Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability. All doctors should have a basic knowledge about stroke management. This presentation gives a summary of treatment options in acute brain stroke.
2018 esc guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncopeVinh Pham Nguyen
油
This document provides guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope from the 2018 European Society of Cardiology. It defines syncope and provides a classification system. It recommends an initial evaluation in the emergency department to risk stratify patients, and outlines appropriate diagnostic testing and management based on risk level, including carotid sinus massage, orthostatic challenge tests, electrocardiographic monitoring options, and when referral to specialist is appropriate. The task force that created these guidelines comprised experts from several European cardiac and neurological societies.
1. The document summarizes current stroke intervention strategies, including intravenous fibrinolysis (tPA), endovascular interventions like intra-arterial fibrinolysis and mechanical thrombectomy, and decompressive craniotomy.
2. Intravenous tPA is recommended within 3 hours and may be considered within 3-4.5 hours for select patients. Several trials have demonstrated the benefits of intravenous tPA.
3. Intra-arterial fibrinolysis and mechanical thrombectomy are beneficial options for carefully selected patients not eligible for intravenous tPA or who have failed intravenous tPA. Recent trials show improved outcomes with newer mechanical thrombectomy devices compared to older technologies.
This document provides an overview of atrial septal defects (ASD), including definitions, types, development, associated conditions, clinical presentation, investigations, and treatment. The main types of ASD are fossa ovalis/ostium secundum, sinus venosus, and ostium primum defects. Clinical features may include fatigue, breathlessness, and arrhythmias. Investigations include chest X-ray, echocardiogram, and cardiac catheterization. Large defects or those causing heart failure or pulmonary hypertension typically warrant surgical closure to repair the septal defect. The surgery aims to close the defect without causing heart block or valve problems.
A 65-year-old man presented with chest discomfort and other symptoms. His ECG showed sinus rhythm with ST elevations and PR interval prolongation. The findings were consistent with an inferoposterior wall myocardial infarction as well as right atrial infarction, likely due to proximal right coronary artery occlusion. Atrial infarction can occur in up to 25% of STEMI cases but is often clinically unrecognized due to its subtle ECG changes such as P-Ta segment elevations. Complications of atrial infarction include arrhythmias and thromboembolism.
The document summarizes guidelines for managing acute myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation from the 2017 European Society of Cardiology. It outlines recommendations for initial ECG, diagnosis of STEMI, reperfusion therapy including primary PCI or fibrinolysis, medical therapies, management of complications, and long-term care. Key points include performing early ECG to diagnose STEMI, using primary PCI over fibrinolysis when possible, administering dual antiplatelet and anticoagulation therapies during PCI, and prescribing medications like beta-blockers and ACE inhibitors to reduce mortality and hospitalizations.
This document discusses complications that can occur after a myocardial infarction (MI). It outlines various electrical complications including arrhythmias like ventricular fibrillation and heart block. Mechanical complications are also summarized, such as mitral regurgitation from papillary muscle dysfunction, ventricular septal rupture, and free wall rupture. Other topics covered include heart failure, cardiogenic shock, pericarditis, and the importance of cardiac rehabilitation post-MI.
ACCF / AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failuredrucsamal
油
Risk factor modification is recommended for individuals at risk for heart failure (HF) with no structural heart disease or symptoms (Stage A). Lifestyle modifications and control of hypertension, diabetes, and other vascular risk factors can help prevent or delay the development of structural heart changes and symptoms of HF.
Lo mejor del Congreso Europeo de Insuficiencia Cardiaca Florencia 2016
01/06/2016 15:00h Casa del Coraz坦n, Madrid
http://ic16.secardiologia.es
#PostIC16
Novedades en el tratamiento no farmacol坦gico
Dra. Marisa Crespo Leiro, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coru単a
@marisa1109
La muerte s炭bita es una muerte natural e inesperada causada por problemas card鱈acos como la fibrilaci坦n ventricular o la cardiopat鱈a isqu辿mica. Los s鱈ntomas incluyen latidos card鱈acos r叩pidos, mareos y p辿rdida de conocimiento. Las personas con antecedentes de enfermedades card鱈acas tienen mayor riesgo. El tratamiento incluye reanimaci坦n cardiopulmonar y desfibrilaci坦n para reiniciar el ritmo card鱈aco.
Intracerebral hemorhage Diagnosis and managementRamesh Babu
油
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is bleeding within the brain tissue. The document discusses the causes, risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis and management of ICH. The major causes are hypertension and vascular abnormalities like aneurysms. Clinical features depend on the location of bleeding and may include altered consciousness, headache, vomiting and focal neurological deficits. CT scan is the primary imaging method to detect ICH. Prognosis depends on factors like hematoma size, location and growth. Management involves controlling blood pressure, treating the underlying cause and complications.
Interventions in Stroke-Evidence based managementDr Vipul Gupta
油
1. The document discusses evidence-based management of interventions for stroke, including endovascular neurointerventions for conditions like subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage, and ischemic stroke.
2. Recent clinical trials provide strong evidence that endovascular thrombectomy within 6 hours of stroke onset is effective for appropriately selected patients with large vessel occlusions. This represents a dramatic change in the management of acute ischemic stroke.
3. The document also reviews management of aneurysms, vasospasm post-subarachnoid hemorrhage, and carotid artery stenosis, highlighting the shift to predominantly endovascular approaches.
Non-invasive methods can help identify patients at risk of fatal arrhythmias. Ambulatory ECG monitoring provides continuous cardiac rhythm monitoring over extended periods and is useful for evaluating arrhythmias, pacemaker function, and response to antiarrhythmic drugs. Transient VT on ambulatory ECG monitoring is the single best marker of high risk for sudden death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Non-invasive approaches include analyzing heart rate variation, late potentials, QT dispersion, and QRS fragmentation.
