El documento describe la historia y características de Moclín, un pueblo en Granada. Se menciona que el castillo fue construido para controlar el reino nazarí de Granada, y que la iglesia más conocida como Santuario del Santísimo Cristo del Pa?o fue probablemente construida sobre una mezquita original. También describe varias torres que vigilaban los movimientos enemigos, la celebración anual de la Romería de Cristo del Pa?o, y la Ruta del Califato que pasa cerca del pueblo.
1) Modal verbs are used to express modality and help form complex verb phrases. There are 13 modal verbs in English including present and past forms.
2) Modal verbs do not indicate tense but can express ideas like permission, prediction, obligation and ability. Their forms in indirect speech may change to past depending on the reporting verb.
3) Auxiliary verbs like can, may and must have specific meanings when used to indicate predictions, permissions and obligations in statements, questions or negatives. Their forms also change in indirect speech contexts.
1) Modal verbs are used to express modality or possibility rather than facts. There are 13 modal verbs in English including present and past forms.
2) Modal verbs have grammatical features different from main verbs such as not showing tense or person. They are always followed by a bare infinitive verb form.
3) Modals like "can" express ability or permission while "may" is more tentative. "Must" expresses logical certainty or obligation depending on context.
The document summarizes the uses of different past tenses in English, including the simple past, past progressive, past perfect, and past perfect progressive.
The simple past is used to denote completed past events or habitual past actions. The past progressive emphasizes ongoing or repeated past actions and can denote future plans in the past. The past perfect focuses on actions completed before a point in the past. Finally, the past perfect progressive combines the ideas of the past perfect and past progressive to refer to ongoing actions completed by a time in the past.
This document summarizes the uses of the present tense in English, including the simple present, present progressive, and present perfect tenses. It discusses when each tense is used to describe present, future, or past time frames. The simple present is used to describe habitual actions or timeless truths. The present progressive emphasizes temporary or ongoing actions happening now. The present perfect describes completed actions that have an impact on the present.
This document summarizes the classification of verbs in English. It discusses the main classifications of verbs including: main verbs and auxiliaries, transitive/intransitive/linking verbs, dynamic and stative verbs, regular and irregular verbs. It also explains the different types of auxiliaries and their uses in forming verb phrases and expressing modality.
This document discusses determiners in English grammar. It defines determiners and lists common types of determiners such as articles, possessives, demonstratives, and quantifiers. It also examines collocations between determiners and nouns, and between determiners. Finally, it provides a comparative study of the usage of specific determiners such as many, much, few, little, some, any, all, both, and numerals.
This document discusses determiners in English grammar. It defines determiners and lists common types of determiners such as articles, possessive determiners, demonstrative determiners, and quantifiers. It also examines collocations between determiners and different classes of nouns, as well as collocations between determiners. Finally, it provides a comparative study of the usage of specific determiners like many, much, few, little, and all.
The document discusses the usage of articles (冠词) in Chinese, including indefinite articles (不定冠词) like "a" and "an", definite articles (定冠词) like "the", and situations where no article is used (零冠词). It provides examples of when to use indefinite and definite articles with nouns and in certain expressions or contexts. Special uses of articles are also covered.
The document discusses plural verbs and subjects. It provides examples of when to use singular or plural verbs with collective nouns like "audience" and "wheat varieties." It also addresses debates over the correct plural forms of nouns like "data." Multiple choice questions test understanding of plural forms and countable vs. uncountable nouns.
1. The document discusses various subject-verb agreement issues including problems with coordinate subjects, expressions of quantity as subjects, nominal clauses as subjects, non-finite clauses as subjects, relative clauses, cleft sentences, and existential sentences.
2. It provides examples and rules for determining whether the verb should be singular or plural in different types of clauses and constructions involving the subject.
3. Factors that determine the number of the verb include the subject, modifiers between the subject and verb, and whether the subject is countable or not.
The document discusses several topics related to subject-verb agreement in English, including:
1) Guiding principles of grammatical concord, notional concord, and proximity.
2) Problems of concord with nouns ending in "-s" such as disease names and some geographical names.
3) Problems of concord with collective nouns as subjects depending on whether they refer to a group or individuals.
1) Modal verbs are used to express modality and help form complex verb phrases. There are 13 modal verbs in English including present and past forms.
2) Modal verbs do not indicate tense but can express ideas like permission, prediction, obligation and ability. Their forms in indirect speech may change to past depending on the reporting verb.
3) Auxiliary verbs like can, may and must have specific meanings when used to indicate predictions, permissions and obligations in statements, questions or negatives. Their forms also change in indirect speech contexts.
