Polystyrene is produced from styrene, which was first distilled from tree resin in 1839. It is prepared through the polymerization of styrene, which can be done through various techniques like solution polymerization. Polystyrene has good thermal insulation properties and is used in many applications like building insulation, food packaging, toys, and more. It is chemically inert but dissolves in some organic solvents and is flammable.
Polystyrene is produced from styrene, which was first distilled from tree resin in 1839. It is prepared through the polymerization of styrene, which can be done through various techniques like solution polymerization. Polystyrene has good thermal insulation properties and is used in many applications like building insulation, food packaging, toys, and more. It is chemically inert but dissolves in some organic solvents and is flammable.
This document discusses polystyrene (PS), including its:
- History of discovery and early study in the 1800s.
- Manufacturing via polymerization of styrene monomer molecules.
- Various forms including expanded (EPS), extruded (XPS), and high impact (HIPS) polystyrene.
- Wide applications in packaging, consumer electronics, construction, and medical due to properties like rigidity, impact strength, and versatility.
- Environmental hazards from production and disposal processes.
- Potential for recycling to reduce waste and pollution.
1. The document describes several chemical reactions involved in the production of ammonia, including the Haber process and contact process.
2. It also discusses reactions for producing phosphoric acid and other phosphate compounds, including ones involving calcium fluoride and phosphorus pentoxide.
3. The production of potassium chloride and other potash fertilizers is also summarized, involving reactions between potassium chloride and sodium compounds like sodium chloride and sodium nitrate.