1. Regional stroke centers should be established to provide thrombolysis and transport to endovascular treatment centers. Every hospital should have a stroke team and protocols for emergency evaluation.
2. Patients should receive IV alteplase as quickly as possible if eligible. Mechanical thrombectomy is recommended for large vessel occlusions within 6-24 hours of onset depending on criteria.
3. In-hospital prevention includes antiplatelet therapy, vascular imaging, and lipid management with statins to reduce cardiovascular risk.
Approach to a young hypertensive patient: Investigations and diagnosismeducationdotnet
油
This document discusses the approach to investigating and diagnosing a young patient with hypertension. It outlines the most common causes of secondary hypertension by age group, including renal parenchymal disease in children and adolescents, Takayasu's arteritis and fibromuscular dysplasia in young adults. Signs and symptoms that can suggest specific secondary causes are provided. The document also discusses diagnostic criteria for conditions like Takayasu's arteritis and fibromuscular dysplasia. It concludes with an algorithmic approach to evaluating patients with suspected secondary hypertension.
Heart rate a global target for cardiovascular disease and therapy along the c...Kyaw Win
油
I. High resting heart rate is an independent risk factor for mortality in general populations and hypertensive patients based on numerous epidemiological studies.
II. High resting heart rate precedes and predicts the development of hypertension.
III. Ivabradine is a new treatment option for reducing heart rate that is indicated for stable angina and chronic heart failure patients. It has been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality in these patient groups.
Endovascular treatment in acute cerebral ischemianikhilprerana
油
This document discusses ischemic stroke and endovascular management. It notes that ischemic stroke accounts for 87% of strokes and results in significant disability. It reviews cerebral circulation and the limitations of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) therapy. The document then discusses endovascular management techniques in more detail, including intra-arterial thrombolysis, mechanical thrombectomy devices, patient selection, imaging guidance, anesthesia options, reperfusion strategies, and clinical trials of endovascular therapy for middle cerebral artery occlusions.
El documento proporciona informaci坦n sobre la enfermedad cerebrovascular (ECV) o accidente cerebrovascular. Define la ECV y describe sus tipos, factores de riesgo, signos y s鱈ntomas, escalas de evaluaci坦n, diagn坦stico, manejo agudo incluyendo tromb坦lisis, y criterios para la administraci坦n de trombol鱈ticos. Resalta la importancia del diagn坦stico y tratamiento tempranos de la ECV isqu辿mica aguda.
La estenosis mitral es una secuela reum叩tica, de lenta evoluci坦n. En general se hace sintom叩tica cuando el 叩rea mitral es < 1,4 cm. Los s鱈ntomas m叩s importantes son por hipertensi坦n de la aur鱈cula izquierda. Sus complicaciones m叩s graves son la congesti坦n pulmonar que puede causar edema pulmonar y las embolias sist辿micas por aur鱈cula izquierda debido a fibrilaci坦n auricular. Su diagn坦stico se basa en el cuadro cl鱈nico, en el examen f鱈sico y en la radiograf鱈a de t坦rax.
Este documento trata sobre la enfermedad cerebrovascular. Explica que es la principal causa de muerte por enfermedad neurol坦gica y la primera causa de discapacidad severa en adultos, con una mortalidad cercana al 30% en el primer a単o. Describe los dos tipos principales de accidente cerebrovascular: isqu辿mico y hemorr叩gico. Presenta el caso cl鱈nico de un paciente de 56 a単os con s鱈ntomas neurol坦gicos focales y antecedentes que sugieren enfermedad cerebrovascular.
Mechanical thrombectomy in acute stroke [Autosaved].pptxNeurologyKota
油
1. The document discusses various techniques for mechanical thrombectomy in acute stroke, including thrombectomy devices, thromboaspiration, and thrombolysis.
2. It summarizes key trials investigating mechanical thrombectomy including DAWN, DEFUSE 3, and a basilar artery occlusion trial. The DAWN and DEFUSE 3 trials showed improved outcomes with thrombectomy plus standard care compared to standard care alone for certain patients.
3. The document outlines considerations for implementing a mechanical thrombectomy program, including patient selection criteria, imaging guidance, procedural timelines, equipment needs, and cost estimates.
La muerte s炭bita cardiaca se define como una muerte inesperada que ocurre dentro de una hora de inicio de los s鱈ntomas. Es m叩s probable que ocurra por enfermedad card鱈aca, especialmente enfermedad coronaria. Ocurre con m叩s frecuencia en hombres mayores y en la ma単ana. La prevenci坦n incluye el control de factores de riesgo y el uso de desfibriladores autom叩ticos implantables en pacientes de alto riesgo.
This document provides information on sudden cardiac death (SCD), including its definition, epidemiology, risk factors, etiologies, and prevention. Some key points:
- SCD is defined as a natural death from cardiac causes within 1 hour of symptoms. It is a major cause of mortality, accounting for 10-15% of natural deaths.
- Risk factors include prior heart disease, low ejection fraction, family history, and cardiomyopathy. The risk is bimodal with peaks under 1 year old and over 65 years old.
- Causes include ventricular arrhythmias, asystole, and pulseless electrical activity. Prevention strategies include implantable defibrillators, antiarrhythmic drugs
Antiplatelets in stroke recent scenarioNeurologyKota
油
- Aspirin is recommended within 24-48 hours for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and after 24 hours if IV thrombolysis is administered.
- For minor strokes, dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel for 21 days begun within 24 hours is recommended, followed by clopidogrel alone for 90 days.
- The efficacy of IV antiplatelet drugs like tirofiban and eptifibatide for AIS is not well established and requires further research.
