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Introduction to
Linguistic
Presented by: Danyiel Goco

Use of Studying
Linguistic
• To know the general properties of language can help
the student to have an overview of human language
which in turn will stop him from asking unnecessary
questions.
For student of language
For a teacher of foreign languages
• The teacher will definitely benefit a great deal from
the knowledge of linguistics.

Use of Studying
Linguistic
• There is even more scope for displaying his abilities.
First, there are various branches of linguistics, each of
which is equally fascinating and challenging.
• Secondly, linguistic research is going deeper and
deeper, often from mere descriptions to logical and
philosophical explanation.
• Thirdly, linguistics is becoming more and more
interdisciplinary, which means that it draws on the
findings of other disciplines while it also sheds light
on their research.
For a Researcher

• The scope of Linguistics is vast as it is an expansive
and complex field of study which includes various
aspects of a language such as phonetics, semantics,
syntax, morphology, stylistics, amongst others.
Scope of
Linguistics
• The study of Linguistics is also interdisciplinary as it has
many varied specializations such as Sociolinguistics,
Computational Linguistics, Applied Linguistics,
Psycholinguistics and so on.

• Another reason why there is an immense scope of
Linguistics is that this area is also applied in various
other fields especially Speech Therapy in Modern
Medicine, Literature, Anthropology, Sociology,
amongst others.
Scope of
Linguistics

• Linguistics elaborates upon the nature and
constituents of different forms of the languages
across the globe. As an emerging field of study, the
scope of Linguistics is ever-expanding in
contemporary times with many promising
opportunities on offer! Now we must be familiar
with this two major Scope of Linguistics
The Two Major
Scope of
Linguistics

The Two Major
Scope of
Linguistics
• Microlinguistics
or the Major
Branches of
Linguistics
• Macrolinguistics
or the Major
Types of
Linguistics

The Two Major Scope of
Linguistics
• includes phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax,
semantics and pragmatics.
Microlinguistics or the Major Branches of
Linguistics
Macrolinguistics or the Major Types of
Linguistics
• includes sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics,
neurolinguistics, stylistics, discourse analysis,
computational linguistics, cognitive linguistics, applied
linguistics.

Scope of Linguistics:
Microlinguistics
• Phonetics is the scientific study of speech sounds. It
studies how speech sounds are articulated, transmitted,
and received.
• Phonology is the study of how speech sounds function
in a language, it studies the ways speech sounds are
organized. It can be seen as the functional phonetics of a
particular language.
• Morphology is the study of the formation of words. It is
a branch of linguistics which breaks words into
morphemes. It can be considered as the grammar of words

8 Inflectional Morphemes
• 'S (po-s (plural): added to nouns to indicate more than
one (e.g., cats, dogs).
• -’s (possessive): added to nouns to show possession
(e.g., John's, cat’s).
• -s (third-person singular present): added to verbs to
indicate third-person singular in the present tense (e.g.,
she walks).
• -ed (past tense): added to verbs to indicate the past
tense (e.g., walked, jumped).

8 Inflectional Morphemes
• -ing (present participle/gerund): added to verbs to
indicate ongoing action (e.g., walking, jumping).
• -en (past participle): used with some verbs to indicate
the past participle (e.g., written, spoken).
• -er (comparative): added to adjectives to compare two
things (e.g., taller, faster).
• -est (superlative): added to adjectives to indicate the
highest degree (e.g., tallest, fastest).

• Syntax, deals with the combination of words into
phrases, clauses and sentences. It is the grammar of
sentence construction.
• Semantics is a branch of linguistics which is concerned
with the study of meaning in all its formal aspects.
Words have several types of meaning.
Microlinguistics

• Pragmatics can be defined as the study of language in
use. It deals with how speakers use language in ways
which cannot be predicted from linguistic knowledge alone,
and how hearers arrive at the intended meaning of
speakers. PRAGMATICS =MEANING-SEMANTICS.
Microlinguistics

• Sociolinguistics studies the relations between language
and society.
• Psycholinguistics is the study of language and mind.
• Neurolinguistics is the study of language processing and
language representation in the brain.
• Stylistics is the study of how literary effects can be
related to linguistic features.
Macrolinguistics

Macrolinguistics
• Discourse analysis, or text linguistics is the study of the
relationship between language and the contexts in which
language is used.
• Computational linguistics is an approach to linguistics
which employs mathematical techniques, often with the
help of a computer.
• Cognitive linguistics is an approach to the analysis of
natural language that focuses on language as an
instrument for organizing, processing, and conveying
information

• Discourse analysis, or text linguistics is the study of the
relationship between language and the contexts in which
language is used.
Macrolinguistics

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