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Insight Paths, a book summary in 24 slides

Emily Hean
Emily Hean

Gary Klein's book is a book every planner should read. It is an academic but surprisingly useful look at how insights are developed. If you don't have time here are the cliff's notes.

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S E E I N G W H AT O T H E R S D O N T T H E R E M A R K A B L E WAY S W E G A I N I N S I G H T S B R I E F S U M M A RY O F G A RY K L E I N S
1 9 2 6 4 S TA G E M O D E L G R A H A M WA L L A S T R A D I T I O N A L M O D E L F O R C O N T E X T This is a look at two theories about how we gain insight taken from Gary Kleins book. This serves as a practical guide to understanding insight. 2 0 1 3 3 PAT H M O D E L G A RY K L E I N P R O P O S E D M O D E L R E S E A R C H P S Y C H O L O G I S T S T U D Y I N G D E C I S I O N M A K I N G
G A RY K L E I N Insights shift us toward a new story, a new set of beliefs that are more accurate, more comprehensive, and more useful. W H AT D O I N S I G H T S D O ?
G R A H A M WA L L A S T H E F I R S T M O D E R N A C C O U N T O F I N S I G H T ! 4 S TA G E S O F C O N T R O L From The Art of Thought (1926) 1. Preparation - examine the problem 2. Incubation - seek out mental relaxation and stop thinking about the problem 3. Illumination - the result of a train of unconscious associations 4. Validation
G A RY K L E I N A U T H O R O F S E E I N G W H AT O T H E R S D O N T Collected 120 different stories of insight Coded each with similar factors and proposed a three path model Feels the Wallas model helped foster the idea of insight as magic * S P O I L E R A L E RT : I N S I G H T S A R E N T M A G I C
W H E R E I N S I G H T S C O M E F R O M T H E T H R E E PA T H M O D E L O F I N S I G H T C O N N E C T I O N C O I N C I D E N C E C U R I O S I T Y: S P O T A N I M P L I C A T I O N C O N T R A D I C T I O N F I N D A N I N C O N S I S T E N C Y C R E AT I V E D E S P E R AT I O N E S C A P E A N I M PA S S E U S E W E A K A N C H O R T O R E B U I L D T H E S T O RY A D D N E W A N C H O R D I S C A R D A W E A K A N C H O R C H A N G E S I N H O W W E U N D E R S TA N D A C T | S E E | F E E L | D E S I R E T R I G G E R A C T I V I T Y Change the story that anchors your thinking O U T C O M E
T H E M O T H E R O F A L L S C I E N T I F I C I N S I G H T S C O N N E C T I O N PA T H
D A R W I N & WA L L A C E both of these men were naturalists exploring different regions of the world Darwin exploring the Galapagos, Patagonia & Cape Verde amongst others Wallace exploring the Malay Archipelago both read An Essay on the Principle of Population by Thomas Malthus both applied the idea of population growth dependent on competition for resources to explain species variation Their insight - natural selection C O N N E C T I O N PAT H
The connection path was by far the most dominant path to insight. However only 45 of the cases codified used connections alone. An additional 53 cases used connection + one other path to insight. C O N N E C T I O N PAT H
R E A D H I S B O O K F O R M O R E E X A M P L E S O F I N S I G H T G A I N E D T H R O U G H T H E C O N N E C T I O N PAT H T H E B A T T L E O F TA R A N T O A L I S O N G O P N I K - B R O C C O L I & G O L D F I S H L E R O Y B U T L E R & T H E S U P E R B O W L A L E X A N D E R F L E M M I N G & P E N I C I L L I N W I L H E L M R O E N T G E N & X - R A Y S R U S S E L O H L & T R A N S I S T O R S J O C E LY N B E L L B U R N E L L & P U L S A R S C O N N E C T I O N PAT H
C H O L E R A & T H E B R O A D S T. P U M P C O N T R A D I C T I O N PA T H
J O H N S N O W The existing theory is that cholera was spread in the air- the Miasma theory John snow saw a few contradictions there was no impact on patients lungs patients in the same room did not get it His insight was that it was spread by what people ate or drank An outbreak of cases seem to surround the Broad St. Pump However, workers at a local brewery didnt get cholera even though they were breathing the same air Later it was found the Broad St. Pump had a cesspool that ran into some of the cracks in its pipes. N O T T H AT O N E T H AT O N E C O N T R A D I C T I O N PAT H
Contradiction insights showed up in 38% of the cases making it the second most common path to insight, after the connections pathway. C O N T R A D I C T I O N PAT H