This document discusses complications that can occur after a myocardial infarction (MI). It outlines various electrical complications including arrhythmias like ventricular fibrillation and heart block. Mechanical complications are also summarized, such as mitral regurgitation from papillary muscle dysfunction, ventricular septal rupture, and free wall rupture. Other topics covered include heart failure, cardiogenic shock, pericarditis, and the importance of cardiac rehabilitation post-MI.
ACCF / AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failuredrucsamal
油
Risk factor modification is recommended for individuals at risk for heart failure (HF) with no structural heart disease or symptoms (Stage A). Lifestyle modifications and control of hypertension, diabetes, and other vascular risk factors can help prevent or delay the development of structural heart changes and symptoms of HF.
Lo mejor del Congreso Europeo de Insuficiencia Cardiaca Florencia 2016
01/06/2016 15:00h Casa del Coraz坦n, Madrid
http://ic16.secardiologia.es
#PostIC16
Novedades en el tratamiento no farmacol坦gico
Dra. Marisa Crespo Leiro, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coru単a
@marisa1109
La muerte s炭bita es una muerte natural e inesperada causada por problemas card鱈acos como la fibrilaci坦n ventricular o la cardiopat鱈a isqu辿mica. Los s鱈ntomas incluyen latidos card鱈acos r叩pidos, mareos y p辿rdida de conocimiento. Las personas con antecedentes de enfermedades card鱈acas tienen mayor riesgo. El tratamiento incluye reanimaci坦n cardiopulmonar y desfibrilaci坦n para reiniciar el ritmo card鱈aco.
Intracerebral hemorhage Diagnosis and managementRamesh Babu
油
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is bleeding within the brain tissue. The document discusses the causes, risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis and management of ICH. The major causes are hypertension and vascular abnormalities like aneurysms. Clinical features depend on the location of bleeding and may include altered consciousness, headache, vomiting and focal neurological deficits. CT scan is the primary imaging method to detect ICH. Prognosis depends on factors like hematoma size, location and growth. Management involves controlling blood pressure, treating the underlying cause and complications.
Interventions in Stroke-Evidence based managementDr Vipul Gupta
油
1. The document discusses evidence-based management of interventions for stroke, including endovascular neurointerventions for conditions like subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage, and ischemic stroke.
2. Recent clinical trials provide strong evidence that endovascular thrombectomy within 6 hours of stroke onset is effective for appropriately selected patients with large vessel occlusions. This represents a dramatic change in the management of acute ischemic stroke.
3. The document also reviews management of aneurysms, vasospasm post-subarachnoid hemorrhage, and carotid artery stenosis, highlighting the shift to predominantly endovascular approaches.
Non-invasive methods can help identify patients at risk of fatal arrhythmias. Ambulatory ECG monitoring provides continuous cardiac rhythm monitoring over extended periods and is useful for evaluating arrhythmias, pacemaker function, and response to antiarrhythmic drugs. Transient VT on ambulatory ECG monitoring is the single best marker of high risk for sudden death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Non-invasive approaches include analyzing heart rate variation, late potentials, QT dispersion, and QRS fragmentation.
1. Regional stroke centers should be established to provide thrombolysis and transport to endovascular treatment centers. Every hospital should have a stroke team and protocols for emergency evaluation.
2. Patients should receive IV alteplase as quickly as possible if eligible. Mechanical thrombectomy is recommended for large vessel occlusions within 6-24 hours of onset depending on criteria.
3. In-hospital prevention includes antiplatelet therapy, vascular imaging, and lipid management with statins to reduce cardiovascular risk.
Approach to a young hypertensive patient: Investigations and diagnosismeducationdotnet
油
This document discusses the approach to investigating and diagnosing a young patient with hypertension. It outlines the most common causes of secondary hypertension by age group, including renal parenchymal disease in children and adolescents, Takayasu's arteritis and fibromuscular dysplasia in young adults. Signs and symptoms that can suggest specific secondary causes are provided. The document also discusses diagnostic criteria for conditions like Takayasu's arteritis and fibromuscular dysplasia. It concludes with an algorithmic approach to evaluating patients with suspected secondary hypertension.
Heart rate a global target for cardiovascular disease and therapy along the c...Kyaw Win
油
I. High resting heart rate is an independent risk factor for mortality in general populations and hypertensive patients based on numerous epidemiological studies.
II. High resting heart rate precedes and predicts the development of hypertension.
III. Ivabradine is a new treatment option for reducing heart rate that is indicated for stable angina and chronic heart failure patients. It has been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality in these patient groups.
Endovascular treatment in acute cerebral ischemianikhilprerana
油
This document discusses ischemic stroke and endovascular management. It notes that ischemic stroke accounts for 87% of strokes and results in significant disability. It reviews cerebral circulation and the limitations of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) therapy. The document then discusses endovascular management techniques in more detail, including intra-arterial thrombolysis, mechanical thrombectomy devices, patient selection, imaging guidance, anesthesia options, reperfusion strategies, and clinical trials of endovascular therapy for middle cerebral artery occlusions.
El documento proporciona informaci坦n sobre la enfermedad cerebrovascular (ECV) o accidente cerebrovascular. Define la ECV y describe sus tipos, factores de riesgo, signos y s鱈ntomas, escalas de evaluaci坦n, diagn坦stico, manejo agudo incluyendo tromb坦lisis, y criterios para la administraci坦n de trombol鱈ticos. Resalta la importancia del diagn坦stico y tratamiento tempranos de la ECV isqu辿mica aguda.
