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Articles Articles 冠词 definite article 定冠词 indefinite article 不定冠词 zero article 零冠词 the a/an Rules of using indefinite articles Rules of using definite articles Rules of using zero articles Textbook Focus

Introduction to Articles Grammar Challenge Articles introduction One feature of English which can cause a lot of problems for learners is articles, those little words 'a', 'an' and 'the'. Today we begin to look at this topic with a basic rule . In the program we challenge Saleh from Saudi Arabia to spot correct and incorrect uses of definite and indefinite articles. we use 'a' or 'an' (the indefinite article ) the first time we refer to something or someone and we use 'the' (the definite article ) when both the speaker and listener know about the person or thing being discussed. a/an the

Indefinite Articles We've looked at the topic of articles before in Grammar Challenge. In this program we look in a little more detail at the use of the indefinite articles ' a ' and ' an ', concentrating on four basic rules . Our challenger this time is Hanibal from Libya who has to make sentences using the correct articles. Indefinite articles

Definite Articles Definite articles Continuing our look at articles we focus this time on the definite article 'the' and look at four different ways it is used . In the program we challenge Diana from Colombia to identify the correct articles to complete our sentences.

Zero Articles Zero Articles Sometimes though there is no article associated with a noun and this can be called the 'zero' article. In this program we learn some simple rules for when not to use an article . In the program we challenge Anastasiya from France to spot correct and incorrect uses of 'zero' articles.

Rules of using indefinite articles 1 ）表示 " 一个 " ，意为 one ；指某人或某物，意为 a certain 。例如：　　 A Mr. Ling is waiting for you. 有位姓凌的先生在等你。 2 ）代表一类人或物。例如：　　 A knife is a tool for cutting with. 刀是切割的工具。　　 Mr. Smith is an engineer. 史密斯先生是工程师。

3 ）组成词组或成语 : 如 a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try /keep an eye on / all of a sudden 等

习惯用不定冠词 all of a sudden 突然 ; to be in a position to 能够 ; a matter of course 理所当然的事 , 必然的结果 ; as a rule 通常 ; as a matter of fact; at a loss 不知所措 ; at a discount 打折扣 , 没销路 , 不受欢迎 ; at a time when 每次 , 在某时 ; to make the best of a bad job 尽量减少损失 ; to have a chance; to have a good time; to have a hand in 参与 ; to have a mind to 打算 , 想要 ;

习惯用不定冠词 (to throw...) for a loss 使 ... 震惊 ; in (after) a fashion 勉强，马马虎虎 ; in a walk 轻而易举地 ; on a large scale; with a firm hand 坚决地 ; with a view to 着眼于 , 以 ... 为目的 , 考虑到 ; to be in a hurry; to get / fly into a temper 发怒 ; to have a say; to have a try; to keep an eye on 照看 , 密切注视 ; to lend a hand 帮助 ; to put a premium on 重视 ; to take a fancy to 喜爱 ; to take a walk; to take an interest in 对 ... 感兴趣 ;

Rules of using definite articles 定冠词 the 与指示代词 this ， that 同源，有“那（这）个“的意思，但意义较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。 1 ）特指双方都明白的人或物。例如：　　 Take the medicine. 　把药吃了。 2 ）上文提到过的人或事。例如： He bought a house. 　 I've been to the house. 他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。

3 ）指世上独一物二的事物如 : the sun ， the sky ， the moon ， the earth 等。 4 ）与单数名词连用表示一类事物如 : the dollar 美元 ; the fox 狐狸；或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人： the rich 富人 ; the living 生者。

5 ）用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词 only ， very ， same 等前面。例如： Where do you live? 　 I live on the second floor. 　你住在哪？我住在二层。 That’s the very thing I’ve been looking for. 　那正是我要找的东西。

6 ）与复数名词连用，指整个群体。例如： They are the teachers of this school. （指全体教师） They are teachers of this school. （指部分教师）

7 ）表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前。例如： She caught me by the arm.. 　她抓住了我的手臂。 8 ）用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前。例如： the People's Republic of China 　中华人民共和国 the United States 　美国

9 ）用在表示乐器的名词之前。例如：　 She plays the piano. 　她会弹钢琴。 10 ）用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人。例如： the Greens 　格林一家人（或格林夫妇）

11 ）用在惯用语中。例如： in the day, in the morning （ afternoon ， evening ） , 　 the day after tomorrow 　 the day before yesterday, 　 the next morning, 　 in the sky （ water ， field ， country ）　 in the dark, 　 in the rain, 　 in the distance, 　 in the middle （ of ） , 　 in the end, on the whole, 　 by the way, 　 go to the theatre

