Function
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This document discusses functions in programming. It defines a function as a block of code that performs a task and can be broken into two categories: value-returning functions and void functions. The components of a function are the header, which specifies the return type, name, and parameters, and the body, which contains the code to perform the task. Functions are called by passing actual parameters, which can be variables or literals, and formal parameters in the header store the passed information. The scope and lifetime of variables are also covered.
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Here's where you can reach us : journalijps98@gmail.com or ijpsjournal@wireilla.comMetabolic acidosis and alkalosis ppt.pptx
Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis ppt.pptxaanchalm373
油
Introduction
The human body meticulously maintains its acid-base balance to ensure proper physiological functioning. A slight deviation in blood pH can lead to significant consequences. Metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis are two primary categories of acid-base imbalances, characterized by changes in the concentration of bicarbonate (HCO) in the blood, and they affect the bodys pH balance. These conditions often arise due to underlying diseases and require careful evaluation and treatment.
Acid-Base Balance: A Brief Overview
Normal blood pH is tightly regulated between 7.35 and 7.45, maintained by three major systems:
Buffer systems (mainly bicarbonate buffer),
Respiratory system (regulation of CO),
Renal system (regulation of bicarbonate and hydrogen ion excretion).
Metabolic acidosis is defined as a decrease in blood pH due to a primary reduction in serum bicarbonate. Metabolic alkalosis is an increase in blood pH due to a primary elevation in serum bicarbonate.
Metabolic Acidosis
Definition
Metabolic acidosis is a condition characterized by a low blood pH (< 7.35) due to a primary decrease in plasma bicarbonate (HCO) concentration. It reflects an accumulation of acid or a loss of base in the body.
Etiology
Metabolic acidosis can be broadly categorized into two types based on anion gap:
1. High Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis (HAGMA)
The anion gap is calculated as:
AG = [Na] ([Cl] + [HCO])
Normal range: 812 mEq/L
An elevated AG indicates the presence of unmeasured anions.
Causes of HAGMA:
Lactic acidosis (shock, sepsis, hypoxia)
Ketoacidosis (diabetes, starvation, alcohol)
Renal failure (uremia accumulation of phosphates, sulfates)
Toxins:
Methanol formic acid
Ethylene glycol oxalic acid
Salicylates (aspirin overdose)
2. Normal Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis (NAGMA)
Also known as hyperchloremic acidosis, where chloride increases to balance the loss of bicarbonate.
Causes of NAGMA:
Diarrhea (loss of HCO)
Renal tubular acidosis (RTA)
Ureterosigmoidostomy
Early renal failure
Acetazolamide use
Pathophysiology
In metabolic acidosis, the body responds by:
Respiratory compensation: Hyperventilation to blow off CO (Kussmaul respiration)
Renal compensation (if intact): Increased acid excretion and HCO regeneration
If compensation fails or the acidosis is severe, cellular enzyme systems become impaired, leading to:
Decreased myocardial contractility
Arrhythmias
CNS depression
Hyperkalemia (K shifts out of cells)
Clinical Features
Symptoms may vary depending on the underlying cause, but common signs include:
Rapid, deep breathing (Kussmaul respiration)
Fatigue and weakness
Confusion or lethargy
Nausea and vomiting
Hypotension and shock (in severe cases)
Diagnosis
1. Arterial Blood Gas (ABG):
Low pH (<7.35)
Low HCO
Compensatory PaCO
2. Anion Gap Calculation
Determines whether it is HAGMA or NAGMA
3. Serum electrolytes, renal function tests, lactate, and ketone bodies
Abzymes mimickers in catalytic reactions at nanoscales
Abzymes mimickers in catalytic reactions at nanoscalesOrchideaMariaLecian
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Title: Abzymes mimickers in
catalytic reactions at nanoscales
Speaker: Orchidea Maria Lecian
Authors: Orchidea Maria Lecian, Sergey Suchkov
Talk presented at 4th International Conference on
Advanced Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology
12-13 June 2025, Rome, Italy on 12 June 2025.
CULTIVATION - HARVESTING - PROCESSING - STORAGE -.pdf
CULTIVATION - HARVESTING - PROCESSING - STORAGE -.pdfNistarini College, Purulia (W.B) India
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This presentation offers a brief idea about the cultivation, processing, storage and marketing of medicinal plants for the health care practices in sustainable health. The role of different factors has been assessed for the same.
Molecular biology and pellet weight marked
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DNA REPLICATION in prokaryotic organisms
Gene Expression & Regulation in Eukaryotes.pptx
Gene Expression & Regulation in Eukaryotes.pptxMuhammad Hassan Asadi
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This presentation provides a comprehensive overview of gene expression and its regulation in eukaryotic organisms. It covers the key steps involved in gene expressiontranscription, RNA processing, translation, and post-translational modificationsalong with the molecular mechanisms that regulate these processes. Special focus is given to transcription factors, enhancers, silencers, epigenetic modifications (like DNA methylation and histone acetylation), and the role of non-coding RNAs. Ideal for students, educators, and researchers, this presentation simplifies complex concepts through diagrams and step-by-step explanations to enhance understanding of how eukaryotic cells control gene activity.
Treatment of TMDS.by Dr.Devraj Neupane(MDS Resedent)
Treatment of TMDS.by Dr.Devraj Neupane(MDS Resedent)Dr.Devraj Neupane
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Treatment of temperomandibular joint disorder.
the presentation on downstream processing (DSP).pptx
the presentation on downstream processing (DSP).pptxaanchalm373
油
Downstream Processing (DSP)
Introduction
Downstream processing refers to the series of steps required to recover and purify biosynthetic products (like proteins, enzymes, vaccines, antibiotics, etc.) from natural or genetically modified organisms (microbes, plants, or animal cells). It is a critical component of biotechnology and biopharmaceutical production, often accounting for more than 60% of production cost.
