, uses her phone or watches TV before having dinner around 8:00 pm, which is often traditional or fast food. She then does
This document contains a lesson on vocabulary words, including:
1) Remarkable, suitable, advantage, extract, withstand, and stealthy. Example sentences are provided to illustrate the meaning and proper use of each word.
This document contains a list of spelling words for first grade students in Lesson 9, including "us", "must", "cub", "with", "don't", "bus", "cut", "club", and "then". It also provides example sentences using the words such as "We asked the new kids to play with us", "I ride the bus to school", and "Mom says it's time for bed".
The document appears to be a spelling lesson plan consisting of 16 spelling words taught by Mrs. Riham El-Ashry. Each line lists a spelling word followed by the teacher's name who is teaching the lesson. The words include common nouns like pennies, inches, plants, and families as well as other words like bodies, glasses, wishes, and pencils.
This document appears to be a spelling worksheet for a student. It contains instructions to add letter tiles to spell 10 words and write them on the corresponding lines. It then asks the student questions about which words had the most and least points, and to provide rhyming words and sentences using 3 of the spelling words.
This document contains a reading lesson about frogs for elementary school students. It includes a poem about tree frogs, high frequency words, spelling words, questions about characters, vocabulary words like "edge" and "hesitate", grammar examples of statements and questions, and instructions for writing paragraphs. The lesson provides materials to practice reading, writing, vocabulary, and grammar in the context of a theme about frogs.
Dr. Linda Labbo
Research on reading and writing ebooks suggests that the screen environment can serve as a 3rd literacy teacher for young children - under certain conditions.
The document outlines a syllabus for an English language teaching book for students in a teacher training program at the University of Carabobo. The syllabus covers beginner to high intermediate levels using communicative, lexical, and ESP approaches. The first unit focuses on greetings, introductions, and personal information using videos, podcasts, and digital tools to practice communicative functions and verbs and pronouns.
This document contains the daily lesson plan for Story Town. It includes the question of the day, a short poem, vocabulary words and definitions, spelling words and sentences, high-frequency words, and a grammar lesson. The focus is on building vocabulary with words like depend, responsibility, frisky, and affinity and their meanings. The lesson also covers spelling, reading, and grammar concepts.
The ant worked hard without supervision and produced a lot. The chief lion was surprised and thought production would increase with supervision. He hired a cockroach supervisor who implemented attendance tracking and reports. More employees like a spider and fly were hired to help with paperwork. The ant disliked the extra meetings and reports that took her time. Production decreased. An audit found the department was overstaffed. The ant was fired for a negative attitude.
The document provides definitions for 8 vocabulary words: capable, categories, luminous, strands, credit, soggy, slumped, and gigantic. It then asks a series of multiple choice questions to test understanding of the word definitions. The questions have a single correct answer that matches one of the defined words.
This document provides an overview and planning information for a kindergarten unit titled "Families". The unit is divided into 3 weeks, each focusing on a different aspect of families. Week 1 focuses on "My Family and Me", Week 2 on "Families Get Together", and Week 3 on "Families Change". The unit plan outlines the oral language, word study, reading, and language arts objectives and activities for each week. It also includes suggestions for read-aloud books, practice readers, and independent student work to support the themes.
This document contains 3 sentences of dictation for 3rd grade spelling unit 1.1, including words like children, clap, sick, heavy, luck, crop, carrot, mess, head, door, school, stamp, jump, click, and pond. It also has 3 review sentences with words like cat, man, and tricks. Finally, it lists 2 challenge words: bathtub and anthill.
This document lists various nouns from different categories such as locations, objects, verbs, adjectives, and extreme sports. Some of the nouns listed include canyon, campfire, glacier, Eskimo, pyramid, theme park, castle, machine, seat, flag, hit, guess, melt, welcome, dream, whole, main, extinct, universal, skydiving, whitewater rafting, and bungee jumping.
This document provides an overview of different types of nouns and pronouns. It discusses common and proper nouns, singular and plural nouns, concrete and abstract nouns, collective nouns, appositives, possessive nouns, subject and object pronouns, indefinite pronouns, possessive pronouns, contractions, interrogative pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, reflexive and intensive pronouns, and the differences between there, they're, and their. The document is intended to teach 7th grade students about nouns and pronouns.
This presentations is designed to improve your ability to speak , write and express in English language.
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This document contains a list of 25 words that could be used in a 4th grade spelling bee. The words range in difficulty from simple words like "accept", "amount", and "because" to more challenging words like "adaptation", "analysis", "artificial", and "bankrupt". A variety of word types are included such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.