La estenosis mitral es una secuela reum叩tica, de lenta evoluci坦n. En general se hace sintom叩tica cuando el 叩rea mitral es < 1,4 cm. Los s鱈ntomas m叩s importantes son por hipertensi坦n de la aur鱈cula izquierda. Sus complicaciones m叩s graves son la congesti坦n pulmonar que puede causar edema pulmonar y las embolias sist辿micas por aur鱈cula izquierda debido a fibrilaci坦n auricular. Su diagn坦stico se basa en el cuadro cl鱈nico, en el examen f鱈sico y en la radiograf鱈a de t坦rax.
Este documento trata sobre la enfermedad cerebrovascular. Explica que es la principal causa de muerte por enfermedad neurol坦gica y la primera causa de discapacidad severa en adultos, con una mortalidad cercana al 30% en el primer a単o. Describe los dos tipos principales de accidente cerebrovascular: isqu辿mico y hemorr叩gico. Presenta el caso cl鱈nico de un paciente de 56 a単os con s鱈ntomas neurol坦gicos focales y antecedentes que sugieren enfermedad cerebrovascular.
Mechanical thrombectomy in acute stroke [Autosaved].pptxNeurologyKota
油
1. The document discusses various techniques for mechanical thrombectomy in acute stroke, including thrombectomy devices, thromboaspiration, and thrombolysis.
2. It summarizes key trials investigating mechanical thrombectomy including DAWN, DEFUSE 3, and a basilar artery occlusion trial. The DAWN and DEFUSE 3 trials showed improved outcomes with thrombectomy plus standard care compared to standard care alone for certain patients.
3. The document outlines considerations for implementing a mechanical thrombectomy program, including patient selection criteria, imaging guidance, procedural timelines, equipment needs, and cost estimates.
La muerte s炭bita cardiaca se define como una muerte inesperada que ocurre dentro de una hora de inicio de los s鱈ntomas. Es m叩s probable que ocurra por enfermedad card鱈aca, especialmente enfermedad coronaria. Ocurre con m叩s frecuencia en hombres mayores y en la ma単ana. La prevenci坦n incluye el control de factores de riesgo y el uso de desfibriladores autom叩ticos implantables en pacientes de alto riesgo.
This document provides information on sudden cardiac death (SCD), including its definition, epidemiology, risk factors, etiologies, and prevention. Some key points:
- SCD is defined as a natural death from cardiac causes within 1 hour of symptoms. It is a major cause of mortality, accounting for 10-15% of natural deaths.
- Risk factors include prior heart disease, low ejection fraction, family history, and cardiomyopathy. The risk is bimodal with peaks under 1 year old and over 65 years old.
- Causes include ventricular arrhythmias, asystole, and pulseless electrical activity. Prevention strategies include implantable defibrillators, antiarrhythmic drugs
Antiplatelets in stroke recent scenarioNeurologyKota
油
- Aspirin is recommended within 24-48 hours for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and after 24 hours if IV thrombolysis is administered.
- For minor strokes, dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel for 21 days begun within 24 hours is recommended, followed by clopidogrel alone for 90 days.
- The efficacy of IV antiplatelet drugs like tirofiban and eptifibatide for AIS is not well established and requires further research.
Antiaggregazione per la prevenzione secondaria dopo ictus ischemico: mono o d...Plinio Fabiani
油
Antiaggregazione per la prevenzione secondaria dopo ictus ischemico: mono o doppia?
Rassegna dei trials clinici e metanalisi sulla singola o doppia antiaggrgazione piastrinica nella prevenzione delle recidive di ictus, in rapporto al rischio emorragico.
Silvestrini Mauro. Cefalea e dissecazione arteriosa. ASMaD 2011Gianfranco Tammaro
油
1) The document discusses the relationship between headaches and cervical artery dissection, noting that headaches are a common presenting symptom of dissections.
2) It reports that studies have found migraine is more common in patients who experience spontaneous cervical artery dissections compared to other stroke patients.
3) The mechanism by which migraine may increase the risk of dissection is unknown but possibly involves changes to the extracellular matrix and carotid artery distensibility.
SASH : Cerebrovascular disease - Stroke by Dr Georgina ChildSASH Vets
油
This document discusses cerebrovascular disease or stroke in dogs and cats. It notes that stroke can be caused by hemorrhage or infarction and presents acute, non-progressive neurological deficits localized to the affected area of the brain. The clinical signs vary depending on whether the forebrain, brainstem, or cerebellum are involved. Imaging like CT or MRI can help identify lesions and rule out other potential causes. Treatment focuses on supportive care, managing hypertension if present, and preventing increases in intracranial pressure. Recovery depends on the severity and location of the initial brain injury.
In Svizzera, ogni trenta minuti, una persona viene colpita da ictus cerebrale. In questi casi di emergenza, pu嘆 contribuire a evitare le conseguenze dellictus cerebrale e salvare delle vite. Come fare 竪 illustrato nel test FAST, sviluppato dalla Fondazione Svizzera di Cardiologia, in allegato. Sono sufficienti soltanto tre minuti del Suo tempo.
E ancora una richiesta: invii questa e-mail ai Suoi conoscenti e chieda anche a loro di inoltrarla. Offrir cos狸 un prezioso contributo alla nostra attivit di informazione e concorrer a salvare delle vite e prevenire delle menomazioni.
Un cordiale ringraziamento per il Suo aiuto.
Il team di Swissheart
PERIPHERAL ARTERIOPATY AND DIABETES: EPIDEMIOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPEUTIC PATH
ARTERIOPATIA PERIFERICA E DIABETE: EPIDEMIOLOGIA, EZIOPATOGENESI, DIAGNOSI E PERCORSO TERAPEUTICO
(Angiologia-Chirurgia Vascolare-ULSS 15 Alta Padovana)
(Angiology-Vascular Surgery-ULSS 15 Alta Padovana)
Schemi di varie materie, utili per ripassare in vista del concorso SSM, con un focus anche su malattie rare che spesso capitano al concorso.
