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FUNDAMENTALS
OF
BIOLOGY
PRESENTED BY KRYSTALE JOY LANZADERAS
MARINE ECOLOGY WEEK 3-4
EBIO 313/L

LEARNING OBJECTIVE :
At the end of this discussion, the learners
are expected to:
 Recall the chemical basis of life, cell structure and
function, energy transfer in biological systems,
evolution, and biological classification.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
 Metabolism
 Homeostasis
 Autotroph
 Benthic
 Diffusion
 Osmosis
 Osmoregulate
 Phylogenetics

To understand the wide variety of
organisms that inhabit the sea, it
is important to know the cell
function and the chemicals that
make up the cell.
BUILDING
BLOCKS OF LIFE

Carbohydrates
01
Lipids
02
Proteins
03
Nucleic acids
04
FOUR MAJOR CLASSES OF MACROMOLECULES

CARBOHYDRATES
 contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
 The most common sugars in nature are monosaccharides
and disaccharides.
 Monosaccharides: are small molecules usually containing 5 or 6
carbon atoms.
 Disaccharides: are composed of two monosaccharides.
Marine plants Algae Mangrove

 Polysaccharides: are made up of chains of monosaccharides.
 Starches: are polysaccharides composed of chains of glucose
molecules.
Barracuda Marsh grass Blue crab
CARBOHYDRATES
Examples of Polysaccharides

LIPIDS
 like fats, oils, and waxes are composed primarily of carbon and
hydrogen.
 Marine organisms use simple fats, or triglycerides:
 to store energy,
 to cushion vital organs, and
 to increase buoyancy.
 Steroids: are lipids that function as chemical messengers within
the bodies of animals.

PROTEINS
 are made of polypeptide chains from basic units called
amino acids.
 20 different amino acids make up the various proteins
found in living organisms.
 the complex structures of protein molecules allow
them to serve different functions:
 Supplying structural components of animals,
 Muscles, and;
 Connective tissues.
 Known as ENZYMES are necessary.

NUCLEIC ACIDS
 are polymers of molecules called nucleotides.
Each nucleotide is composed of:
 5-carbon sugar,
 Nitrogen containing base, and;
 Phosphate group.
Two types of Nucleic Acids
 DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and one of the following four nitrogen containing
bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine.
 includes an organism’s genetic material, or genes, and is able of copying itself and can be passed from
one generation to the next.
 RNA is composed of nucleotides that contain the sugar ribose. Moreover, RNA’s base uracil takes the place of
thymine.
 molecules are usually single-stranded.

 aids in metabolism, growth, and
reproduction.
 is surrounded by a cell membrane that
separates the contents of the cell from the
external environment.
CELLS

PROKARYOTIC CELLS
 Lacks nucleus,
 Unicellular and;
 Do not have any
membrane-bound
organelles.

EXAMPLES OF PROKARYOTES
Marine Bacteria Archaeons

EUKARYOTIC CELLS
 well-defined nucleus,
 Unicellular or
multicellular, and;
 Many membrane-
bound organelles.

Some examples of marine eukaryotes:
Seaweeds
Fungi
Plants
Animals

FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOLOGY WEEK 3-4.pptx

ENERGY TRANSFER IN CELLS
 ENERGY
 is required to energize all of life’s activities.
 AUTOTROPHS
 use energy to synthesize food molecules.
 which can be used as a source of energy to form the ATP molecules.
 HETEROTROPHS
 rely on other organisms for energy.
 which is the food they take in is broken down and some of the energy
transferred to ATP molecules for the organism’s use.
 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
 which is the process wherein low-energy molecules, such as carbon dioxide and
water, combine to form high-energy food molecules like carbohydrates.
 It occurs in organelles called chloroplasts in plant cells.

ENERGY TRANSFER IN CELLS
 CHLOROPLASTS
 are small, oval structures surrounded by two membranes.
 THYLAKOIDS
 are membrane-bound discs found within chloroplasts.
 contain pigment molecules like chlorophyll, that traps the radiant energy of light.
 STROMA
 which is a fluid material surrounding thylakoids in chloroplasts that contains the
enzymes necessary to produce organic molecules from carbon in carbon dioxide.
 CARBON FIXATION
 it is the process of forming high-energy organic compounds form carbon dioxide.
 CELLULAR RESPIRATION
 releases energy stored in food molecules.
 most of this energy-conversion process occurs in mitochondria.

CELLULAR REPRODUCTION
Cells reproduce by cell division.
Cell division in prokaryotic cells
is relatively simple. However, in
eukaryotic cells which process is
more complex and the nucleus
divides before the cell.

Levels of Organization
are structures in nature,
usually defined by part-
whole relationships.

Individual’s Reproduction
REPRODUCTION
 is the biological process by which new “offspring”
(individual organisms) are produced from their
“parents. ”
 It is a fundamental feature of all known life that each
individual organism exists as the result of
reproduction.

 Is an individual can reproduce without involvement with
another individual of that species.
 this type of reproduction produces clones of identical
individuals.
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
 the genetic material of two individuals combines to produce
offspring that are genetically different from their parents.

 He is the Swedish Botanist and Zoologist,
known as “THE FATHER OF TAXONOMY”.
 In 1753, he introduced the idea of binomial
nomenclature.
 The first word of a proper scientific name is
the genus (plural, genera).
Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778)
NAMING SYSTEM
Genus: Homo
The genus name is always capitalized and is written the first
letter.
Species: sapiens
The species epithet is always in lowercase.
TAKE NOTE:
 When the scientific name appears in print, it is set in italics or italicized.
 When the scientific name appears in a handwritten, it is set also in underlined.
PROPER SCIENTIFIC NAME

TAXONOMY
 is the branch of biological science that deals with
classification.
 several categories are currently used to show the
complex evolutionary relationships among related
organisms.

The current taxonomic
system now has eight
levels in its hierarchy,
from highest to lowest,
they are:
DOMAIN
KINGDOM
PHYLUM
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES

Diffusion
 is a type of passive transport in which the movement of particles from an area of
higher concentration to lower concentration.
 The overall effect is to equalize concentration throughout the medium.
FOR EXAMPLE
Perfume sprayed

Osmosis
 is also a type of passive transport in which the movement of solvent particles
across a semi-permeable membrane from a dilute solution into a
concentrated solution.
 the solvent moves to dilute the concentrated solution and equalize the
concentration on both sides of the membrane.
FOR EXAMPLE
The shrinking of slugs on exposure to salt

Metabolic Reaction
 are carried on faster at high temperatures and slow down abruptly as it gets colder.
 most reactions occur about twice as fast with a 10 °C (18 °F) rise in temperature.
 at extreme temperatures, most enzymes stop to function properly.
FOR EXAMPLE
POLAR SPECIES

ECTOTHERMS
 are usually known as a “cold-blooded”
 The term ectotherm comes from the Greek ektos means “outside”, and thermos,
which means “heat.”
 rely on external or "outside" sources to regulate their body heat.
MOST REPTILES ARE
ECTOTHERMS

ENDOTHERMS
 are often called “warm-blooded”
 The term endotherm comes from the Greek endon, meaning within, and thermos,
which means heat.
 have their metabolic heat retained and raises the body temperature above that of
the surroundings.
 include mammals, birds, and some large fishes, including some tunas and sharks.

FUNDAMENTALS
OF
BIOLOGY
EBIO 313/L
MARINE ECOLOGY WEEK 3-4

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FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOLOGY WEEK 3-4.pptx

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