R E A D H I S B O O K F O R M O R E E X A M P L E S O F I N S I G H T G A I N E D T H R O U G H T H E C O N T R A D I C T I O N PAT H S T E V E E I S M A N & S U B P R I M E M O R T G A G E S J O H N PA U L S O N & T H E R E A L E S TA T E B U B B L E M I C H E L B U R RY S H E D G E F U N D G R E G L I P P M A N N A N D M O R T G A G E D E FA U LT R A T E S G E N E PA R K A T A I G M E R E D I T H W H I T N E Y & T H E C O L L A P S E O F B E A R S T E R N S A L B E R T E I N S T E I N & T H E T H E O RY O F R E L A T I V I T Y C O N T R A D I C T I O N PAT H
F I G H T I N G F I R E W I T H F I R E C R E A T I V E D E S P E R A T I O N PA T H
WA G N E R D O D G E 12 of 15 smoke jumpers were killed in a fire after being trapped by an unexpected collision of fire and wind in Mann Gulch A fire on an opposite slope jumped sides putting the smoke jumpers in danger Dodge had four beliefs to anchor his understanding A steep uphill slope that favors fire over runners Fire behind picking up speed Safety ahead - a rocky ridge would be safe (two people made it to the ridge) Heavy dry grass fueling the fire Dodge started a fire in front of him and took refuge in its ashes - no one else on the team understood what he was doing he didnt have time to explain the idea of an escape fire C R E A T I V E D E S P E R A T I O N PA T H
The least common path to insight from this work included creative desperation in 25% of the cases often in combination with another path. C R E A T I V E D E S P E R A T I O N PA T H
R E A D H I S B O O K F O R M O R E E X A M P L E S O F I N S I G H T G A I N E D T H R O U G H T H E C R E AT I V E D E S P E R AT I O N PAT H A R O N R A L S T O N T R A P P E D B Y A B O U L D E R C H E RY L C A I N & T I M E C A R D S D A V I D C H A R LT O N & T H E G L A S S C O A T I N G S N A P O L E O N A T T O U L O N C R E A T I V E D E S P E R A T I O N PA T H
R E V I S I T I N G WA L L A S 4 S T E P M O D E L 1. Preparation In 18% of Kleins cases insights were accidental and had no preparation. 2. Incubation Only 5 of the cases clearly involved incubation and the creative desperation path has no time for incubation to take place. In 39% of cases incubation was impossible. 3. Illumination 56% of cases included an epiphany the other 44% were gradual. The coincidence path requires seeing an anomaly several times and testing hypotheses before coming to a conclusion 4. Verification Still seems like a good idea.
K N O W T H E PAT H Y O U R E O N M I N D S E T S T H A T H E L P D E L I V E R I N S I G H T C O N N E C T I O N C O I N C I D E N C E C U R I O S I T Y: S P O T A N I M P L I C A T I O N C O N T R A D I C T I O N F I N D A N I N C O N S I S T E N C Y C R E AT I V E D E S P E R AT I O N E S C A P E A N I M PA S S E U S E W E A K A N C H O R T O R E B U I L D T H E S T O RY A D D N E W A N C H O R D I S C A R D A W E A K A N C H O R C H A N G E S I N H O W W E U N D E R S TA N D A C T | S E E | F E E L | D E S I R E Is insight about breaking out of an impasse? Yes, for the creative desperation path, but not the others. Does incubation help? Maybe in the contradiction or connection paths but it is impossible on the creative desperation path. Does experience get in the way? Yes on the creative desperation path, but not on others. Should we keep an open mind? Yes, on the connection and creative desperation paths, but not on the contradiction path. Should we be skeptical? Yes, for the contradiction path, but not for the others. Is insight about filling a gap? Yes, on the connection path, but not the others.
H O W T O I N C R E A S E P E R F O R M A N C E P E R F O R M A N C E I M P R O V E M E N T S G R O W T H C O N T R O L Errors & Uncertainty Insights Problem solving approaches (sigma six) Managers of algorithms Innovation approaches (design thinking) masters of heuristics
G A RY K L I E N When we put too much energy into eliminating mistakes, were less likely to gain insights.
T W I N S T U D Y F I N D I N G S H O W T O D I S C O V E R A N I N S I G H T W I T H T H E S A M E A M O U N T O F I N F O R M AT I O N A S O T H E R S G R I P P E D B Y F L AW E D B E L I E F S L A C K O F E X P E R I E N C E PA S S I V E S TA N C E C O N C R E T E R E A S O N I N G E S C A P E D F I X AT I O N O N F L AW E D B E L I E F S E X P E R I E N C E A C T I V E S TA N C E P L AY F U L R E A S O N I N G N O I N S I G H T G A I N E D I N S I G H T
G A RY K L I E N The magic of insights stems from the force for noticing connections, coincidences, and curiosities; the force for detecting contradictions; and the force of creativity unleashed by desperation. That magic lives inside us, stirring restlessly.