习惯用定冠词 at the hands of; on the shoulder; by the way; on the spot 当场 ; for the time being 暂时 ; on the whole; in the case of 至于 ...; (the) day before yesterday; in the distance 在远处 ; the other day 前几天 ; in the east of; under / in the circumstances; in the end of 在 ... 的最后 ; to be in the habit of 有 ... 的习惯 , 常常 in the front of 在前部 ; to bring down the house 博得满场喝彩 ; in the possession of 为 ... 所有 ;

习惯用定冠词 to follow the plough 务农 ; in the shade 逊色 ; to get / gain the upper hand of 占优势 , 占上风 ; on the way; to go by the board 被丢弃 ; on the job 忙碌着 ; to take the fancy of 引起 ... 的注意 ; to tell the truth; on the part of 就…而言 ; to turn / tip the scale(s) 起决定性作用 ; on the right / left;

Rules of using zero articles 1 ）国名，人名前通常不用定冠词： England ， Mary 。 2 ）泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可不用定冠词。例如： They are teachers. 他们是教师。 3 ）抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词。例如： Failure is the mother of success. 　失败乃成功之母。

4 ）物质名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词，当表示特定的意思时，需要加定冠词。例如： Man cannot live without water. 　离开水人就无法生存。

5 ）在季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词。例如： We go to school from Monday to Friday. 　我们从星期一到星期五都上课。 6 ）在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词。例如： The guards took the American to General Lee. 士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。

7 ）在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词如 : have breakfast ， play chess 。 8 ）当两个或两个以上名词并用时，常省去冠词。例如： I can’t write without pen or pencil. 　没有钢笔和铅笔，我就写不了字。

9 ）当 by 与火车等交通工具连用，表示一种方式时，中间无冠词，如 by bus ， by train 。 10 ）有些个体名词不用冠词，如 school ， college ， prison ， market ， hospital ， bed ， table ， class ， town ， church ， court 等个体名词，直接置于介词后，表示该名词的深层含义。例如： go to hospital 　　去医院看病 go to the hospital 　去医院（并不是去看病，而是有其他目的）

11 ）不用冠词的序数词； a. 序数词前有物主代词时。 b. 序数词作副词。例如： He came first in the race. 他跑步得了第一。 c. 在固定词组中，如 at （ the ） first, first of all, from first to last 等。

习惯用零冠词 at anchor ( 船 ) 抛锚 , 停泊着 ; at bottom(=at the bottom) 实际上 ; at dinner 在吃饭 ; at hand 在手边 , 在附近 , 即将到来 ; at home; at last; at pleasure 随你 , 听便 ; at present; at rest; at short notice 一接到通知 ; at stake 危险 ; at table 在进餐 ; at war 处于交战状态 ; beyond hope of 没希望的 , 绝望的 ; big talk 吹牛 ; by rule 墨守成规地 ; by way of 经由 ; day and night 日日夜夜地 , 日夜不停地 ; in honor of 向 ... 表示敬意 , 为祝贺 ...; in order 整齐 , 状况良好 , 适宜 ; in peace 安祥地 ; in place 适当的 ;

习惯用零冠词 in question 正被谈论的 ; in sight 在望 ; in trouble; in view 在看得见的地方 , 被考虑 , 被期待 ; on board 在 [ 到 ] 船、飞机或车上 ; on deck 在甲板上 , 准备齐全 ; on hand 在手头 , 即将发生 , 在场 ; on shore( 海员 ) 离船 , 在岸上 , 在陆上 ; on top of 在 ... 之上 ; under cover 隐藏着 ; within (easy) reach (of) 在附近 , 距离不远 ; without result 毫无结果 ; to be hard of heart 冷酷 , 残忍 ; from beginning to end; in advance; in danger; in debt; in case (of) 如果 ;

习惯用零冠词 in distress; in (the) face of 面对 ; in fashion 时兴 / 流行 ; in fact; in fear; in front of 在 ... 之前 ; in haste; in possession of 拥有 , 持有 ; to burn daylight 徒劳无益 ; to keep / bear in mind; to set foot on 踏上 ; to take care of; to take / have command of 控制，掌握 ; to take part in ; to take place;

a/an and one We use “ a/an ” rather than “ one ” in the following circumstances: See P. 112 C

a/an and one We use “ one ” rather than “ a/an ” in the following circumstances: See P. 112 B

a/an , the and zero article We use “the” in the following circumstances: See P. 114 D

a/an , the and zero article When we talk about jobs: See P. 114 B

a/an , the and zero article See P. 120 B

a/an , the and zero article When we talk about people’s names: See P. 122 A

See P. 124 A a/an , the and zero article

a/an , the and zero article See P. 124 B

a/an , the and zero article

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