1) Modal verbs are used to express modality or possibility rather than facts. There are 13 modal verbs in English including present and past forms.
2) Modal verbs have grammatical features different from main verbs such as not showing tense or person. They are always followed by a bare infinitive verb form.
3) Modals like "can" express ability or permission while "may" is more tentative. "Must" expresses logical certainty or obligation depending on context.
The document summarizes the uses of different past tenses in English, including the simple past, past progressive, past perfect, and past perfect progressive.
The simple past is used to denote completed past events or habitual past actions. The past progressive emphasizes ongoing or repeated past actions and can denote future plans in the past. The past perfect focuses on actions completed before a point in the past. Finally, the past perfect progressive combines the ideas of the past perfect and past progressive to refer to ongoing actions completed by a time in the past.
This document summarizes the uses of the present tense in English, including the simple present, present progressive, and present perfect tenses. It discusses when each tense is used to describe present, future, or past time frames. The simple present is used to describe habitual actions or timeless truths. The present progressive emphasizes temporary or ongoing actions happening now. The present perfect describes completed actions that have an impact on the present.
This document summarizes the classification of verbs in English. It discusses the main classifications of verbs including: main verbs and auxiliaries, transitive/intransitive/linking verbs, dynamic and stative verbs, regular and irregular verbs. It also explains the different types of auxiliaries and their uses in forming verb phrases and expressing modality.
This document discusses determiners in English grammar. It defines determiners and lists common types of determiners such as articles, possessives, demonstratives, and quantifiers. It also examines collocations between determiners and nouns, and between determiners. Finally, it provides a comparative study of the usage of specific determiners such as many, much, few, little, some, any, all, both, and numerals.
This document discusses determiners in English grammar. It defines determiners and lists common types of determiners such as articles, possessive determiners, demonstrative determiners, and quantifiers. It also examines collocations between determiners and different classes of nouns, as well as collocations between determiners. Finally, it provides a comparative study of the usage of specific determiners like many, much, few, little, and all.
The document discusses the usage of articles (冠词) in Chinese, including indefinite articles (不定冠词) like "a" and "an", definite articles (定冠词) like "the", and situations where no article is used (零冠词). It provides examples of when to use indefinite and definite articles with nouns and in certain expressions or contexts. Special uses of articles are also covered.
The document discusses plural verbs and subjects. It provides examples of when to use singular or plural verbs with collective nouns like "audience" and "wheat varieties." It also addresses debates over the correct plural forms of nouns like "data." Multiple choice questions test understanding of plural forms and countable vs. uncountable nouns.
1. The document discusses various subject-verb agreement issues including problems with coordinate subjects, expressions of quantity as subjects, nominal clauses as subjects, non-finite clauses as subjects, relative clauses, cleft sentences, and existential sentences.
2. It provides examples and rules for determining whether the verb should be singular or plural in different types of clauses and constructions involving the subject.
3. Factors that determine the number of the verb include the subject, modifiers between the subject and verb, and whether the subject is countable or not.
The document discusses several topics related to subject-verb agreement in English, including:
1) Guiding principles of grammatical concord, notional concord, and proximity.
2) Problems of concord with nouns ending in "-s" such as disease names and some geographical names.
3) Problems of concord with collective nouns as subjects depending on whether they refer to a group or individuals.
The document discusses the concept of grammar from multiple perspectives. It defines grammar as both a set of rules that guide language production, as well as a descriptive framework for how a language is systematically structured. Grammaticality is examined through analysis of example sentences. Grammar involves hierarchical organization from morphemes to sentences. Descriptive grammar outlines patterns in actual usage, whereas prescriptive grammar provides standards and rules for formal contexts.
The document discusses several rules and principles regarding subject-verb agreement in Chinese grammar, including:
1) Subject-verb agreement requires grammatical consistency between the subject and verb in terms of singular or plural form.
2) The meaning of the subject must also be consistent with the singular or plural form of the verb.
3) The verb typically agrees with the nearest subject based on proximity.
Common types of subject-verb agreement covered include conjunction structures, pronoun agreement, and collective nouns.
The document discusses grammar from multiple perspectives. It defines grammar as the structural system of a language, organized into sentences, clauses, phrases, words and morphemes. Grammar can be viewed prescriptively, focusing on rules, or descriptively, describing how language is actually used. Grammatical elements like parts of speech and phrases are examined.