poly styrene is a synthetic aromatic polymer made from the monomer styrene. Polystyrene can be solid or foamed. General purpose polystyrene is clear, hard, and rather brittle. It is an inexpensive resin per unit weight. polystyrene is in a solid (glassy) state at room temperature but flows if heated above about 100 属C, its glass transition temperature. It becomes rigid again when cooled .
This document summarizes a research study on the biodegradation of polystyrene foam by microorganisms found in a landfill in Thailand. Samples of microbes were taken from polystyrene foam and contaminated soil in the landfill. The microbes were cultured with polystyrene as the sole carbon source to identify those capable of degrading it. Analysis of the cultures over time found shifts in the dominant microbial species. Selected species were identified through molecular techniques as known aromatic compound degraders, including Herbaspirillum seropedicae and Ochrobactrum sp. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe physical changes to polystyrene exposed to the cultures, indicating biodegradation
This document discusses linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) films and the role of additives in LLDPE films. It provides background on the production of polyethylene through different processes. It then focuses on LLDPE, describing its production methods, physical characteristics, and common uses in packaging films. The document outlines various types of additives used in LLDPE films, specifically mentioning antioxidants and masterbatches, which are concentrates of additives that enhance polymer properties for specific applications.
犖犖犖犖о顕犖÷犖迦犢犖犖犖犖犖迦牽犖犖о顕犖÷牽犢犖о検犖÷厳犖犢犖犖-犖犖朽犖犖伍犖 (犖犖犖÷賢犖伍犖犖迦見犖犖犖犖÷犖劇犖犖犖迦犢犖ム鍵犖犖迦牽犢犖犖÷厳犖犖犢犖犢-JICA) 犖犢犖о 1 犖犖伍献犖迦犖 2549 犖犖謹 30 犖犖園犖∇顕犖∇ 2551
犖犖項犖犖迦犖犖迦犖犢犖о犖犖園犖犖迦犖犖犖園犖犖劇賢犖犖犖犖犖迦犖迦牽犖∇犖犖÷険犖∇犖犖朽権犖犖犖犖巌犖犖迦犖犖犖犖朽 University of Utah 犖犖劇犖 Dr.William D., Jr. Callister 犖犖犖園