This document provides a spelling lesson for 4th grade students focusing on short vowels. It lists 20 spelling words for students to write sentences for and includes 4 sample words - cash, trim, lock, and damp - as examples of words containing short vowels. The lesson aims to help students practice their spelling skills by writing examples using words that contain short vowel sounds.
Sentences ( Capital Letters and Periods)Sarah Eldib
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This document discusses telling sentences and how they are structured. It notes that telling sentences always start with a capital letter and end with a period. It provides examples of proper telling sentences with capitalization and punctuation and asks the reader to help fix an example sentence by adding a period to the end.
This document contains a list of 10 spelling words for first grade students: then, this, path, ten, said, them, that, with, get, was. It also provides 10 sample sentences using the spelling words, such as "I brushed my teeth, then I went to sleep" and "She sat with them on the carpet."
Grade One StoryTown Lesson 4 Spelling WordsSarah Eldib
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This document provides spelling words and sentences for lesson 4. It includes words like pick, sick, pack, big, tack, back, sack, and so. Example sentences use the words to describe picking apples and cake, packing bags, using tack for pictures, going back home after school, Santa holding a sack, being sick, seeing a big bear, and putting files in bags. The homework is to write the spelling words and example sentences in a folder.
First Grade StoryTown Lesson 3 Spelling WordsSarah Eldib
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This document provides a spelling lesson and words for students to practice. It includes 10 sentences with targeted spelling words such as "in", "pin", "pig", "dig", and "did". The sentences demonstrate using the words in different contexts. The document also lists common school supplies at the bottom such as copybook, homework folder, and pencil case.
This document provides a spelling lesson with 10 sentences using words containing combinations of letters from the lesson. The sentences practice spelling words like "hat", "had", "sad", "sat", "bat", "bag", and "help" in short phrases about a baby wearing a hat, having fun at a club, a sad puppy, sitting in a chair, batting well, a flying bat, a new school bag, reading books at school, helping with work, and going to sleep now.
This document contains a list of 10 spelling words for a lesson: am, at, cat, can, ran, man, map, tap, a, the. It also provides 12 sample sentences using the spelling words to help practice and learn how to spell them correctly in context. The sentences cover a variety of subjects, including actions, objects, people, and locations.
"Dictyoptera: The Order of Cockroaches and Mantises" Or, more specifically: ...Arshad Shaikh
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Dictyoptera is an order of insects that includes cockroaches and praying mantises. These insects are characterized by their flat, oval-shaped bodies and unique features such as modified forelegs in mantises for predation. They inhabit diverse environments worldwide.
The Ellipsis Manual Analysis And Engineering Of Human Behavior Chase Hughespekokmupei
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The Ellipsis Manual Analysis And Engineering Of Human Behavior Chase Hughes
The Ellipsis Manual Analysis And Engineering Of Human Behavior Chase Hughes
The Ellipsis Manual Analysis And Engineering Of Human Behavior Chase Hughes
Protest - Student Revision Booklet For VCE Englishjpinnuck
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The 'Protest Student Revision Booklet' is a comprehensive resource to scaffold students to prepare for writing about this idea framework on a SAC or for the exam. This resource helps students breakdown the big idea of protest, practise writing in different styles, brainstorm ideas in response to different stimuli and develop a bank of creative ideas.
What are the Features & Functions of Odoo 18 SMS MarketingCeline George
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A key approach to promoting a business's events, products, services, and special offers is through SMS marketing. With Odoo 18's SMS Marketing module, users can notify customers about flash sales, discounts, and limited-time offers.
Progressive Web Apps (PWA) are web applications that deliver an app-like experience using modern web technologies, offering features like offline functionality, installability, and responsiveness across devices.
New-Beginnings-Cities-and-States.pdf/7th class social/4th chapterFor online c...Sandeep Swamy
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New Beginnings: Cities and States This presentation explores the Second Urbanisation of India, examining the rise of janapadas and mah janapadas as crucial developments in India's early history. by sandeep swamy
The Second Urbanisation Urban Revival The emergence of new cities after the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization. Historical Timeline Occurred approximately between 600-200 BCE in the Gangetic plains. New Settlements Formation of organized urban centers with political and economic significance.
Janapadas: Early States Definition Territorial units with distinct cultural and political identities. Significance Formation Evolved from tribal settlements into more organized political entities. Marked the transition from nomadic to settled agricultural communities.
Magadha: The Powerful Kingdom Strategic Location Situated in modern-day Bihar with natural defenses of hills and rivers. Access to iron ore deposits gave military advantage. Capital Cities R jagr#iha (Rajgir) served as the initial capital. Later shifted to P t#aliputra (modern Patna). Ruins of a major structure at R jagr#iha, the early capital of Magadha.
