Infeksi jamur pada paru 1
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Fungal infections of the lungs can be caused by true fungal pathogens or opportunistic fungi. True fungal pathogens like Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, Blastomyces dermatitidis, and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis can cause systemic infections after inhaling their spores through the respiratory tract. Opportunistic fungi have low virulence but can cause infections when the host's immune system is compromised, ranging from superficial to potentially fatal systemic diseases. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination, culturing, and biochemical/serological tests of samples. Treatment involves antifungal medications like amphotericin B and flucytosine, while control focuses
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Infeksi jamur pada paru 1
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Fungal infections in the lungs can be caused by true fungal pathogens or opportunistic fungi. True fungal pathogens like Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, Blastomyces dermatitidis, and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis can cause systemic infections in the lungs after inhaling their spores. Opportunistic fungi have low virulence but can cause infections in people with impaired immune systems, ranging from superficial to potentially fatal systemic disease. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination, culturing, and biochemical/serological tests of samples. Treatment involves antifungal medications like amphotericin B and flucytosine, while control focuses on prevention throughSystemic_MycosesM
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mucoromycosis is a fungal infection mostly caused by saprophytic molds.
these fungi are found widely in environment, mostly in damp areas or areas with good carbon source, as carbon is essential or basic needs for such fungi.
their infection is categorised into three categories,
cutaneous mucoromycosis,
sub-cutaneous mucoromycosis,
disseminated mucoromycosis.
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The main aim of Corona is transmission of disease from person to person, and it had also been declared as a global pandemic which has caused disaster in the respiratory system of more than five million people and killed more than half a billion people across the world. Patients surviving from Covid-19 have lower immunosuppressive CD4+ T and CD8+ T Cells. And most of the patients are in severe need of mechanical ventilation. This is the reason for a longer stay in hospital for a particular patient. Gradually, these patients have been discovered to develop fungal co-infection. This infection is deadly leading to loss of hearing, loss of sight and eventually death. The fungal infection is referred to as Mucormycosis, the black fungus. The causative agent for this infection is Mucormycotina which is a member of Mucorales. Mucormycotina usually habitats in soil and decaying organic matter. The infection of Mucormycotina is associated with a wide range of human diseases including arthritis, gastritis, renal disorders and pulmonary diseases. This infection is closely associated with the mucous layer of skin, precisely cutaneous layer. This infection is present in the nasal and upper respiratory tract. In the lower respiratory tract these infections are difficult to diagnose and treat due to the lack of precise methods. It was found those neutroponia patients are more
prone to this infection. This is caused by extensive use of chemotherapy resulting in impaired immunity. In recent times, in the case of pulmonary Mucormycosis, necrotizing pneumonia is a major symptom. A combination of antifungal and antimicrobial
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Thank you for the detailed presentation on mycoses. I appreciate you taking the time to provide all this useful information.5411_2.ppt
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- 1. Infeksi Jamur pada Paru 1
- 2. Fungi as Infectious Agents • Molds and yeasts are widely distributed in air, dust, fomites and normal flora. • Humans are relatively resistant. • Fungi are relatively nonpathogenic. • Of the 100,000 fungal species, only 300 have been linked to disease in animals. • Fungi are the most common plant pathogens. • Human mycoses are caused by true fungal pathogens and opportunistic pathogens. 2
- 3. 3
- 4. Emerging Fungal Pathogens • Opportunistic fungal pathogen has little or no virulence; host defenses must be impaired. • Vary from superficial and colonization to potentially fatal systemic disease • An emerging medical concern; account for 10% of all nosocomial infections • Dermatophytes may be undergoing transformation into true pathogens. 6
- 5. 7
- 6. Epidemiology of the Mycoses • Most fungal pathogens do not require a host to complete their life cycles and infections are not communicable. • Dermaphytes and Candida sp naturally inhabit human body and are transmissible. • True fungal pathogens are distributed in a predictable geographical pattern - climate, soil. • Dermaphytoses most prevalent • Cases go undiagnosed or misdiagnosed. • Systemic, subcutaneous, cutaneous or superficial infections 8
- 7. Pathogenesis of the Fungi • Portal of entry – primary mycoses – respiratory portal; inhaled spores – subcutaneous - inoculated skin; trauma – cutaneous and superficial – contamination of skin surface • Virulence factors – thermal dimorphism, toxin production, capsules and adhesion factors, hydrolytic enzymes, inflammatory stimulants 9
- 8. • Antifungal defenses are the integrity of the barriers and respiratory cilia. • Most important defenses are cell-mediated immunity, phagocytosis, and inflammation. • Long-term immunity can only develop for some. 10
- 9. Diagnosis of Mycotic Infections • Diagnosis and identification require microscopic examination of stained specimens, culturing in selective and enriched media and specific biochemical and serological tests. 11
- 10. 12
- 11. Control of Mycotic Infections • Immunization is not usually effective. • Control involves intravenous amphotericin B, flucytosine, azoles and nystatin. • In some cases surgical removal of damaged tissues • Prevention limited to masks and protective clothing to reduce contact with spores 13
- 12. Systemic Infections by True Pathogens • Histoplasma capsulatum • Coccidioides immitis • Blastomyces dermatitidis • Paracoccidioides brasiliensis 14