6. Answer Three teas,please. There were dozens of cheese to chose from. There’s a hair in my soup! Football is mainly a winter sport in Britain. 可数名词 www.themegallery.com
8. Answer 有些名词作可数和不可数名词用时意义不同 Bolivia is one of the word’s largests producers of tin.(= 金属) The cupboard was full of tins.(= 金属容器) 可数名词 www.themegallery.comA
9. Tips 有些通常不可数的名词通常也可以当作可数名词使用,但只以单数形式出现。 She has an extensive knowledge of proper prices in this area. The decision to build the bridge later took on an unexpected strategic importances. 可数名词 www.themegallery.com
10. Do you know? You can find all this tips in page 100 from your textbook . 可数名词 www.themegallery.com
11. Number forms of nouns A . 规则变化 1 ) 一般情况下加 -s 。 如? book-books??desk-desks??month-months??pen-pens??boy-boys??girl-girls 2 )以 s,?x,?ch,?sh 结尾加 es 。 如? box-boxes??bus-buses??watch-watches??brush-brushes??class-classes 可数名词 www.themegallery.com
12. Number forms of nouns 3 )以辅音字母 +y 结尾,变 y 为 i 再加 es 如? city-cities??country-countries 注意:以元音字母 +y 结尾,直接加 -s 如 day-days??boy-boys 4)? 以 f 或 fe 结尾,复数变 f 或 fe 为 v 再加 -es 。 如? knife-knives??half-halves??shelf-shelves??leaf-leaves??wife-wives??life-lives 可数名词 www.themegallery.com
13. Number forms of nouns 注意: a.? 有少数词后直接加 -s,? 如 roof- roofs. ??????b.? 个别两种都可以 ,? 如 :handkerchief-handkerchiefs?handkerchieves 5) 以 o 结尾。 a .有的加 -es 。 如? tomato-tomatoes??potato-potatoes b .有的加 -s 如? piano-pianos??zoo-zoos??photo-photos??kangaroo-kangaroos??kilo-kilos? 可数名词 www.themegallery.com
14. Number forms of nouns B . 不规则变化 1 ) 元音字母发生变化 如 man-men?woman-women?tooth-teeth??foot-feet??mouse-mice??policeman-policemen????policewoman-policewomen 2 ) 词尾发生变化 如? child-children???ox-oxen 可数名词 www.themegallery.com
15. Number forms of nouns 3 ) 单复数形式相同 如? fish-fish??sheep-sheep??deer-deer??Chinese-Chinese??yuan-yuan??jin-jin ???Japanese-Japanese? 注意:不说 an?English ,要说 an?Englishman 。? 4 ) 形似单数,实为复数意义。 如? people , these?people? 不说 a?people? 可说 a?person ?? ?police , ten?police? 不说? a?police ,可说 a?policeman 可数名词 www.themegallery.com
16. Number forms of nouns 5 ) 由 man 和 woman 构成的合成名词,变复数时将名词及 man , woman 都变成复数。 如? a?man?driver-?a?women?driver??a?woman?doctor-?a?women?doctor 6 )合成名词变复数时,通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数。 如? passer-by---passers-by??bus?driver-bus?drivers Company Logo www.themegallery.com
17. Number forms of nouns 注意;如果没有主体名词,就在最后一词上加 -s 。 如? grown-up---grown-ups??letter-box---lettere-boxes 注意: hair 和 friut 通常作单数,表示总体。若表示若干根头发或若干种水果,则需用这两个词的复数形式。 可数名词 www.themegallery.com
18. Number forms of nouns 如? Would?you?like?some?more?fruit ? 你要不要再吃点水果 ? ?? ?We?bought?a?lot?of?fruit?from?the?market.? 我们从市场上买了许多水果。 ??? China?has?some?good?fruits.? 中国有一些好的水果。 ??? ??? She?has?a?few?white?hairs. ? 她有好几根白头发。 ??? His?black?hair?is?going?white.? 他的黑发逐渐变成灰白色。 可数名词 www.themegallery.com C
19. Number forms of nouns 注意: wind,?snow 和 rain 这类词,有时也可以有复数形式,表示多次的风,雪,或雨。 以 boy , girl 开头的复合名词变成复数时,一般只把后一名词变成复数。 如 boy?student-?boy?students??girlfriend-girlfriends 可数名词 www.themegallery.com
26. 一、不可数名词前不能 直接加数词或冠词 a (an) 。切忌犯以下错误 :a meat, two tea, 表示具体的数量时应用单位词加 of 结构。如 :a piece of meat, two cups of tea 。