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Insight Paths, a book summary in 24 slides

  • 1. S E E I N G W H AT O T H E R S D O N T T H E R E M A R K A B L E WAY S W E G A I N I N S I G H T S B R I E F S U M M A RY O F G A RY K L E I N S
  • 2. 1 9 2 6 4 S TA G E M O D E L G R A H A M WA L L A S T R A D I T I O N A L M O D E L F O R C O N T E X T This is a look at two theories about how we gain insight taken from Gary Kleins book. This serves as a practical guide to understanding insight. 2 0 1 3 3 PAT H M O D E L G A RY K L E I N P R O P O S E D M O D E L R E S E A R C H P S Y C H O L O G I S T S T U D Y I N G D E C I S I O N M A K I N G
  • 3. G A RY K L E I N Insights shift us toward a new story, a new set of beliefs that are more accurate, more comprehensive, and more useful. W H AT D O I N S I G H T S D O ?
  • 4. G R A H A M WA L L A S T H E F I R S T M O D E R N A C C O U N T O F I N S I G H T ! 4 S TA G E S O F C O N T R O L From The Art of Thought (1926) 1. Preparation - examine the problem 2. Incubation - seek out mental relaxation and stop thinking about the problem 3. Illumination - the result of a train of unconscious associations 4. Validation
  • 5. G A RY K L E I N A U T H O R O F S E E I N G W H AT O T H E R S D O N T Collected 120 different stories of insight Coded each with similar factors and proposed a three path model Feels the Wallas model helped foster the idea of insight as magic * S P O I L E R A L E RT : I N S I G H T S A R E N T M A G I C
  • 6. W H E R E I N S I G H T S C O M E F R O M T H E T H R E E PA T H M O D E L O F I N S I G H T C O N N E C T I O N C O I N C I D E N C E C U R I O S I T Y: S P O T A N I M P L I C A T I O N C O N T R A D I C T I O N F I N D A N I N C O N S I S T E N C Y C R E AT I V E D E S P E R AT I O N E S C A P E A N I M PA S S E U S E W E A K A N C H O R T O R E B U I L D T H E S T O RY A D D N E W A N C H O R D I S C A R D A W E A K A N C H O R C H A N G E S I N H O W W E U N D E R S TA N D A C T | S E E | F E E L | D E S I R E T R I G G E R A C T I V I T Y Change the story that anchors your thinking O U T C O M E
  • 7. T H E M O T H E R O F A L L S C I E N T I F I C I N S I G H T S C O N N E C T I O N PA T H
  • 8. D A R W I N & WA L L A C E both of these men were naturalists exploring different regions of the world Darwin exploring the Galapagos, Patagonia & Cape Verde amongst others Wallace exploring the Malay Archipelago both read An Essay on the Principle of Population by Thomas Malthus both applied the idea of population growth dependent on competition for resources to explain species variation Their insight - natural selection C O N N E C T I O N PAT H
  • 9. The connection path was by far the most dominant path to insight. However only 45 of the cases codified used connections alone. An additional 53 cases used connection + one other path to insight. C O N N E C T I O N PAT H
  • 10. R E A D H I S B O O K F O R M O R E E X A M P L E S O F I N S I G H T G A I N E D T H R O U G H T H E C O N N E C T I O N PAT H T H E B A T T L E O F TA R A N T O A L I S O N G O P N I K - B R O C C O L I & G O L D F I S H L E R O Y B U T L E R & T H E S U P E R B O W L A L E X A N D E R F L E M M I N G & P E N I C I L L I N W I L H E L M R O E N T G E N & X - R A Y S R U S S E L O H L & T R A N S I S T O R S J O C E LY N B E L L B U R N E L L & P U L S A R S C O N N E C T I O N PAT H
  • 11. C H O L E R A & T H E B R O A D S T. P U M P C O N T R A D I C T I O N PA T H
  • 12. J O H N S N O W The existing theory is that cholera was spread in the air- the Miasma theory John snow saw a few contradictions there was no impact on patients lungs patients in the same room did not get it His insight was that it was spread by what people ate or drank An outbreak of cases seem to surround the Broad St. Pump However, workers at a local brewery didnt get cholera even though they were breathing the same air Later it was found the Broad St. Pump had a cesspool that ran into some of the cracks in its pipes. N O T T H AT O N E T H AT O N E C O N T R A D I C T I O N PAT H
  • 13. Contradiction insights showed up in 38% of the cases making it the second most common path to insight, after the connections pathway. C O N T R A D I C T I O N PAT H