PS. Questi schemi fatti da me, mi sono stati utili per superarlo e spero che lo siano anche a voi. In bocca al lupo!
Le occlusioni venose retiniche sono caratterizzate dallostruzione della circolazione di una vena retinica con formazione di emorragie retiniche e possibile formazione di aree ischemiche e/o di edema maculare. La diagnosi 竪 basata sulla clinica sulla fluorangiografia e sullOCT. Si deve sempre effettuare un inquadramento sistemico del paziente. La terapia oculistica si avvale dellargon laser retinico e di farmaci intraviterali.
Le occlusioni arteriose retiniche sono caratterizzate dallostruzione della circolazione di una arteria retinica con ischemia retinica corrispondente allarea di mancata irrorazione sanguigna. La diagnosi 竪 clinica, si pu嘆 effettuare una fluorangiografia e un OCT. Si deve sempre effettuare un inquadramento sistemico del paziente. La terapia deve essere tempestiva.
Per informazioni sul documento: tinyurl.com/powk8rc
2. Sindrome caratterizzata dallesordio improvviso di
deficit neurologici focali o diffusi, di durata superiore
alle 24 ore, con esito anche letale, di origine vascolare
Nell80% dei casi origine ischemica
Nel 20% dei casi origine emorragica
ICTUS (STROKE):
10-15% emorragie cerebrali
5% ESA
3. Sulla base della definizione indicata dall'OMS il
TIA 竪 caratterizzato dalla 束 improvvisa comparsa di
segni e/o sintomi riferibili a deficit focale cerebrale o
visivo, attribuibile ad insufficiente apporto di sangue,
di durata inferiore alle 24 ore 損.
Non 竪 indicato definire come TIA la perdita di
coscienza, le vertigini, lamnesia globale
transitoria, i drop attacks, lastenia generalizzata,
lo stato confusionale, lincontinenza sfinterica,
quando rappresentano lunico sintomo
dellattacco.
4. In Italia lictus rappresenta:
la prima causa di disabilit
la seconda causa di demenza
la terza causa di morte dopo le malattie cardiovascolari e
le neoplasie, causando il 10-12% di tutti i decessi per
anno.
LA RILEVANZA EPIDEMIOLOGICA
DELLICTUS
8. FATTORI DI RISCHIO
NON MODIFICABILI
Et
(lincidenza di ictus aumenta con let e dopo i 55 anni raddoppia per ogni decade)
Sesso
(lincidenza di ictus 竪 maggiore nei maschi ma la differenza fra sessi si riduce con let)
Familiarit e razza
( il ruolo dei fattori genetici nella determinazione del rischio di ictus non 竪 tuttora definito)
9. FATTORI DI RISCHIO
MODIFICABILI BEN DOCUMENTATI
Ipertensione arteriosa
Alcune cardiopatie
Diabete mellito
Iperomocisteinemia
Ipertrofia ventricolare sinistra
Stenosi carotidea asintomatica
Fumo di sigaretta
Attacco ischemico transitorio (TIA)
(Rischio ictus: 11.6% entro un anno, 5.9%/anno nei successivi 4 anni)
Fibrillazione atriale
Endocardite infettiva
Stenosi mitralica
Infarto miocardico esteso e recente
10. FATTORI DI RISCHIO MODIFICABILI
NON COMPLETAMENTE DOCUMENTATI
Ipercolesterolemia
Alcune cardiopatie (Forame ovale pervio, aneurisma settale, cardiomiopatia,
endocardite batterica, calcificazione dellanello mitralico, prolasso valvolare
mitralico, valve strands, ecocardiocontrasto spontaneo, anomalie della motilit
parietale spontanea, stenosi aortica)
Aterosclerosi dellarco aortico
Uso di contraccettivi orali
Eccessivo consumo di alcool
Uso di droghe
Ridotta attivit fisica e obesit
Emicrania
Infezioni
Fattori emostatici
Anticorpi antifosfolipidi
13. CLASSIFICAZIONE SU BASE
FISIOPATOLOGICA DEI SOTTOTIPI
DELLICTUS ISCHEMICO CRITERI DEL Trial of
ORG 10172 in AcuteStrokeTreatment (TOAST),
1993
1. Aterosclerosi dei vasi di grosso calibro
2. Cardioembolia(possibile/probabile)
3. Occlusione dei piccoli vasi
4. Ictus da cause diverse
5. Ictus da cause non determinate
17. SINDROMI LACUNARI
STROKE MOTORIO PURO
STROKE SENSITIVO PURO
EMIPARESI ATASSICA
DISARTRIA CON ADIADOCOCINESIA DELLA MANO
DISARTRIA PURA
DEFICIT OCULOMOZIONE
EMICOREA EMIBALLISMO
DISTONIA FOCALE
PARKINSONISMO (?)