27. a cake of soap 一块肥皂 a bit of news 一件消息 a drop of oil 一滴油 a grain of sand 一粒沙子 a pane of glass 一块玻璃 a piece of advice 一条忠告 a pot of jam 一罐果酱 a sheet of paper 一页纸
32. ( 3 )有些物质名词有时是可数名词,有时是不可数名词,一般要根据上下文来决定其意义。 He ate a chicken 。他只吃了一只鸡 I don’t like chicken . 我不喜欢鸡肉 A glass is made of glass. 玻璃杯是由玻璃制成的 . 练一练: Her hair black . Whenever she ( find ) grey hair she pulls it out .她的头发是黑的。她只要发现有一根白发就将它拔掉。 is finds a
33. (4) 词变为可数的情况 当物质名词转化为个体名词时。 Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物。 ( 不可数 ) These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。 ( 可数 ) 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时,名词可数。 This factory produces steel. 这个工厂生产钢铁。 ( 不可数 ) We need various steels. 我们需要几种钢铁。 ( 可数 ) 当物质名词表示份数时,可数。 Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。 Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。
34. 抽象名词 dvice 忠告/主意? ??? beauty 美丽,漂亮 courage 勇气??? death 死亡 experience 经验 ?????? fear 担心 help 帮助????????????? hope 希望 horror 恐惧??????????? information 消息/信息 knowledge 知识? ????? mercy 仁慈 pity 同情????????????????? relief 救济 suspicion 猜疑???????? work 工作
36. ( 2 )一些抽象名词具有特殊意义时可带 a / an 。这些词有: My children are a great help to me . 孩子们是我的得力帮手。 It was a relief to sit down . 坐下来感到松了口气。 He had a good knowledge of mathematics. 他深谙数学。
40. (一)专有名词的复数形式的含义 1 .表示一家人或夫妻。 例如: Are the Smiths coming to our party tomorrow night ? 史密斯一家明晚会来参加我们的聚会吗? 2 .表示同名或同姓的若干人。 例如: There are two Marys and three Roberts in his class . 他班上有两个玛丽和三个罗伯特。 Did the Mr. Blakes come this morning ? 那几位布莱克先生今天上午来了吗?
41. (二)物质名词的复数形式的含义 1 .表示不同的种类 ,如 food , wine , metal, wheat , rice 等。 例如: The wines of France are among the best in the world . 法国的葡萄酒是世界上最好的。 First of all , he wrote out a long list of all the foods which were forbidden 。 首先他列出了一长串禁用的食品。
42. 2 .表示量很大,远远超过该词原来表示的程度或次数。 这一类词常见的有: sands (沙滩,沙漠), waters (水域), rains (大阵雨、雨季), winds (大风), times (时代) , woods (森林), ruins (废墟), rags (碎片、破衣服), ashes( 灰烬、骨灰 ) 。例如: The rising waters did a lot of harm to the crops . 上涨的河水给庄稼造成了很大的损害。 These caves collapse easily in heavy rains . 下大雨时这些洞穴容易倒塌。 The children are playing on the sands . 孩子们在沙滩上玩。
43. 3 .某些物质名词又是个体名词,它们的复数形式表示与原来个体完全不同的东西。 这类词有 glasses (眼镜、玻璃杯), irons (熨斗), coppers (铜币), papers (文章,证件)等。例如: She is always wearing glasses . 她总是戴着眼镜。 He wrote many papers for the newspaper . 他为这份报纸写过许多文章。
44. (三)抽象名词的复效形式的含义 1 . congratulations , regards , respects , thanks , wishes , apologies 等复数形式用来 表示祝愿、礼貌和客气。 例如: It’s your birthday today . Congratulations ! 今天是你的生日,恭喜你! You’ve given me so much help . Thanks a lot . 你给了我很多帮助,非常感谢。
45. 2 、 Smiles , pities , fears , hopes , kindnesses 复数形式表示强调。 例如: He was all smiles . 他满脸笑容。 It is a thousand pities . 非常遗憾。 I have received many kindnesses from him . 他对我非常好。 Great fears are felt for the safety of the missing climbers . 人们对失踪的登山者的安全权为担忧。
46. 3 .某些抽象名词在某种场合是个体名词,它们的复数形式表示与该个体名词不同的意义,如 youths (男青年、小伙子), relations (亲属), beauties (美人), necessities (必需品)等。 例如: Twenty youths attended the meeting yesterday. 二十个男青年出席了昨天的会议。 All his poor relations came to spend their holidays at his home . 他所有的穷亲戚都在他家过节。