  • 14. R E A D H I S B O O K F O R M O R E E X A M P L E S O F I N S I G H T G A I N E D T H R O U G H T H E C O N T R A D I C T I O N PAT H S T E V E E I S M A N & S U B P R I M E M O R T G A G E S J O H N PA U L S O N & T H E R E A L E S TA T E B U B B L E M I C H E L B U R RY S H E D G E F U N D G R E G L I P P M A N N A N D M O R T G A G E D E FA U LT R A T E S G E N E PA R K A T A I G M E R E D I T H W H I T N E Y & T H E C O L L A P S E O F B E A R S T E R N S A L B E R T E I N S T E I N & T H E T H E O RY O F R E L A T I V I T Y C O N T R A D I C T I O N PAT H
  • 15. F I G H T I N G F I R E W I T H F I R E C R E A T I V E D E S P E R A T I O N PA T H
  • 16. WA G N E R D O D G E 12 of 15 smoke jumpers were killed in a fire after being trapped by an unexpected collision of fire and wind in Mann Gulch A fire on an opposite slope jumped sides putting the smoke jumpers in danger Dodge had four beliefs to anchor his understanding A steep uphill slope that favors fire over runners Fire behind picking up speed Safety ahead - a rocky ridge would be safe (two people made it to the ridge) Heavy dry grass fueling the fire Dodge started a fire in front of him and took refuge in its ashes - no one else on the team understood what he was doing he didnt have time to explain the idea of an escape fire C R E A T I V E D E S P E R A T I O N PA T H
  • 17. The least common path to insight from this work included creative desperation in 25% of the cases often in combination with another path. C R E A T I V E D E S P E R A T I O N PA T H
  • 18. R E A D H I S B O O K F O R M O R E E X A M P L E S O F I N S I G H T G A I N E D T H R O U G H T H E C R E AT I V E D E S P E R AT I O N PAT H A R O N R A L S T O N T R A P P E D B Y A B O U L D E R C H E RY L C A I N & T I M E C A R D S D A V I D C H A R LT O N & T H E G L A S S C O A T I N G S N A P O L E O N A T T O U L O N C R E A T I V E D E S P E R A T I O N PA T H
  • 19. R E V I S I T I N G WA L L A S 4 S T E P M O D E L 1. Preparation In 18% of Kleins cases insights were accidental and had no preparation. 2. Incubation Only 5 of the cases clearly involved incubation and the creative desperation path has no time for incubation to take place. In 39% of cases incubation was impossible. 3. Illumination 56% of cases included an epiphany the other 44% were gradual. The coincidence path requires seeing an anomaly several times and testing hypotheses before coming to a conclusion 4. Verification Still seems like a good idea.
  • 20. K N O W T H E PAT H Y O U R E O N M I N D S E T S T H A T H E L P D E L I V E R I N S I G H T C O N N E C T I O N C O I N C I D E N C E C U R I O S I T Y: S P O T A N I M P L I C A T I O N C O N T R A D I C T I O N F I N D A N I N C O N S I S T E N C Y C R E AT I V E D E S P E R AT I O N E S C A P E A N I M PA S S E U S E W E A K A N C H O R T O R E B U I L D T H E S T O RY A D D N E W A N C H O R D I S C A R D A W E A K A N C H O R C H A N G E S I N H O W W E U N D E R S TA N D A C T | S E E | F E E L | D E S I R E Is insight about breaking out of an impasse? Yes, for the creative desperation path, but not the others. Does incubation help? Maybe in the contradiction or connection paths but it is impossible on the creative desperation path. Does experience get in the way? Yes on the creative desperation path, but not on others. Should we keep an open mind? Yes, on the connection and creative desperation paths, but not on the contradiction path. Should we be skeptical? Yes, for the contradiction path, but not for the others. Is insight about filling a gap? Yes, on the connection path, but not the others.
  • 21. H O W T O I N C R E A S E P E R F O R M A N C E P E R F O R M A N C E I M P R O V E M E N T S G R O W T H C O N T R O L Errors & Uncertainty Insights Problem solving approaches (sigma six) Managers of algorithms Innovation approaches (design thinking) masters of heuristics
  • 22. G A RY K L I E N When we put too much energy into eliminating mistakes, were less likely to gain insights.
  • 23. T W I N S T U D Y F I N D I N G S H O W T O D I S C O V E R A N I N S I G H T W I T H T H E S A M E A M O U N T O F I N F O R M AT I O N A S O T H E R S G R I P P E D B Y F L AW E D B E L I E F S L A C K O F E X P E R I E N C E PA S S I V E S TA N C E C O N C R E T E R E A S O N I N G E S C A P E D F I X AT I O N O N F L AW E D B E L I E F S E X P E R I E N C E A C T I V E S TA N C E P L AY F U L R E A S O N I N G N O I N S I G H T G A I N E D I N S I G H T
  • 24. G A RY K L I E N The magic of insights stems from the force for noticing connections, coincidences, and curiosities; the force for detecting contradictions; and the force of creativity unleashed by desperation. That magic lives inside us, stirring restlessly.