It follows the upstream process (fermentation or cell culture) and ensures the final product is pure, stable, and safe for use.
Stages of Downstream Processing
1. Cell Harvesting (Separation)
Goal: Separate biomass from culture medium
Methods:
Centrifugation uses centrifugal force
Filtration uses membranes or filters
Flocculation clumps cells for easier separation
Product location matters:
Intracellular: Cells must be lysed
Extracellular: Product already in medium
2. Cell Disruption (If Intracellular Product)
Purpose: Release product from within cells
Methods:
Mechanical: High-pressure homogenizers, bead mills
Non-mechanical: Enzymatic lysis, chemical disruption
3. Clarification
Goal: Remove cell debris and particulate matter
Methods:
Depth filtration
Microfiltration
Settling or low-speed centrifugation
4. Product Concentration
Purpose: Increase product concentration to manageable volumes
Techniques:
Ultrafiltration
Precipitation (e.g., ammonium sulfate for proteins)
Solvent extraction
5. Purification
Most critical and expensive step
Removes contaminants such as host proteins, DNA, endotoxins
Techniques:
Chromatography (Affinity, Ion exchange, Size-exclusion)
Electrophoresis
Dialysis
6. Polishing
Final purification and formulation step
Ensures product stability, sterility, and desired activity
Includes:
Sterile filtration
Lyophilization (freeze-drying)
Addition of stabilizers or excipients
7. Formulation and Packaging
Converts the purified product into usable form (tablet, injection, vial, etc.)
Includes quality control and regulatory compliance (GMP standards)
鏝 Key Considerations
Product Yield vs. Purity
Cost-effectiveness
Scalability
Time efficiency
Regulatory compliance (FDA/EMA guidelines)
К Applications of Downstream Processing
Pharmaceuticals: Therapeutic proteins, insulin, vaccines
Food Industry: Enzymes, amino acids
Industrial Biotech: Biofuels, organic acids
Agricultural biotech: Biopesticides, growth hormones
CloakingNote: A Novel Desktop Interface for Subtle Writing Using Decoy Texts
CloakingNote: A Novel Desktop Interface for Subtle Writing Using Decoy Textssehilyi
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CloakingNote:
A Novel Desktop Interface for Subtle Writing Using Decoy Texts
Ad
Function
- 2. Objective of this session Student able to know definition dan theories of function. Student able to use and create functions. Student able to know theories of variable scope. Student able to identify the scope of variable.
- 3. Function A function is a block of code that performs a task A function is a type of procedure or routine. Some program contains at least one function: main() Why use functions? Allow programmer to avoid duplicating code Allow programs to be broken into manageable tasks Two categories of function: Value-returning functions Void functions
- 4. Value Returning Function A value-returning function returns precisely one value after completing its assigned task. Usually returned to the statement that called function Typically, statement displays return value, uses it in a calculation, or assigns it to a variable Some value-returning functions E.g., pow(3,2)
- 5. Value Returning Function A value-returning function returns precisely one value after completing its assigned task. Usually returned to the statement that called function Typically, statement displays return value, uses it in a calculation, or assigns it to a variable Some value-returning functions E.g., pow(3,2)
- 6. Example int
- 7. Void Function void sayHello(string name) { write (Halloooo + name ); } Without Return
- 9. Function Header Function header: first line in a function definition Does not end with a semicolon Begins with returnDataType Next comes the name of the function Naming rules are the same as for naming variables Name usually begins with a verb Also has an optional parameterList enclosed in () Lists data type and name of formal parameters Formal parameters store the information passed to the function when it is invoked Formal Parameter
- 10. Function Body Function body contains instructions the function follows to perform its assigned task Begins with { and ends with } The last statement is usually return expression; expression represents the value the function returns to the statement that called it return statement alerts computer that the function has completed its task Data type of expression must agree with the returnDataType specified in function header
- 11. 11
- 12. Call a function (1) void main(){ int a, b, c; b = 5; c = sum (a, b); write (c); } int sum (int num1, int num2) { int result; result = num1 + num2; return (result); } Calling function Variable, get the return of function
- 13. Call a function (2) void main(){ int a , b, c; a = 9; b = 5; c = sum (a, b); write (c); } int sum (int num1, int num2) { int result; result = num1 + num2; return (result); } Actual Parameter
- 14. Passing Information to a Function Items passed to a function are actual perameters/ arguments Can be a variable, named constant, literal constant, or keyword You can pass a variable: by value (a copy of the value is passed), or by reference (the variable address is passed) Examples calcRectangleArea(2, 3) calcRectangleArea(length, width) pass by value
- 15. Using a Function Prototype If a function definition appears below main(), you must enter a function prototype above main() Prototype specifies functions name, data type of return value and of each formal parameter
- 16. 16
- 17. The Scope and Lifetime of a Variable A variables scope indicates where in the program it can be used Local or global Local variables are declared within a function or appear in a functions parameterList Global variables are declared outside of any function and remain in memory until program ends Avoid using global variables in your programs A variables lifetime indicates how long it remains in memory
- 18. Summary A function is a block of code that performs a task. Categories of function: Value-returning functions & Void functions Components of function : Header Function & Body Function Types of Parameter : Formal & Actual Next Recursive Function