In this presentation we will show irrefutable evidence that proves the existence of Pope Joan, who became pontiff in 856 BC and died giving birth in the middle of a procession in 858 BC.
Order Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths.pptxArshad Shaikh
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Lepidoptera is an order of insects comprising butterflies and moths. Characterized by scaly wings and a distinct life cycle, Lepidoptera undergo metamorphosis from egg to larva (caterpillar) to pupa (chrysalis or cocoon) and finally to adult. With over 180,000 described species, they exhibit incredible diversity in form, behavior, and habitat, playing vital roles in ecosystems as pollinators, herbivores, and prey. Their striking colors, patterns, and adaptations make them a fascinating group for study and appreciation.
Drug Metabolism advanced medicinal chemistry.pptxpharmaworld
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This document describes about structural metabolism relationship and drug designing and toxicity of drugs in " DRUG METABOLISM"
In Drug Metabolism is the process of converting a drug into product or inert substances after or before reaching at the site of action.
Metabolism plays an important role in elimination of drugs and foreign substance from the body.
The metabolism of any drug is generally characterised by two phases of reaction
1.Metabolic transformation ( biotransformation ) and
2.Conjugation
The Principal site of drug metabolism is the liver, but the kidney, lungs, and GIT also are important metabolic sites.
The enzymatic bio transformations of drugs is known as Drug Metabolism. Because many drugs have structures similar to those of endogenous compounds , drugs may get metabolised by specific enzymes for the related natural substrates as well as by non-specific enzymes.
Reaction type of Phase-I:
1.Oxidation
2.Reduction
3.Hydrolysis
Most drugs are metabolised ,atleast to some extent , by both phases of metabolism.
Example: Metabolism of Aspirin
Acetyl Salicylic acid undergoes hydrolysis to salicylic acid ( metabolic transformation ), which is then conjugated with glycine to form Salicyluric acid ( Conjugation ).
In Phase-II the metabolites formed in Phase-II are converted to more polar and water soluble product by attaching polar and ionisable moiety such as
1.Glucuronic acid
2.Glycine
3.Glutamine
4.Glutathione conjugation
5.Acetylation
6.Methylation
7.Sulfate conjugation
8.Nucleoside and Nucleotide formation
9.Amino Acid Conjugation
10.Fatty Acid and Cholesterol Conjugation
Drug design is the process of creating new drugs by using knowledge of a biological target.
Drug design considers metabolism to optimize pharmaco kinects ( ADME: Absorption , Distribution , Metabolism , Excretion )
Cytochrome CYP450 enzyme in Drug Metabolism is vital in drug design to enhance efficacy , reduce toxicity and improve bioavailability.
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) are a superfamily of heme -containing proteins found from bacteria to human.
Cytochrome P-450 activity in various organs like Liver,Lung ,Kidney , Intestine,Placenta
Adrenal and Skin and they shows the relative activity with repect to their organs in the process of drug metabolism.
Most important CYP450 enzymes are CYP1A2 , CYP2C9 , CYP2E1
,etc...
Toxic Effects of Drug Metabolism
Toxicity: Accumulation of Excess of medications in the Blood Stream.
Ariens (1948) and Mitchell and Horning (1984) deal with this topic.
Some examples of Metabolism-Linked Toxicity are
1.Acetaminophen (paracetmol)
2.Isoniazid ( TB drug)
3.Chloroform
4.Dapsone
5.Diazepam
6.Salicylate
7.Halothane (Anesthetic)
8.Tamoxifen (Breast Cancer drug )
9.Clozapine(Antipsychotic)
These drugs are differentiates with the TOXIC METABOLITE , TOXICITY OF METABOLITE.
References for this topic also mentioned at the end.
How to Configure Subcontracting in Odoo 18 ManufacturingCeline George
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Subcontracting in manufacturing involves outsourcing specific production tasks to external vendors or subcontractors. These tasks may include manufacturing certain components, handling assembly processes, or even producing entire product lines.
The philosophical basis of curriculum refers to the foundational beliefs and values that shape the goals, content, structure, and methods of education. Major educational philosophiesidealism, realism, pragmatism, and existentialismguide how knowledge is selected, organized, and delivered to learners. In the digital age, understanding these philosophies helps educators and content creators design curriculum materials that are purposeful, learner-centred, and adaptable for online environments. By aligning educational content with philosophical principles and presenting it through interactive and multimedia formats.
7. I sent an email to my teacher.
Dear Teacher,
I did my homework all by myself.
I did not forget to write my name.
See you tomorrow!
teacher@gmail.com