STROKE SENSITIVO-MOTORIO
18. VASCULITI CEREBRALI
vasculopatie infiammatorie primarie
arterite a cellule giganti
arterite di Takayasu
Lupus eritematoso sistemico
sindrome di Sneddon
vasculiti necrotizzanti sistemiche
poliarterite nodosa
sindrome di Churg-Strauss
granulomatosi di Wegener
artrite reumatoide
sindrome di Sj旦gren
malattia di Beh巽et
sclerodermia
sarcoidosi arterite isolata del sistema
nervoso centrale
malattia di B端rger
vasculopatie infiammatorie secondarie
infezioni
farmaci
radiazioni
morbo celiaco
malattie infiammatorie intestinali
19. DISORDINI COAGULAZIONE E STROKE
Riduzione dei livelli degli inibitori della coagulazione
-Anti-trombinaIII -ProteinaC -ProteinaS -Co-fattoreII
delleparina
Resistenza alla proteinaC attivata(aPCresistance)
Aumento dei livelli dei fattori della coagulazione
-Fibrinogeno -FattoreVII
Condizioni dismetabolichepro-trombotiche
-Iperomocisteinemia -Ipertrigliceridemia -IperLp(a)
20. DISSEZIONE CAROTIDEA
Risk factors:
mechanical injury (e.g., trauma
involving the neck)
during vigorous neck turning (inlcuding
chiropractic manipulation)
in previously diseased carotid arteries,
the chance of a dissection is increased
collagenopathies
21. NON MUOVO O
NON SENTO PIU'
UN BRACCIO O
UNA GAMBA
NON MUOVO O
NON SENTO PIU'
UN BRACCIO O
UNA GAMBA
MI ACCORGO
DI AVERE LA
BOCCA
STORTA
MI ACCORGO
DI AVERE LA
BOCCA
STORTA
HO UN FORTE
MAL DI TESTA
MAI PROVATO
PRIMA
HO UN FORTE
MAL DI TESTA
MAI PROVATO
PRIMA
FACCIO
FATICA A
PARLARE
FACCIO
FATICA A
PARLARE
NON
CAPISCO
QUELLO CHE
MI DICONO
NON
CAPISCO
QUELLO CHE
MI DICONO
NON VEDO
BENE META'
DEGLI
OGGETTI
NON VEDO
BENE META'
DEGLI
OGGETTI
DIAGNOSI DI ICTUS SINTOMATOLOGIA (1)
22. il paziente inceppa sulle
parole, usa parole
inappropriate o non 竪 in grado
di parlare
anormale
la frase viene ripetuta
correttamentenormale
Linguaggio
(fai dire al paziente la frase:
束Non si pu嘆 insegnare trucchi
nuovi a un cane vecchio.損)
un braccio non si muove o
cade gi湛anormale
le due braccia si muovono
allo stesso modonormaleSpostamento delle braccia
(il paziente chiude gli occhi e
distende le braccia)
i due lati del volto non si
muovono allo stesso modoanormale
i due lati del volto si muovono
allo stesso modonormale
Mimica facciale
(invita il o a sorridere)
Orario di inizio dei sintomi: .
La CPSS-FAST
(Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale - Face Arm Speech Time)
23. Livello di Coscienza 0 Vigile
1 Soporoso
2 Stuporoso
3 Coma
Motilit oculare
(solo movimenti
orizzontali)
0 Normale
1 Paralisi parziale di
sguardo
2 Deviazione forzata
Campo Visivo 0 Normale
1 Emianopsia parziale
2 Emianopsia completa
3 Cecit completa (anche
corticale)
Motilit arti
(Sup. & Inf)
0 Forza normale
1 Presenza di slivellamento
2 Movimento contro gravit
3 Movimento a gravit
eliminata
4 Nessun movimento
9 Anchilosi od amputazione
Esecuzione ordini
semplici
(aprire/chiudere occhi
stringere/rilasciare
pugno)
0 Esegue ambedue gli
ordini
1 Esegue uno degli ordini
2 Non esegue gli ordini
Orientamento
(chiedere al pz. il mese
e la sua et)
0 Risponde
correttamente
1 Risponde
correttamente ad una
delle due domande
2 Non risponde corrett.
Paralisi facciale 0 Assente
1 Lieve asimmetria
2 Paralisi VII inferiore
3 Paralisi VII completa
Atassia arti
(Sup. & Inf)
0 Assente
1 Presente in 1 arto
2 Presente in 2 arti
Sensibilit Dolorifica 0 Normale
1 Perdita lieve/moderata
2 Perdita grave/completa
Linguaggio 0 Normale
1 Afasia lieve o moderata
(conversazione difficile)
2 Afasia grave
(conversazione
impossibile)
3 Paziente muto o afasia
globale
Disartria 0 Assente
1 Lieve o moderata
2 Grave
9 Eloquio impossibile
Neglect
(doppia stimolazione
visiva o tattile)
0 Assente
1 Estinzione
2 Emidisattenzione
NIHSSNIHSS--NationalNational InstituteInstitute ofof HealthHealth Stroke ScaleStroke Scale
25. Lesame clinico non 竪 sufficientemente accurato
per differenziare lictus ischemico da quello
emorragico in modo assoluto.
Per tale distinzione sono necessarie una TC o
una RM.