15. 犢犖犖犖犖迦献犖園検 ( Ta ) 犢犖ム鍵犢犖犢犖犢仰犖犖朽権犖 ( Nb ) 犖犖∇弦犢犖犢犖о検犖犖園犢犖犖犖巌犢犖犢 犢犖犖犖犖迦犖ム犢 - 犢犖犖ム険犖÷犖犖犢 [(FeMn)(TaNb) 2 O 6 ] 犖犖謹犖犖犖犢犖犢犢犖犖犖萎犖犖園 犖犖朽犢犖犢犖犖迦犖犖迦牽犖犖ム幻犖犢犖犢犖犖朽犖伍 犢犖犖犖犖迦献犖園検 ( Ta ) 犢犖ム鍵犢犖犢犖犢仰犖犖朽権犖 ( Nb ) 犢犖犖迦犖犖園犖犖朽犖伍犖÷顕犖犖犢犖ム犖о献犖萎献犖迦権犖犢犖о権犖犖犖 HF 犢犖ム鍵 H 2 SO 4 犢犖ム犖 犢犖犖巌検犢犖÷犖巌献犢犖犢犖犖犖巌硯犖犖巌献犖犖朽犖犖 ( MIBK ) 犢犖ム鍵犖犖犖о犖迦犖犖犖犖迦献犖園検犢犖ム鍵犢犖犢犖犢仰犖犖朽権犖 犖ム鍵犖ム顕犖∇賢犖∇弦犢犖犖犖犖園犖 MIBK 犖犖橿犖犢犖犖巌検 H 2 SO 4 犢犖犖劇賢犖犖迦犖犖犖о犖迦犖犢犖犢仰犖犖朽権犖÷献犖萎献犖迦権 犖犖∇弦犢犖犖犢犖犖犖園犖犖犖犖犖犖犖園犖犖犖迦犖犢犖о権 NH 3 犖犖橿犖萎犖犖犢犖犢犖犖迦犖萎犖犢 Nb 2 O 5 犖犖ム鹸犖 Nb 2 O 5
16. 犢犖∇犖犢犖о権犖犖迦牽犖犢犖迦犢犖犖幡犖橿犖犢犖迦犖 犢犖犖犖犖迦献犖園検犖犖萎賢犖∇弦犢犢犖犖犖園犖犖犢犖 犢犖犖犖項 H 2 TaF 7 犢犖犖巌検 KCl 犢犖ム犖о犖犖犖犖犖ム原犖犖犖萎犖犢 K 2 TaF 7 犖犖橿犖犢犖犖迦犖萎犖犢 Ta 2 O 5 犖犖橿犖犢犖犢犖犖犖萎犖犖犢 犢犖犢犢犖ム権犖犢犖迦犢犖犖犖犖迦牽 Ta Nb 犖犖萎犢犖犖犢犖犢 犢犖ム見犖萎犖犖ム犖犖朽権犖÷犖橿犖蹩巌犖巌牽犖巌権犖迦犖園犖犢犖犢犖犖犖朽 犖犢犖о犢犖犖犖犖迦献犖園検犖犖∇弦犢犢犖犖犖園犖 MIBK CaCl 2 Ta 2 O 5 (s) + 5Ca (s) 2Ta(s) +5CaO (s) CaCl 2 Nb 2 O 5 (s) + 5Ca (s) 2Nb(s) +5CaO (s)
49. 2. 犖犖橿犢犖迦犖犖迦牽犢犖犖犖犢犖犖犖犖犢犖犖犢犖犖朽犢犖犢犢犖 犢犖犖犖朽権犖÷犖犢犖犖朽権犖÷犖犢犖犖犢犖犖犖犖迦牽犢犖犖犖犢犖犖 ( NaHCO 3 ) 犖犖迦牽犖犖ム鹸犖犢犖犖犖迦犖犖犖犖迦犢犖犢犖犖朽権犖÷犖ム賢犢犖犖犢 犢犖犖犖迦犖犖犖犖迦犢犖犢犖犖朽権犖 犖犖ム賢犢犖犖犢 ( Na 2 CO 3 ) 犖犖ム鹸犖犖犢犖о権犖犖犖萎犖о犖犖迦牽犢犖犖ム犖ム権犢 1. 犖犖橿見犖巌犖犖項犖÷顕犢犖犖迦犖犢犢犖犖ム犖犖朽権犖÷賢犖犖犢犖犖犢犖犖園犖犢犖迦犖犖迦牽犢犖犖犖犢犖犖犖犖犢犖犖犢 CaCO 3 (s) CaO (s) + CO 2 (g) CO 2 (g) + NH 3 (g) + H 2 O (l) +NaCl (aq) 2NaHCO 3 (s) + NH 4 Cl (aq)
50. 3. 犖犖橿犖犢犖犖朽権犖÷犖犢犖犖犢犖犖犖犖迦牽犢犖犖犖犢犖犖犖÷顕犢犖犖迦犖萎犖犢犢犖犢犖犖朽権犖÷犖迦牽犢犖犖犢犖犖 2NaHCO 3 (s) Na 2 CO 3 (s) + H 2 O(l) + CO 2 (g) 犢犖犖犖迦犖犖 犢犖犢犖犖о険犖犖犖伍犖巌犖犖朽犖犖橿犖園犢犖犖犖迦牽犖犖ム鹸犖犢犖犢犖 犖犖ム鹸犖犖犖犖萎犖迦県 犖犖ム鹸犖犖犖迦牽犢犖犖÷元 犖犖犖巌犖犢犖迦 犢 犖犖伍犖犖迦見犖犖犖犖÷肩犖巌犖犖犖 犖犖伍犖犖迦見犖犖犖犖÷犖巌犖犖犢犖ム元犖∇検 犖犖迦牽犖犖ム鹸犖犖犖犖項 犢犖ム鍵犖犖迦牽犖犖橿犖園犖犖о顕犖÷犖犖萎犢犖迦犖犖犖犖犢犖
51. 犖犖迦牽犖犖ム鹸犖犖犖犖犖項牽犖 2NaOH (aq) + HOOC(CH 2 ) 2 CH(NH 2 )COOH (s) HOOC(CH 2 ) 2 CH(NH 2 )COONa (aq) + H 2 O 犢犖犖犖朽権犖÷犖迦 犖犖犖巌犖巌牽犖巌権犖迦牽犖萎見犖о犖迦犢犖犢犖犖朽権犖÷犖犖犖犖犖犢犖犖 犖犖園犖犖犖犖犖ム弦犖犖迦検犖巌 犖犖犖犖犖ム弦犖犖迦検犖巌犢犖犖犖朽権犖÷犖犢犖犖迦犢犖犢犖犖÷険犖犖犖橿犖萎見犖ム険犖犖犖犖劇賢犢犖÷献犖迦肩 犖犖園犖犖朽
58. 犖犖朽犖犖橿犖園犖犖劇賢犖犖伍犖∇犖犖÷犖÷犖犖朽権犖犖園献犢犖犖 犖∇弦犢犖犖朽権 犢犖ム鍵犖犖犖犢犖犖 犖÷元 犖о鹸犖犖朽犖迦牽犖犖ム鹸犖 犖犖園犖犖朽 犖о険犖犖犖伍犖巌犖犖朽犖犖橿犖園犢犖犖犖迦牽犢犖犖犖朽権犖÷犖伍犖∇硯犖巌犖∇顕犖犖迦肩犖犖犢犖犖劇賢 NH 3 , CO 2 犢犖ム鍵 H 2 SO 4 犖犖伍犖∇硯犖巌犖∇顕犖犖迦肩犖犖犢 犖犢犖迦 犖犖迦牽犢犖犖犖犢犖犖犖犖犢犖犖犢犢犖犢犖÷顕犖犖迦犖犖迦牽犖犖橿犖蹩巌犖巌牽犖巌権犖迦犖犖 犖犢犖迦 犖犖迦牽犢犖犖犖犖÷賢犖犖犖犢犖犖犢犖犖園犢犖犖犢犖 犖犖園犖犖÷犖迦牽 CO(g) + H 2 O(g) FeO,Cr 2 O 3 CO 2 (g) + H 2 (g) 400 C0 1. 犖犖迦牽犢犖犖犖朽権犖÷犢犖迦犖犖迦牽犢犖犖犖犢犖犖犖犖犢犖犖犢