48. 不可数名词做主语,谓语为单数。 但如果是“ adj.+and+adj.+ 不可数名词”的形式,谓语动词则为复数 . 例如 : Good and bad taste are inculcated by example. These books, which you can get at any bookshops, will give you _____ you need.(CET4 2000/6) A) all the information B) all the informations C) all of information D) all of the informations Information 是不可数名词,没有复数,因此 B 和 D 都是错误选项。正确答案为 A. A
53. 一、在名词尾加 ’ s 。 主要表示有生命的事物或自然界独一无二的某些空间和时间名词的所有格,如 the world’s , the sun’s , the earth’s , today’s , yesterday’s 等。 1. 单数名词词尾加 “’ s” ,复数名词词尾没有 s ,也要加 “’ s” 。 例 the boy’s bag 男孩的书包 men’s room 男厕所 2. 若名词已有复数词尾又是 s ,只加 “’” 。 例 the workers’ struggle 工人的斗争 3. 凡不能加 “’ s” 的名词,都可以用 “ 名词 +of + 名词 ” 的结构来表示所有关系。 例 the title of the song 歌的名字
54. 4. 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词。 例 the barber’s 理发店 5. 如果两个名词并列,并且分别有 ’ s ,则表示 “ 分别有 ” ;只有一 个 ’ s ,则表示 “ 共有 ” 。 例 John’s and Mary’s room( 两间 ) John and Mary’s room( 一间 ) 6. 在复合名词或短语中, ’ s 加在最后一个词的词尾。 例 a month or two’s absence 7 .作为一个整体的词组,一般在最后一个词的词尾加 ’ s 。 例 an hour and a half’s walk (步行一个半小时的路程) Carol and Charles’ boat (卡咯和查尔斯两人共有的船)
55. 8. 不定代词后接 else , 所有格放在 else 上。 例 somebody else’s bag 9. 下列情况可以将 ’ s 所有格中的名词省略。 1) 名词所有格所修饰的词 , 如果前面已经提到,往往可以省略,以免重复。 例 This notebook is not mine, nor John’s, nor Peter’s. 这个笔记本不是我 的,也不是约翰和比特的。 The dictionary isn’t mine, but Jenny’s. 这本词典不是我的,而是珍妮的。 2) 名词所有格后面有指地点等的名词时 , 有的在习惯上可以省略。 例 Before Christmas, there were lots of customers at the Richarsons’. the doctor’s ( office )医生的诊所 my uncle’s ( house )我叔叔的家 10 . 起修饰作用的名词,如不表示所有关系,通常不用’ s 。 例 room number tooth brush
56. Exercise Time 1. Jim was late for two classes this morning. He said that he forgot both of the ______. A. rooms number B. Room number C. Room’s number D. Room numbers 2. The newly-built library is a ______ building. A. five-storey B. Five storeys C. Five-storey’s D. Five storeys’
57. 3. --- Whose umbrella is it? --- It’s _______. A. somebody else’s B. Somebody else C. Somebody’s else’s D. Somebody’s else 4. I feel terribly hot, What’s the _____? A. temperature of room B. Room’s temperature C. Room temperature D. Temperature of room’s
58. 二、另外一种所有格是由介词 of 加名词构成的名词短语 1. 名词的所有格形式除’ s 外,还可用 of+ 名词构成短语修饰前面的名词或表示两个名词间的所有关系。 2. 使用名词所有格须注意 : 一般地说, ’ s 所有格多用于有生命的东西, of 所有格多用于无生命的东西, 但也有许多例外。
59. 1) 表示天体的名词的所有格用’ s 。 例 the sun’s heat the moon’s surface 2) 表示地区机构的名词的所有格用’ s 。 例 the city’s development the government’s plan 3) 表示度量与货币价值的所有格用’ s 。 例 ten kilometres’ distance 200 dollars’ worth of goods 4) 表示“有关……”非所有关系的用 of 介词短语。 例 students of the school the statue of liberty 5) 表示同位关系的用 of 介词短语。 例 the city of Pisa
60. 6) 表示部分或全部的用 of 介词短语。 例 the bottom of the sea the majority of people 7) 表示抽象概念的用 of 介词短语。 例 the cost of living the news of success 8) 名词本身带有后置修饰语或含有“ the + 形容词”表示一类人, 其所有格用 of 介词短语。 例 the housing problem of the poor the skills of the workers who have been well trained 9) 有些表示时间、距离等无生命和表示世界、国家、城镇等的 名词,也可以在词尾加’ s 或“ ’ ”,变成相应的所有格。 例 five minutes’ walk 五分钟的路程 today’s newspaper 今天的报纸
61. Exercise Time 1. Will you pass me ___? A. a few pieces of chalk B. a few chalks C. a few of chalks D. some chalks 2.___ has been invited to the dancing party. A friend of her B. A friend of hers C. Friends of hers D. Friends of her