DISTINZIONE DEL TIPO DI ICTUS
26. TAC cranio di un paziente con ictus ischemico (a sinistra) e di un
paziente con ictus emorragico (a destra)
DIAGNOSI DI ICTUS NEUROIMMAGINI
27. ICTUS ISCHEMICO DA ATEROSCLEROSI DI
ARTERIE DI GROSSO CALIBRO
Stenosi arteria carotide interna (tratto extracranico)
Stenosi arteria basilare
Eco-color Doppler: placca
Spettro velocimetrico Doppler:
accelerazione
Angiografia:
difetto di
riempimento
Angiografia:
difetto di
riempimento
Spettro velocimetrico Doppler transcranico:
accelerazione
28. ICTUS ISCHEMICO DI ORIGINE CARDIOEMBOLICA
Ecocardiografia transesofagea: trombo (freccia) nellauricola dellatrio sinistro
29. ICTUS ISCHEMICO DA MALATTIA DEI PICCOLI VASI
Risonanza magnetica cranio: lesioni iperintense della sostanza bianca
30. ICTUS ISCHEMICO DA DISSEZIONE DELLARTERIA
CAROTIDE INTERNA (TRATTO INTRACRANICO)
Angiografia:
difetti di riempimento (frecce)
Spettro velocimetrico Doppler transcranico:
accelerazione
33. EMORRAGIA SUBARACNOIDEA
Cause
Aneurisma sacculare intracranico (85%)
Emorragia perimesencefalica non associata ad aneurisma (10%)
Dissezione arteriosa e condizioni rare (5%)
Emorragia intraventricolare spontanea
34. CONDIZIONI EREDITARIE E CONGENITE
ASSOCIATE AD ANEURISMA SACCULARE
DISORDER OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum
Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency
(Infantile) fibromuscolar dysplasia
Neurofibromatosis
DISORDER OF ANGIOGENESIS
Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia
Progressive hemifacial atrophy (Parry-Romberg disease)
ASSOCIATED HYPERTENSION
Congenital heart disease
Coarctation of the aorta
Aortitis syndrome
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
LOCAL HAEMODYNAMIC STRESS
Anomalies of the Circle of Willis
Arteriovenous malformations
Moyamoya syndrome
38. RISCHIO DI ROTTURA ANNUALE DI
ANEURISMI INTRACRANICI
(White and Wardlaw, 2003)
ANTERIOR
CIRCULATION
POSTERIOR
CIRCULATION
< 7 mm
No previous SAH 0% 0.5%
With previous SAH 0.3% 0.7%
7-12 mm
No previous SAH
With previous SAH
13-24 mm 3% 3.7%
>=25 mm 8% 10%
0.5% 3%
39. EMORRAGIA PERIMESENCEFALICA
NON ASSOCIATA AD ANEURISMA
(Warlow et al)
There is a distinct and benign variety of
subarachnoid haemorrhage, in which the
distribution of extravasated blood on the brain CT
scan is different from aneurysmal haemorrhage,
in the cisterns around the midbrain or ventral to
the pons. The angiogram is completely normal.
The long-term outcome is invariably excellent
40. DISSEZIONE ARTERIOSA ED
EMORRAGIA SUBARACNOIDEA
5/110 (4.5%) of autoptic SAH (Sasaki et al, 1991)
Prevalently VA dissection and pseudoaneurysm (Kaplan et
al, 1993)
Blister-like bulges of the ICA (Abe et al, 1998)
Early and late rebleeding is frequent (30-70%) and fatal in
half the patients (Yamaura et al, 1990; Mizutami et al, 1995)
41. CAUSE RARE
DI EMORRAGIA SUBARACNOIDEA
Head trauma
Anticoagulants
Cocaine abuse
Cerebral arteriovenous malformations
Dural arteriovenous malformations
Spinal arteriovenous malformations
Saccular aneurysms of spinal arteries
Cardiac myxoma
Sickle-cell disease
Superficial siderosis of the CNS
Mycotic aneurysms
Pituitary apoplexy
42. CAUSE DI EMORRAGIA
INTRAVENTRICOLARE SPONTANEA
UNCOMMON ANEURYSM
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS
In the ependymal lining
Of the choroid plexus
Dura fistula of the superior sagittal sinus
OCCLUSIVE ARTERIAL DISEASE
Moya-moya syndrome: idiopathic
atherosclerosis, or with associated aneurysm
Lacunar infarction
TUMORS
Pituitary tumor
Ependymoma
Meningioma
INFECTIOUS DISEASE
Brain abscess
Parasitic granuloma
DRUGS
Cocaine
Amphetamines
WERNICKES ENCEPHALOPATHY
43. CEFALEA SENTINELLA NELL EMORRAGIA
SUBARACNOIDEA DA ROTTURA DI ANEURISMA
Leblanc et al, 1987 (Canada) 25/87 (29%)
Verwey et al, 1988 (Holland) 13/30 (43%)
Bassi et al, 1991 (Italy) 74/364 (20%)
Hanerberg et al, 1991 (Denmark) 139/1076 (13%)
Sorensen et al, 1992 (Denmark) 36/99 (36%)
Linn et al, 1994 (Holland) 2/21 (10%)
Jakobsson et al, 1996 (Sweden) 84/422 (20%)
Linn et al, 1998 (Holland) 8/42 (19%)
Fridriksson et al, 2001 (Sweden) 50/152 (33%)
44. SINTOMI E SEGNI DI
EMORRAGIA SUBARACNOIDEA
Headache at onset
Impairment of consciousness
Epileptic seizures
Neck stiffness
Subhyaloid haemorrhages
Pyrexia
Hypertension
Focal neurological deficits
45. MISDIAGNOSI INIZIALE
DI EMORRAGIA SUBARACNOIDEA
(Kowalski et al, 2004)
MISDIAGNOSIS: 56/452 (12%) overall
42/221 (19%) with normal mental status
MOST COMMON DIAGNOSTIC ERRORS:
Migraine and tension headache (36%)
Failure to obtain CT scan (73%)
46. CLASSIFICAZIONE DI HUNT-HESS DELL
EMORRAGIA SUBARACNOIDEA
CLASSIFICATION SYMPTOMS
Grade I
Asymptomatic or minimal headache and slight
nuchal rigidity
Grade II
Moderate to severe headache, nuchal rigidity, no
neurological deficit other than cranial-nerve palsy
Grade III Drowsiness, confusion, or mild focal deficit
Grade IV
Stupor, moderate to severe hemiparesis, possible
early decerebrate rigidity and vegetative disturbance
Grade V
Deep coma, decerebrate rigidity, moribund
appearance
47. TRATTAMENTO DELL ICTUS IN FASE ACUTA (1)
Il trattamento conIl trattamento con rr--tPAtPA e.v. (0,9 mg/kg, dose massima 90 mg,e.v. (0,9 mg/kg, dose massima 90 mg,
il 10% della dose in bolo, il rimanente in infusione di 60il 10% della dose in bolo, il rimanente in infusione di 60
minuti)minuti) 竪竪 indicato in casi selezionati entro tre ore dallindicato in casi selezionati entro tre ore dallesordioesordio
di undi un ictus ischemico.ictus ischemico.