59. - 犖о険犖犖犖伍犖巌犖犖朽犢犖犢犢犖犖犖朽権犖 NH 3 犖犖劇賢 N 2 犢犖ム鍵 H 2 N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) 2NH 3 (g) - 犖犢犖迦犢犖犢犖犖犢犖犖犢犖犢犖犖迦犖犖迦犖迦絹 犖犢犖о犖犢犖迦犢犖犢犖犖犢犖犖犢犖犖巌犖犖迦犖迦牽犖犖橿犖蹩巌犖巌牽犖巌権犖 犖犖犖犖犢犖迦犖÷元犢犖犖犖犖朽犖犖犖迦硯犖萎犖犖÷顕犖萎肩犖÷犖園犖犖÷犖迦牽 2 CH 4 (g) + O 2 (g) Ni 2 CO(g) + 4 H 2 (g) 2. 犖犖迦牽犢犖犖犖朽権犖÷犢犖迦犢犖犖÷犖÷犖犖朽権 犖犖犖劇賢犢犖犖巌犖犖迦犖犖迦牽犖犖橿犖犖巌犖巌牽犖巌権犖迦犖犖犖犢犖迦犖÷元犢犖犖犖犖園犢犖犖犢犖橿犖朽犖犖犖迦硯犖萎犖犖÷顕犖萎肩犖 CH 4 (g) + H2O (g) Ni CO(g) + 4 H 2 (g)
60. 犖犖橿犖犖迦犢犖迦 SO 2 犢犖犖犖橿犖蹩巌犖巌牽犖巌権犖迦犖園犖犢犖迦犖犖犖犖犖巌犖犖犢犖犢犖 SO 3 犖犖園犖犖÷犖迦牽 2 SO 2 + O 2 (g) 2SO 3 (g) 犢犖ム犖о犖橿犖犖迦犢犖迦 SO 3 犢犖犖犖橿犖犖巌犖巌牽犖巌権犖迦犖園犖犖犖 H 2 SO 4 犢犖犢犖÷犢犖 ( 犢犖犖劇賢犖犖犖犖巌肩犖伍犖犖巌 ) 犖犖萎犖犢犢犖犢犖ム元犖∇検 ( H 2 S 2 O 7 ) 犖犖園犖犖÷犖迦牽 SO 3 (g) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) H 2 S 2 O 7 (aq) 犢犖÷厳犢犖犖犖橿犖犖迦犖犢犖ム元犖∇検犖÷顕犖ム鍵犖ム顕犖∇犢犖橿犖萎犖犢犖犖迦牽犖ム鍵犖ム顕犖∇犖犖犖犖園献犖犖巌硯犖犖巌 3. 犢犖犖犖朽権犖÷犖犖犖犖園献犖犖巌硯犖犖巌 犢犖÷厳犢犖犢犖犖犖朽権犖÷犖犢 犖犖迦牽犖犖園犖犖犢犖 犖犖犖 3 犖犖犖巌犖犢犖犖橿検犖迦犖犖犖朽権犖÷犖犢犖犖犖伍犖∇犖犢犢犖ム権
61. 2. 犖犖迦牽犖犖ム鹸犖犖犖伍犖∇犖犖犢犖犖 犖÷元犖犖迦牽犖犖ム鹸犖犢犖犢犖犖迦犖犖園犖犖犖犖犖犢犖犢犖犖犖朽 1. 犢犖犢犖犖犖犖犖園献犖犖巌硯犖犖巌犢犖犢犖÷犢犖 4-5 犢犖÷献犖犢犖犖ム鹸犖犖 犖犖橿犖犖巌犖巌牽犖巌権犖迦犖園 犖犖巌犖犖犖犢犖犖 [CaF 2 .3Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ] 犖犖園犖犖÷犖迦牽 2NH 3 (g) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (s) 2NH 3 (g) + CO 2 (g) NH 2 CONH 2 (s) + H 2 O(g) 1. 犖犖迦牽犖犖ム鹸犖犖犖伍犖∇犖犖÷犖÷犖犖朽権犖犖園献犢犖犖犢犖ム鍵犖∇弦犢犖犖朽権 犖÷元犖犖迦牽犖犖ム鹸犖犢犖犢犖犖迦犖犖園犖犖犖犖犖犖園犖犖÷犖迦牽 CaF 2 .3Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 (s) + 10 H 2 SO 4 (aq) 6H 3 PO 4 (aq) 10 CaSO 4 (s) + 2HF(aq)
62. 犖犖犖犖犖迦犖犖朽犖∇険犖犢犖犖犖朽権犖÷犖犖∇犖犖犢犖犢犖犖迦犖犖蹩巌犖巌牽犖巌権犖迦犢犖犢犖犖犖朽 犖犖 H 3 PO 4 犖犖朽犢犖犖巌犖犖謹犖犖÷顕犖犖橿犖蹩巌犖巌牽犖巌権犖迦犖園犖犖巌犖犖犖犢犖犖犖犖朽犢犖犖ム厳犖犖犖園犖犖÷犖迦牽 CaF 2 .3Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 (s) + 14 H 3 PO 4 (aq) 10Ca(H 2 PO 4 ) 2 (s)+ 2HF(aq) CaF 2 .3Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 (s) + 7H 2 SO 4 (aq)+ 3H 2 O(l) 3Ca(H 2 PO 4 ) 2 .H 2 O+ CaSO 4 (s)+ 2HF(aq)