indicato che i pazienti con ictus acutoindicato che i pazienti con ictus acuto (ischemico o(ischemico o
emorragico)emorragico) siano ricoverati in una struttura dedicatasiano ricoverati in una struttura dedicata (Stroke(Stroke
UnitUnit)).. PerPer strokestroke unitunit si intende una unitsi intende una unit di 4di 4--16 letti in cui16 letti in cui
i malati con ictus sono seguiti da uni malati con ictus sono seguiti da un teamteam multidisciplinaremultidisciplinare
di infermieri, di tecnici della riabilitazione e di medicidi infermieri, di tecnici della riabilitazione e di medici
competenti ed esclusivamente dedicati alle malattiecompetenti ed esclusivamente dedicati alle malattie
cerebrovascolaricerebrovascolari. Gli aspetti qualificanti delle. Gli aspetti qualificanti delle strokestroke unitunit
sono: lasono: la multiprofessionalitmultiprofessionalit delldell辿辿quipequipe, l, lapproccioapproccio
integrato medico e riabilitativo, la formazione continua delintegrato medico e riabilitativo, la formazione continua del
personale, lpersonale, listruzione dei pazienti e dei familiari.istruzione dei pazienti e dei familiari.
48. TRATTAMENTO DELL ICTUS IN FASE ACUTA (2)
Il trattamento chirurgico dellemorragia cerebrale 竪 indicato in:
1. emorragie cerebellari di diametro >3 cm con quadro
di deterioramento neurologico o con segni di
compressione del tronco e idrocefalo secondario a
ostruzione ventricolare
2. emorragie lobari di grandi o medie dimensioni (50
cm3), in rapido deterioramento per compressione
delle strutture vitali intracraniche o erniazione
3. emorragie intracerebrali associate ad aneurismi
o a malformazioni artero-venose, nel caso in cui la
lesione strutturale associata sia accessibile
chirurgicamente
49. RIABILITAZIONE DELLICTUS
Dopo la fase acuta dellDopo la fase acuta dellictusictus 竪竪 indicato che il pianoindicato che il piano
assistenziale sia realizzato in strutture specializzateassistenziale sia realizzato in strutture specializzate
da parte di personale addestrato, tenendo contoda parte di personale addestrato, tenendo conto
delle esigenze a lungo termine del soggetto colpitodelle esigenze a lungo termine del soggetto colpito
dalldallevento cerebrovascolare acuto.evento cerebrovascolare acuto. Le attivitLe attivit
assistenziali a fini riabilitativi che si realizzanoassistenziali a fini riabilitativi che si realizzano
dopo un ictus hanno caratteristiche distinte adopo un ictus hanno caratteristiche distinte a
seconda dellseconda dellepoca di intervento e richiedono ilepoca di intervento e richiedono il
contributo di operatori diversi, a seconda deglicontributo di operatori diversi, a seconda degli
obiettivi consentiti dalle condizioni cliniche,obiettivi consentiti dalle condizioni cliniche,
ambientali e delle risorse assistenzialiambientali e delle risorse assistenziali
disponibili.disponibili.
50. PREVENZIONE PRIMARIA DELLICTUS
Informazione sullictus ed una educazione a stili di vita adeguati
(cessazione del fumo di sigaretta, limitazione del consumo di alcol,
attivit fisica di moderata intensit, adeguato stile alimentare)
Trattamento dellipertensione arteriosa
Trattamento della fibrillazione atriale
Trattamento del diabete mellito
Trattamento dellipercolesterolemia
Trattamento anticoagulante in portatori di valvole cardiache
meccaniche
Trattamento della stenosi carotidea di grave entit
51. EZIOPATOGENESI NON
CARDIOEMBOLICA
-ASA 100-325 mg/die
-ASA 50 mg +
Dipiridamolo 400
mg/die
se controindicato ASA
-Ticlopidina 500 mg/die
-Clopidogrel 75 mg/die
PREVENZIONE SECONDARIA DELLICTUS
EZIOPATOGENESI
CARDIOEMBOLICA
-Warfarin con INR 2-3
se controindicato
-ASA 325 mg/die
se controindicato
- Indobufene 400 mg/die
Nella stenosi carotidea sintomatica (entro 6 mesi) uguale o
maggiore del 70% (valutata con il metodo NASCET) 竪 indicata
l'endoarteriectomia carotidea o in alternativa angioplastica +
stenting carotidea
53. Cause e fattori di rischio, associati alla
trombosi dei seni venosi cerebrali
Condizioni trombotiche genetiche
Stati protrombotici acquisiti
Sindrome nefrosica Anticorpi antifosfolipidi Omocisteinemia Gravidanza
Puerperio
Infezioni
Otite, mastoidite, sinusite Meningite Malattie infettive generalizzate
Malattie infiammatorie
Lupus eritematoso sistemico Granulomatosi di Weneger Sarcoidosi Malattia
infiammatoria dell'intestino Sindrome di Beh巽et
Condizioni ematologiche
Policitemia, primaria e secondaria Trombocitemia Leucemia Anemia, inclusa
l'emoglobinuria parossistica notturna
Farmaci
Contraccettivi orali
Cause meccaniche, traumi
Lesioni della testa Lesioni ai seni e alle vene giugulari, cateterizzazione delle
giugulari Interventi neurochirurgici Puntura lombare
Varie
54. TROMBOSI SENI VENOSI
Clinica: cefalea, vomito, crisi epilettiche, infarti cerebrali
Terapia eparina ev seguita da anticoagulanti orali